PHILIPPINE NATIONAL

STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 225:2017

ICS 65.060.35

Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small

Water Impounding System

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES STANDARDS

BPI Compound Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines
Phone (632) 920-6131; (632) 455-2856; (632) 467-9039; Telefax (632) 455-2858
E-mail: [email protected]
DEPARTMENT OF Website: www.bafps.da.gov.ph
AGRICULTURE
PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 225:2017
Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Water Impounding System

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural

Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled
“Enhancement of Nutrient and Water Use Efficiency Through Standardization of
Engineering Support Systems for Precision Farming” funded by the Philippine
Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development - Department of Science and Technology (PCAARRD -
DOST).

As provided by the Republic Act 10601 also known as the Agricultural and
Fisheries Mechanization Law (AFMech Law of 2013), the Bureau of Agriculture
and Fisheries Standards (BAFS) is mandated to develop standard specifications
and test procedures for agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment.
Consistent with its standards development process, BAFS has endorsed this
standard for the approval of the DA Secretary through the Bureau of Agricultural
and Fisheries Engineering (BAFE) and to the Bureau of Philippine Standards
(BPS) for appropriate numbering and inclusion to the Philippine National
Standard (PNS) repository.

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with BPS Directives
Part 3:2003 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the

standard.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

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PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 225:2017
Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Water Impounding System

CONTENTS Page

1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Main Components 3
5 Site Selection 5
6 Preliminary Design Activities 7
7 Design Consideration 8
7.1 Dam 8
7.2 Spillway 14
7.3 Outlet Works 17
7.4 Irrigation Works 18
8 Bibliography 18

ANNEXES

A Agrohydrologic Studies and Analyses 19

B Design of Embankment Components 39
C Spillway Design 41
D Design of Outlet Works 49

ii
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS/PAES 225:2017

Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Water Impounding System

1 Scope

This standard specifies the minimum design requirements of a small water

impounding system.

A small water impounding system shall be defined as an earth fill structure built
across a narrow depression or valley to harvest and store rainfall and runoff for
immediate and multiple use. It has a height of 5 m to a maximum of 15 m and
service area of 25 ha to 150 ha.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions through which reference

in this text constitute provisions in this National Standard:

PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 Determination of Irrigation Water

Requirements

PNS/BAFS/PAES 218:2017 Open Channels – Design of Main Canals,

Laterals and Farm Ditches

PNS/BAFS/PAES 221:2017 Design of Canal Structures – Road Crossing,

Drop, Siphon and Elevated Flume

3 Definition

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
active storage
volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level and
normal water level (see Figure 4a)

3.2
dam
any barrier constructed to store water

3.3
dam height
vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the dam crest

1
3.4
dead storage
volume below the intake structure computed as

𝑉 = 20900 × 𝐴0.687
where:

A is the drainage area, (km2)

sediment volume based on 25 years of accumulation in the
reservoir (see Figure 4a)

3.5
filter drain
dam component which prevents migration of small particles and screen off fine
materials that flow with seepage water and prevent piping (Figure 1)

Figure 1. Filter Drain

3.6
homogeneous embankment
dam composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive for slope
protection

3.7
Karst topography
geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble
bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite

3.8
natural spillway
spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw, saddle or drainage way

2
3.9
normal storage elevation
maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained by the dam or
reservoir without flow in the spillway (see Figure 4a)

3.10
reservoir
part of the system that impounds the runoff

3.11
seepage line
phreatic line
line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs

3.12
spillway
channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot be contained in the
active storage space of the reservoir

3.13
storage capacity
total capacity at normal water surface elevation

3.14
structural height
vertical distance measured from the top of the dam down to the bedrock

3.15
upstream face
side of the embankment wetted by the impounded water

3.16
watershed
area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir (see Figure 3)

3.17
water right
privilege granted by the government to use and appropriate water

3.18
well-protected reservoir
reservoir where the upper reaches of the basin is shielded by high mountain
barriers

3.19
zoned embankment
dam consisting a central impervious core flanked between zones of more
pervious materials

3
4 Main Components

The main components of a small water impounding system are shown in Figure
2.

Figure 2. Main Components of a Small Water Impounding System

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5 Site Selection

5.1 Physical Condition

The ideal site for the dam should be a natural depression or streambed of which
slope is at minimum and then widens out behind some natural constriction as
this condition will require the minimum inputs. Figure 3 shows a general map of
a SWIS.

