PREFACE

As an undergraduate from Telecommunications engineering department of NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ORAN, I was

assigned to 2 weeks industrial training program.

My industrial training establishment was ATM Mobilis which is one of the leading and the first mobile operators in

Algeria. This report is a brief presentation of knowledge and experience I have obtained during my two weeks

training period from 29th of August to 9th of September.

This report consists of Three main chapters. The first chapter of this report demonstrates a

brief introduction to ATM Mobilis, Including history, vision and mission, present

performance and organizational structure of ATM Mobilis.

Second chapter describes the technical training experience that I got from ATM Mobilis. The chapter is further

subdivided into Mobile Communication overview, BTS, Transmission Technologies, GSM, 3G.

Technical and theoretical information are described under each sub headings.

Third chapter summarizes the training experience and it has conclusion of the training

program from ATM Mobilis.

SEKHRI Aymen
INTTIC
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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Contents

PREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………………….. I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………………………. ii
CHAPTER 01 ………………………………………………………………………………... 1
1. Introduction
1.1. History of ATM Mobilis
1.2. Vision of ATM Mobilis
1.3. Mission of ATM Mobilis
1.4. Present Performance
1.5. Organizational Structure
CHAPTER 02 ………………………………………………………………………
2. Training Experiences Technical ................................................
2.1. Mobile Communication Overview
2.1.1. First Generation Mobile Communication
2.1.2. Second Generation Mobile Communication
2.1.3. Third Generation Mobile Communication
2.2. GSM Overview
2.2.1. Introduction to GSM
2.2.2. GSM System Architecture
2.2.3. Timeslot and Frame Structure
2.2.4. Channel Structure
2.2.5. Frequency reuse and cell planning
2.3. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2.3.1. BTS3900
2.3.2. Hardware Structure of BTS3900
2.3.3. BTS3900 Signal Flow
2.3.4. BTS3900 Network
2.4. Transmission Technologies

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 CHAPTER 01
1. Introduction

1.1. History of ATM Mobilis

Mobilis, or ATM Mobilis (Algeria Telecom Mobile), a subsidiary of Algérie Télécom, is one of the three
major mobile operators in Algeria. Mobilis, which became independent in August 2003, offers its
customers: post and pre-paid offers, SMS / MMS, international roaming, voicemail, Internet billing,
free notification of missed calls, free calls to all MOBILIS numbers.

The logo of Mobilis – telecommunications company

1.2. Vision of ATM Mobilis

Since its creation, Mobilis has set itself the main objectives which are: customer satisfaction,
customer loyalty, innovation and technological progress, which have enabled it to make
profits and acquire nearly 20 million subscribers. in a record time.

1.3. Mission of ATM Mobilis

By deploying a high-quality network, ensuring satisfactory customer service, and creating

innovative products and services, Mobilis is positioned as an operator close to its partners
and customers, reinforced by its institutional signature: "Everywhere with you ". Its slogan
is a promise to listen and a sign of its commitment to assume its role in sustainable
development through its participation in economic progress, its respect for cultural diversity,
its commitment to assume its social role and its participation in the environmental Protection.

1.4. Present Performance

ATM Mobilis is the first mobile operator in Algeria, because of its successes.
- National coverage of the population.
- More than 178 commercial agencies.
- More than 60,000 indirect points of sale.
- More than 5000 coverage stations BTS.
- Efficient and high quality service floor.

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In the process of its rapid growth, ATM Mobilis and its employees insisted on carrying out
professional and transparent public useful activities in Algeria and even in international
conferences.

1.5. Organizational structure

Organizational structure of ATM Mobilis

2. Training Experiences-Technical

I did my internship at ATM Mobilis Maintenance service in Medea.

Here I include theoretical and my experiences which I got from the training.

2.1. Mobile Communication Overview

Mobile communications is the communications between mobile entities or between mobile

entities and fixed entities. The mobile communications system includes cordless telephone,
wireless paging, land cellular mobile communications, satellite mobile communications, etc.

2.1.1. First Generation Mobile Communication

As wireless communications feature extensive radio wave coverage and broadcasting

channels and the signals transmitted by one subscriber in the network can be received by all

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the other subscribers, what is vital to the establishment of the connection is how to identify
whether the signals are transmitted by a particular subscriber. The method to solve the
problem of multiple access connections is called multiple access technology. So, in the 1st
generation, FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) is used. In FDMA, one frequency is
used for transmission, and another frequency for receiving between two subscribers.
In FDMA, a particular band or channel is allocated to a subscriber with a service request.
Other subscribers cannot share that band in the whole call process.

 An FDMA channel can transfer only one call at a time.

 If an FDMA channel is not in use, then it is idle but cannot be used by any other
subscriber. That is a waste of resources.
 Analog networks didn't support new services.
 Low level of subscriber security and safety.
 An FDMA channel has a narrow bandwidth (30 kHz) because each carrier of each
channel supports only one circuit connection.

