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Lesson 9 Taylor's Expansion For Function of Two Variables: Module 1: Differential Calculus

This document provides an overview of Taylor's expansion for functions of two variables. It explains that a function f(x,y) that is continuous with continuous partial derivatives can be represented as a polynomial of degree n in (x-a) and (y-b) plus a remainder term Rn. It derives the general formula for the Taylor expansion of a function of two variables as a power series. An example is given of finding the remainder term of an example function. Questions are provided at the end to test understanding of applying Taylor's expansion to functions of two variables.

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97 views

Lesson 9 Taylor's Expansion For Function of Two Variables: Module 1: Differential Calculus

This document provides an overview of Taylor's expansion for functions of two variables. It explains that a function f(x,y) that is continuous with continuous partial derivatives can be represented as a polynomial of degree n in (x-a) and (y-b) plus a remainder term Rn. It derives the general formula for the Taylor expansion of a function of two variables as a power series. An example is given of finding the remainder term of an example function. Questions are provided at the end to test understanding of applying Taylor's expansion to functions of two variables.

Uploaded by

subhradeep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1: Differential Calculus

Lesson 9

Taylor's expansion for function of two variables

9.1 Introduction

Let which is continuous, together with all its partial derivatives up

to -th order inclusive, in some neighborhood of a point . Then like

a function of single variable we can represent as sum of an -th degree

polynomial in power of and and some remainder. We consider

here in case and show that has of the form

where are independent of and , and is the remainder, and

it is very similar to function of single variable.

Let us apply the Taylor formula for function of the variable assuming

to be constant.
Taylor's Expansion for Function of Two Variables

where , . We expand the functions ,

, in a Taylor's series in powers of

where ,

where ,

where , . Substituting expression (3), (4) and (5)

into formula (2), we get


Taylor's Expansion for Function of Two Variables

arranging the numbers as given in (1), we have

This is the Taylor's formula for . The expression


Taylor's Expansion for Function of Two Variables

This is called the remainder. If we denote , , and

, becomes

Example 9.1: Find the remainder of the function given by

Solution:

Where is given by
Taylor's Expansion for Function of Two Variables

Questions: Answer the following question.

π π
1. Expand z = sin x sin y in powers of ( x − ) and ( y − ) . Find the terms of
4 4

the first and second orders and R2 (the remainder of second order).

2. Let f ( x, y ) = e sin y . Expand f ( x + h, y + k ) in powers of h and k and also find


x

R2 .
Taylor's Expansion for Function of Two Variables

3. Expand x y + sin y + e in powers of ( x − 1) and ( y − π ) through quadratic terms


2 x

and write the remainder.

4. Expand x 3 − 2xy 2 in Taylor’s Theorem about a = 1 , b = −1 .

5. Show that for 0 < θ < 1 ,

1
e ax sin by = by + abxy + [(a 3 x 3 − 3ab 2 xy 2 ) sin (bθy ) + (3a 2bx 2 y − b 3 y 3 ) cos(bθy )]e aθx .
6

Keywords: Taylor’s polynomial

References

W. Thomas, Finny (1998). Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 6th Edition,


Publishers, Narsa, India.

Jain, R. K. and Iyengar, SRK. (2010), Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 3


rd Edition Publishers, Narsa, India.

Widder, D.V. (2002). Advance Calculus 2nd Edition, Publishers, PHI, India.

Piskunov, N. (1996). Differential and Integral Calculus Vol I, & II, Publishers,
CBS, India.

Suggested Readings

Tom M. Apostol (2003). Calculus, Volume II Second Editions, Publishers,John


Willey & Sons, Singapore.

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