Figure 3. General Map of a Small Water Impounding System

SOURCE: PCAARRD-DOST. 1986. The Philippine Recommends for Small Water
Impounding Projects

5.1.1 The earth dam should be located at the narrowest section of the
depression or gully such that the width is the shortest possible.

5.1.2 A horseshoe, U-shape or tank dam shall be used in the absence of natural
basin.

5.1.3 Seeps, springs, slides and rock outcrops shall be avoided.

5.1.4 Embankment materials such as clay to sandy clay borrows should be

available at a reasonable proximity and adequate quantity.

5.1.5 Soil shall be well-graded and shall contain at least 30% clay.

5.1.6 The dam site shall have a sound foundation to ensure stability, preferably
rock to avoid excessive leakage.

5.1.7 Spillway shall be located on a consolidated natural formation

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5.1.8 Natural spillways should be preferred than cut spillways.

5.1.9 Spillway shall be capable of discharging excess water during flood periods
and the outfall must be secured against erosion.

5.1.10 Reservoir inflows shall be dependable and adequate to sustain its

purpose.
(see Annex A for the computation of values for dependable and adequate
reservoir inflow)

5.1.11 Reservoir shall be at least 1 ha at normal water level.

5.1.12 Land area to be submerged shall be of relatively low value.

5.1.13 Site shall be accessible by vehicle.

5.1.14 Dam and reservoir sites with the following conditions shall be avoided:
 sink holes
 faults (clearance)
 alluvial deposits
 ant hills
 gravelly areas
 shale and limestone (and other water-soluble sedimentary rock) parent
materials
 mud deposits
 other formations that will allow excessive leakages or loss of
impoundment
 mining areas located above the reservoir
 sites on or near a known active earthquake fault
 Karst topography

5.1.15 The subsurface geology of the site shall be determined through a

representative of a subsurface geology of the area not necessarily found in the
dam site itself but in some distant location, roadside cut, outcrops and
riverbanks.

5.2 Watershed Condition

5.2.1 The watershed shall be able to provide adequate yield for the reservoir.

5.2.2 It shall have good vegetation cover.

5.2.3 It shall have a maximum slope of 18%.

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5.3 Service Area

5.3.1 It shall be located as near as possible to the reservoir site.

5.3.2 It shall commensurate to the expected active storage/capacity of the

reservoir.

5.3.3 It shall be contiguous and has developed paddies.

5.3.4 It shall have the provision for access road between the dam site and
nearest existing road.

5.4 Socio-economic Consideration

The project shall be economically viable and socially acceptable.

6 Preliminary Design Activities

6.1 Soil and Topographic Surveys

6.1.1 The types of soil in the dam sites, reservoir, watershed and service area as
well as their extent shall be determined.

6.1.2 The soil formation shall be characterized. Borings should be done along
the axis of the dam down to the impervious layer or a depth equal to the
proposed height of the dam.

6.1.3 Types and extent of existing land uses in service and watershed areas
shall be determined.

6.1.4 A soil survey report which includes the soil and topographic survey with
contour interval of 0.5 m and scale of 1:2000 shall be prepared.

6.1.5 The delineation of the boundaries of the contributing watersheds and

service areas shall be presented in the topographic map or in a digital elevation
model. The proposed location of the dam, access roads and service canals shall
also be indicated.

6.1.6 A profile cross-section of the stream/depression at the selected site 20 m

upstream and 20 m downstream shall also be included.

6.2 Dam Site Characterization

6.2.1 The depth of overburden that must be removed to reach an acceptable

foundation for the dam wall shall be determined through seismic refraction or
other geographical method.

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6.2.2 The rock types which make up the foundation and the extent of the effects
of surface weathering shall be specified.

6.2.3 Engineering properties of the foundation rock types such as strength,

deformability and durability shall be specified.

6.2.4 A full description of the geological structure of the foundation and its
defects such as jointing, faulting and folding of the rock strata shall be specified.
The defect pattern in the rock mass shall also be identified including orientation,
spacing, extent or persistence and aperture or openness.