2.1.2. Second Generation Mobile Communication

In 1982 GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) established a group of standards
in mobile communication industry. GSM is totally based on digital transmission
technology and it use narrow band solution for its access method, called TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access). The TDMA system divides the radio spectrum by timeslot,
with each timeslot allowing only one subscriber to either receive or transmit signals. N
timeslots form a frame structure. Each frame consists of the start bit, the information data
and the end bit. The start bit contains the address and synchronization information for the
BTS and the subscriber to acknowledge each other.

 Reduce battery consumption and high level energy saving.

 Better voice quality and guaranteed security than FDMA.
 Packet transmission entails higher synchronization overhead in the TDMA system
(support new services such as Data transmitting).
 An advantage of TDMA is that it may allocate different numbers of timeslots to
different subscribers in a frame. Therefore bandwidth may be provided as required
by different subscribers by means of priority-based reallocation of timeslots.
(Spectrum Efficiency).

2.1.3. Third Generation Mobile Communication

When 2000 onwards, The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) under IMT-
2000 (International Mobile Telephony-2000) has Introduced a third generation system as

being capable of supporting high speed data rate, from 144kbps up to 2Mbps. In third
generation mobile networks wide frequency band was used with CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access method).
In the CDMA system, all subscribers use the same frequency and can transmit signals at
the same time. Every subscriber has its own pseudo-random code. The receiver performs a
time-dependent operation to detect the unique code needed. All other irrelevant codes are
regarded as noise. To detect signals, the receiver needs to know the code used by the
transmitter.

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  Many subscribers in the CDMA system share the same frequency.
 Unlike TDMA and FDMA, CDMA does not strictly limit the number of
subscribers. Of course the performance of the system will suffer with the
increase of subscribers and, correspondingly, will improve with the decrease of
subscribers.
 Self-interference is a problem of the CDMA system. Self-interference results from
incomplete orthogonality of the spread spectrum sequences of different subscribers.

2.2. GSM Overview

2.2.1 Introduction to GSM

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital cellular technology
used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a channel with two other
streams of user data, each in its own timeslot.

2.2.2. GSM System Architecture

In order that the GSM system operates together as a complete system, the overall network architecture brings
together a series of data network identities, each with several elements.

The GSM network architecture defined in the GSM specifications and it can be grouped into four main areas:

 Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

 Base-Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Mobile station (MS)
 Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

GSM Architecture
MS: Mobile Station
BSS: Base Station Subsystem

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BSC: Base Station Controller
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
MSC: Mobile Services Switching Center
OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center
AUC: Authentication Center
EIR: Equipment Identification Register
HLR: Home Location Register
VLR: Visitor Location Register
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
PSPDN: Packet Switched Public Data Network
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network

2.2.3. Timeslot and Frame Structure

The GSM standard specifies a TDMA frame as a combination of 8 time slots. Each time slot has a
duration of 3/5200 seconds (about 0.577 ms) and a time slot number (TN) from 0 to 7. GSM frames
use GMSK modulation, where one symbol is equivalent to one bit. Each time slot is 156.25 bits long.
The content of a time slot is called a burst. The transmission timing of a burst within a time slot is
defined in terms of the bit number. The bit number (BN) refers to a particular bit period within a time
slot. The bit with the lowest bit number is transmitted first. BN0 is the first bit period and BN156 is the
last quarter-bit period. This figure shows time frames, time slots, and bursts for a GSM system

Figure 1: Time frames time slots and bursts

A TDMA contains eight time slots with each timeslot separated by a guard period. Each time slot can
carry only one type of burst. Available burst type are: normal burst (NB), frequency correction burst
(FB), synchronization burst (SB), access burst (AB), or dummy burst.

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2.2.4. Channel Structure

There are two main types of GSM channels (physical channel and logical channel).

Physical channel is specified by specific time slot/carrier frequency. Logical channel run over
physical channel i.e. logical channels are time multiplexed on physical channels; each
physical channel(time slot at one particular ARFCN) will have either 26 Frame MF(Multi-
frame) or 51 Frame MF structure describe here. logical channels are classified into traffic
channel and control channel. Traffic channel carry user data. Control channels are
interspersed with traffic channels in well specified ways.

Figure 2: GSM Channels

For example, every 26 TDMA frames a logical channel gets bandwidth in a physical channel.
Traffic channel are mainly of two types half rate and full rate traffic channels. There are
various control channels such as BCCH (Broadcast control channel), SCH (synchronous
channel), FCCH ( Frequency control channel), DCCH(Dedicated control channel).

All these gsm channels help maintain GSM network and also helps GSM mobile phone
connect to GSM network and maintain the connection and help tear down the connection.
Figure above mention all the channels used in GSM.

2.2.5. Frequency reuse and cell planning

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In GSM network planning, Cell planning is required in order to provide adequate coverage and
call quality. There are many factors consider when cell establishing such as cost, coverage,
available frequencies and subscriber distribution. A cell is modeled as a hexagon, Omni-
directional cell or Sector-directional cell.
The system's capacity depends on the,
 Total number of cells
 Size of the cell
 Frequency reuse factor

As the number of frequencies is not sufficient they have to be reused and when reused the
adjacent cells cannot have the same frequencies.

Figure 3: Cell Planning

2.3. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

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2.3.1 BTS
A base transceiver station or cell site (BTS) is a piece of equipment that facilitates wireless
communication between user equipment (UE) and a network BTS is also referred to as the radio
base station (RBS), node B (in 3G Networks) or, simply, the base station (BS). BTS is controlled
by a parent base station controller (BSC).

Figure 4: BTS Site

1. Lightning arrester
2. Antenna jumper
3. Tower top amplifier
4. Pole
5. Antenna
6. Feeder cable
7. Feeder clip
8. Iron tower
9. Copper grounding bar
10. Feeder window
11. Cabling rack
12. Cabinet-top jumper
13. BTS equipment

2.3.2. Hardware Structure of BTS

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During my training I worked with BTS3900 base station which is the fourth generation base
station developed by Huawei. It features a multi-mode modular design and supports three
working modes: GSM mode, GSM+UMTS dual mode, and UMTS mode through configuration of
different software. In addition, the BTS3900 supports smooth evolution to the Long-Term
Evolution (LTE).

Figure 5: BTS3900 HUAWEI

BTS3900 Hardware Components :

The dimensions of the BTS3900 cabinet: 600mm * 450mm * 900mm
The weight of the BTS3900 cabinet: Empty cabinet = 57 Kg | Full configuration = 132 Kg

1. BBU Unit:

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 - Power consumption: 35W
- The weight: 12 Kg at most
- All the boards can be inserted from the front panel

GTMU

 Controls, maintains, and operates the BTS.

 Monitors the fan module and the power supply module.

 Distributes and manages BTS clock signals.

 Provides the Ethernet port for terminal maintenance.

 Supports four routes of E1 inputs.

 Provides the CPRI ports for communication with the MRFU

UPEU

 The universal power and environment interface unit, supports the 48V/-24V DC power input, supplies
power to the boards, modules, and fan in the BBU.
UBFA

 The universal BBU fan unit type A (2U) works with the air inlet box of the cabinet to form a ventilation
circuit, thus cooling the entire cabinet.
UMTS Board-WMPT

 WCDMA Main Processing and Transmission unit (WMPT) is the BBU3900 main control and
transmission board of UMTS system.

 Processing signaling and managing resources for other boards in the BBU.

 Providing four E1s/T1s which support ATM and IP protocols.

 Providing one FE electrical port and one FE optical port which support the IP protocol.

UMTS Board-WBBP

 WCDMA Baseband Process Unit (WBBP) board is a mandatory board of the BBU3900 that processes
baseband signals.

 Provides the CPRI ports for communication between the BBU and the RFU, and supporting CPRI ports
in 1+1 backup mode.

 Processes uplink and downlink baseband signals.

 There are two types of WBBP board: WBBPa and WBBPb.

2. RF Unit:

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RF unit handles modulation and demodulation between baseband signals and RF signals, data processing, and
combining-distribution.
The MRFU is a multi-carrier RF filtering unit. One MRFU supports a 6 TRXs in GSM Only mode or 4 TRXs in
UMTS Only or 6 TRXs in GSM+UMTS mode.
The logical structure of the MRFU contains the high-speed interface unit, signal processing unit, power amplifier,
and duplexer.

Note:
The Fan unit, also called the fan box module, dissipates the heat in the cabinet. One FAN unit has four
independent fans. The main rule for the FAN unit is to detect the temperature and communicates with BBU unit
to report alarms and the adjusted rotation speed of the fans to BBU.

2.3.3. BTS3900 Signal Flow

The signal flow of the BTS3900 consists of the traffic signal flow and the signaling flow of the BTS.
- DL traffic signal flow
- UL traffic signal flow
- Signaling flow
I. Traffic Signal Flow:
a. DL traffic signal flow is transmitted from the BSC to the MS through the BTS3900. The BBU
and RFUs work together to process the DL traffic signals.
b. Opposite to the DL traffic signal flow, the UL traffic signal flow is transmitted from the MS to the
BSC through the BTS3900. The BBU and RFUs work together to process the UL traffic signals.

II. Signaling Flow:

a. This describes the BTS3900 signaling flow on the Abis interface. The BBU serves as the
control unit and works with RFUs to process the signaling.

2.3.4. BTS3900 Network

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 I. BTS Star Topology
a. The star topology applies to common areas, especially densely
populated areas, such as cities.
b. In the star topology, each site is directly connected to the BSC.

II. BTS Chain Topology

a. The chain topology applies to sparsely populated areas in strip-like terrain, such as areas
along highways and railway tracks.
b. The chain topology reduces cost in transmission equipment, construction, and transmission
link lease.

III. BTS Tree Topology

a. The tree topology applies to areas where network structures, site distribution, and subscriber
distribution are complicated. ( ATM Mobilis use this type of topology a lot because there are
difficult terrain in Algeria such as Médéa ).
b. The tree topology requires fewer transmission cables compared with the star topology.

IV. BTS Ring Topology

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a. The ring topology applies to common scenarios because of its strong self-healing capability.
b. Ife there is a breaking point in the ring, the ring breaks into two chains at the breaking point
automatically, so the BTSs are still working, thus improving the robustness of the system.

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