6.3 Agrohydrologic Analyses

Agrohydrologic parameters shall be determined prior to the design of the

structures and components involved in the project. There are three major
parameters considered:

6.3.1 Run-off and inflow hydrograph

6.3.2 Field water balance

6.3.3 Reservoir inflow

The process of determining each parameter is detailed in Annex A.

7 Design Considerations

7.1 Dam

The dam shall be structurally stable under all conditions and shall be sufficiently
water tight. Components and profile of an earth-fill dam is given in Figure 4.

Figure 4a. Vertical Components of an Earth-fill Dam

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 Figure 4b. Profile along Dam Axis

7.1.1 Dam height shall be determined based on the vertical storage

requirements: dead storage, active storage, flood surcharge and freeboard as
shown in Figure 4a. Section A.6 of Annex A shows an outline for dam height
computation.

 Dead Storage - unless amended later, the sediment volume shall be

computed based on 25 years of accumulation in the reservoir.

 Active Storage - this shall be determined based on reservoir operation

studies (see section A.4 of Annex A)

 Flood Surcharge - this shall be determined by flood routing (see section

A.5 of Annex A)

 Freeboard - this shall be computed based on the wave run-up and

embankment settlement shown in the formula below
4
𝐹𝑏1 = 1.5(0.032 √𝐹𝑉 + 0.763 − 0.271 √𝐹 )
𝐹𝑏2 = 2% 𝑡𝑜 5% 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏1 + 𝐹𝑏2
where:

Fb1 is the freeboard due to wave run-up (m)

F is the reservoir effective fetch (km)
V is the wind velocity (km/h)
Fb2 is the freeboard due to embankment settlement (m)
Fb is the total freeboard (m)

7.1.2 The dam crest width shall be computed based on the following criteria.
The largest computed dimension shall be adapted as the dam crest width.

7.1.2.1 The minimum width for maintenance purposes is 4 m.

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7.1.2.2 W1 = 5/3√H1 where W1 = width of the dam crest, m; H1 = dam
height, m

H2
7.1.2.3 W2 = + 10 where W2 = width of the dam crest, ft; H2 = dam
5
height, ft

7.1.3 The type of suitable dam shall be selected based on the availability and
excavation costs of the materials for construction.

7.1.3.1 Homogeneous/Modified Homogeneous Type -This type shall be

considered if the supply of materials of low permeability such as sandy or silty
clay and other clayey material is abundant.

7.1.3.1.1 Composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive of slope

protection

7.1.3.1.2 The embankment material must be sufficiently impervious to provide

adequate water barrier

7.1.3.1.3 The slopes must be stable under critical loading condition

7.1.3.1.4 Modified by using carefully placed pervious material which help to

control seepage flow and pore pressure development

7.1.3.1.5 Advantages:
 Allows the use of steep slopes by lowering the phreatic level within the
embankment
 The flowing of fine particle with the seepage water is screened off which
prevents piping

7.1.3.1.6 Provisions for Drainage:

 Rockfill Toe - a filter shall be constructed between the embankment
proper and the rockfill toe.
 Horizontal Blanket - shall extend from the downstream toe deep into the
embankment to a distance not greater than 1/3 of the base of the dam but
not so far upstream as to shorten the seepage path too much to critical
extent.
 Chimney Drain - shall be provided for better collection capability

7.1.3.2 Zoned Type - This type shall be considered if sufficient quantities of both
pervious and impervious materials are available.

7.1.3.2.1 Components:
 Core - central impervious portion
 Transition zone – filter
 Upstream shell – made of more pervious material which provides stability
against rapid drawdown

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  Downstream shell – made of more pervious material which serves asdrain
to control seepage

7.1.3.2.2 Advantages:
 Steeper slopes could be adopted with consequent reduction in total
volume of embankment materials.
 A wide variety of materials could be utilized hence utilization of materials
excavated structure could be maximized.
 Better stability against earthquake, cracking and settlement could be
provided.

7.1.4 The embankment slopes shall be stable against the most adverse
conditions which they can be subjected.

 Upstream Face – The slope shall be checked against drawdown

condition. The stable slope for the upstream face is 2.75:1.

 Downstream Face– The slope shall be checked against steady seepage

with full reservoir capacity. The stable slope for the upstream face is
2.5:1.

Other recommended values of slopes for homogeneous and zoned dams are
presented in Table 1 and Table 2.

Table 1. Recommended Slopes for Small Homogeneous Earth Fill Dams on

Stable Foundation

Drawdown Embankment Slopes

Case Purpose
Condition Classification2 Upstream Downstream
Homogeneous Detention GC,GM,SC 2.5:1 2:1
or Modified or Slow SM,CL,ML,CH 3:1 2.5:1
Homogeneous Storage MH 3.5:1 2.5:1
GC,GM,SC 3:1 2:1
Modified
Storage Rapid1 SM,CL,ML,CH 3.5:1 2.5:1
Homogeneous
MH 4:1 2.5:1
NOTE From the “Design of Small Dams”, US Bureau of Reclamation
1Drawdown rates of 0.15 m/day following prolonged storage at high level
2 Definitions:

GC – Clayey, poorly graded gravel-sand-clay mixture

GM – Silty gravel, poorly graded sand-silt mixture
SC – Clayey sand, poorly graded sand-silt mixture
SM – Silty sand, poorly graded sand-silt mixture
CL – Inorganic clay of low to medium plasticity, gravely clay, sandy clay, silty clay, lean
ML – Inorganic silt and very fine sand, rock flour, silty or clayey fine sand with slight
plasticity
CH – Inorganic clay of high plasticity, fat clay
MH – Inorganic silt, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sandy or silty soil, elastic silt

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 Table 2. Recommended Slopes for Small Zoned Earth Fill Dams on Stable
Foundation

Drawdown Shell Core Slopes

Case Purpose
Condition Material Material Upstream Downstream
Rockfill GC,GM
Zoned with
Any Not Critical GW,SP SM,CL 2:1 2:1
minimum core 1
SW or SP ML,CH,MH
Rockfill GC,GM 2:1 2:1
Detention GW,SP SC,SM 2.25:1 2.25:1
Slow
or Storage SW or SP CL,ML 2.5:1 2.5:1
Zoned with CH,MH 3:1 3:1
maximum core1 Rockfill GC,GM 2.5:1 2:1
GW,GP SC,SM 2.5:1 2.25:1
Storage Rapid2
SW or SP CL,ML 3:1 2.5:1
CH,MH 3.5:1 3:1
NOTE From the “Design of Small Dams”, US Bureau of Reclamation
1Minimum and maximum size of cores are shown in Figure 5.
2 Drawdown rates of 0.15 m/day following prolonged storage at high level
3 Definitions:

CW – Well-graded, gravel-sand mixture, little or no fine

GP – Poorly gravel, gravel-sand mixture, little or no fine
SW – Well graded sand, gravely sand, little or no fine
SP – Poorly graded sand, gravely sand, little or no fine

Figure 5. Size of Impervious Core for Zoned Dam

7.1.5 The embankment slopes, upstream and downstream shall be protected

against wave action and erosion, respectively. Sizing of materials for
embankment slope protection is detailed in Annex B.

7.1.5.1 If rock or stone or riprap is available near the site, these materials shall
be the priority of use for the upstream face. Boulder riprap underlain with gravel
blanket or dumped gravel shall be used. The minimum thickness shall be 20 cm.

7.1.5.2 The downstream face shall be protected by using grass sodding.

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7.1.5.3 For a well-protected reservoir, plain gravel shall be used to protect the
upstream face of the dam.

7.1.5.4 For unprotected reservoir, rock shall be used to protect the upstream
face. Concrete pavement shall be used only in extreme cases.

7.1.5.5 Free flow of water from the upstream face shall be prevented.
Embankment shall be compacted by layers of 20 cm with proctor density of 95%.
Sections along outlets, conduits and joints with concrete sections shall be
compacted thoroughly

7.1.5.6 For zoned dams where the downstream outer shell consists of rock or
cobbles, no special treatment of the slope shall be used.

7.1.5.7 For homogeneous/modified homogeneous dams, a layer of cobbles,

sodding or interceptor canals shall be used to protect the downstream slope.

7.1.5.8 A gutter made of grouted rock or cobbles shall be provided to control the
development of unsightly gullies at the contact between the embankment and
the abutments.

7.1.5.9 The foundation shear stress shall be smaller than the shear strength to
provide a suitable margin of safety. Foundation with silt or quicksand shall not
be used.

7.1.6 The seepage line shall be well within the downstream face of the dam. The
downstream face of the dam shall be provided with rock toe drain. The height of
which depends on the height of water at normal water level. The rock toe has
usually a height of 1/3 the hydraulic head.

7.1.7 Core trench along the centerline of dam axis shall be provided to cut off
seepage across the foundation.

7.1.8 To prevent the migration of small particles and to screen off fine materials
that flow with seepage water through the embankment, the filter shall satisfy the
following requirements:

 The graduation shall be able to prevent the soil particles from entering
the filter and clogging it.

 The capacity of the filter shall adequately handle total seepage flow.

 The filter shall be permeable enough to provide easy access of seepage

water to reduce the uplift forces.

7.1.9 Multi-layer of filters although more effective must be avoided in general

since these are costly. If sufficient quantities of filter material are available at
reasonable cost, it would be more economical to provide thick layers rather than
process material to meet exact requirements for a thin filter design.

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Determination of the thickness of the filter drain is presented in section B.2 of
Annex B.

7.2 Spillway

7.2.1 It shall be hydraulically and structurally adequate and shall provide

sufficient capacity. A spillway diagram is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Spillway Diagram

7.2.2 The width of spillway shall be determined from the result of flood routing
by allowing a maximum surcharge height of 1 m. Spillway hydraulics calculation
is detailed in Annex C.

7.2.3 It shall be located such that the spillway discharge will not have the
chance to erode or undermine the downstream toe of the dam.

7.2.4 The bounding surfaces at critical sections shall be protected with concrete
lining or erosion resistant material.

7.2.5 Type of spillway

If geologic conditions will allow, side channel or chute type spillway shall be
constructed. Unless excavation is excessive or too difficult, a chute spillway can
be made to pass on the saddle on either left or right side of the proposed dam
wherein the alignment may lead to an adjacent drainage way or to the same
stream below the dam.

7.2.6 Control Section

7.2.6.1 The control section of a side channel spillway may consist of a concrete
ogee weir or sill.

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7.2.6.2 The use of a flat approach control for a chute spillway should be
prioritized for economy, simplicity and ease of construction. The flat approach
may be lined or not depending on the approach velocity or structural
requirements. Other than the flat approach, the control section may consist of an
ogee or sharp-crested weir.

7.2.7 Discharge Channel

7.2.7.1 The discharge channel shall have a single straight slope for hydraulic
efficiency and structural stability. The slope shall be approximately equal to the
general slope of the existing ground.

7.2.7.2 The cross-sectional shape of the channel may be trapezoidal, rectangular

or combination of both.

7.2.7.3 The channel can be lined or unlined depending on the channel velocity.

7.2.7.4 In designing unlined channels, Table 3 showing the permissible velocities

for cohesive soils shall be used.

7.2.7.5 For lined channels, linings can be of concrete, riprap or grass. Table 4
shows the permissible velocities for different types of grass. This table shall be
used only as basis of comparison with similar types of grass found locally.

Table 3. Maximum Permissible Velocities for Cohesive Soils

Clear Unit Water Transporting Colloidal

Water Tractive Silts
Material n V Force V Unit Tractive
(ft/s) (ft/s) Force
Fine sand, colloidal 0.020 1.50 0.027 2.50 0.075
Sandy loam, non-colloidal 0.020 1.75 0.037 2.50 0.075
Silt loam, non-colloidal 0.020 2.00 0.048 3.00 0.11
Alluvial silt, non-colloidal 0.020 2.00 0.048 3.50 1.15
Ordinary firm loam 0.020 2.50 0.075 3.50 0.15
Volcanic ash 0.020 2.50 0.075 3.50 0.15
Stiff clay, very colloidal 0.025 3.75 0.26 5.00 0.46
Alluvial silts, colloidal 0.025 3.75 0.26 5.00 0.46
Shales& hard pans 0.025 6.00 0.67 6.00 0.67
Fine gravel 0.020 2.50 0.075 5.00 0.32
Graded loam to cobbles
0.030 3.75 0.38 5.00 0.66
when non-colloidal
Graded silts to cobbles 0.030 4.00 0.43 5.50 0.80
when colloidal
Coarse gravel, non- 0.025 4.00 0.30 6.00 0.67
colloidal
Cobble and shingle 0.035 5.00 0.91 5.50 1.10

15
 Table 4. Maximum Permissible Velocities for Grassed Channels

Permissible Velocity
Slope
Grass Cover Erosion
Range (%) Easily Eroded
Resistant
Soil
Soils
up to 5 8 6
1. Bermuda grass 5 to 10 7 5
over 10 6 4

2. Buffalo grass up to 5 7 5
Kentucky blue grass 5 to 10 6 4
Smooth Brome over 10 5 3
Blue Grama

3. Lespedeza sericea
Weeping love grass 3.5 2.5
Yellow bluestem
Kudzu up to 51
Alfalfa
Crabgrass

4. Common Lespedeza2 3.5 2.5

Sudan Grass2 up to 51

NOTE 1 From US Conservation Service.

NOTE 2 Values apply to average uniform stands of cover.
NOTE 3 Velocities exceeding 5 fps are to be used only where good covers
and proper maintenance can be obtained.
1Not to be used on slopes steeper than 5%
2Used on mild slopes or as temporary cover until permanent covers are

established

7.2.7.6 The flow depth along the discharge channel shall be determined based on
the Manning’s formula.

7.2.7.7 Freeboard channel shall be computed based on the average depth of flow
within the reach.

7.2.7.8 The terminal structure of unlined and grassed channels shall be as simple
as possible. It may consist of a concrete sill at downstream end of the channel
and a dumped riprap from the sill to a distance downstream equal to the channel
width.

7.2.7.9 The terminal structure of riprapped and concrete lined-channels may

consist of an unsubmerged deflector bucket or a hydraulic jump type basin.
16
7.2.7.10 Formulas used and computation details related to the spillway are
presented in Annex C.

7.3 Outlet Works

7.3.1 The outlet works shall be able to regulate the release of water that may be
dictated by the downstream requirements.

7.3.2 It is recommended to adapt a canal outlet with closed conduit waterway

flowing under pressure and gated at the downstream end. This system consists
of the following:

 a concrete intake provided with trashrack for protection against debris

 steel pressure pipe waterway
 outlet with gate valve and energy dissipator

The physical arrangement is shown in Figure 7 and the methodology of design is

presented in Annex D.

Figure 7. Physical Arrangement of Outlet Works

7.3.3 The provisions in this section shall be applicable to the above specified
outlet works system.

7.3.4 The design discharge-head combination shall be based on the large

discharge under low head. This combination shall be obtained from the reservoir
operation studies.

7.3.5 The size of the discharge pipe shall be computed based on a full conduit
flow. Details of computation are shown in Annex D.

7.3.6 The size of the impact type dissipator shall be determined as outlined in
Annex D.

17
7.3.7 A minimum of temperature reinforcement for the concrete structural
components shall be required.

7.3.8 Joints of the steel discharge pipe shall be water tight. This can be achieved
by using couplings that remain water tight after movement or settlement of the
pipe.

7.3.9 Methods of bedding and backfilling shall prevent unequal settlement

along the pipe length and shall secure the most possible distribution of load on
the foundation.

7.3.10 Tight contact between the fill and the conduit surface shall be secured.

7.4 Irrigation Works

Provisions and design procedures for irrigation works are detailed in

PNS/BAFS/PAES 218: 2017 – Open Channels – Design of Main Canals, Laterals
and Farm Ditches and PNS/BAFS/PAES 221: 2017 – Design of Canal Structures –
Road Crossing, Drop, Siphon and Elevated Flume

8 Bibliography

Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Soils and Water Management. March

1997. Manual for Agrohydrology and Engineering Design for Small Water
Impounding Project (SWIP)

Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Soils and Water Management. Undated.

Tender and Contract Documents Technical Specifications for Small Water
Impounding Project (SWIP)

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry and Natural

Resources Research and Development - Department of Science and Technology.
1986. The Philippine Recommends for Small Water Impounding Projects

18
 ANNEX A
(informative)

Agrohydrologic Studies and Analyses

A.1 Estimation of Runoff and Derivation of Inflow Hydrograph

Required Data:
 Drainage area
 Mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge
 Mainstream outlet to point nearest basin centroid
 Elevation difference
 Watershed Gradient
 Soil Type
 Land Cover
 Land Use

A.1.1 Determine the parameters for a synthetic unit hydrograph using an

appropriate method. In this annex, Snyder’s method is used.

A.1.1.1 Lag Time

𝐿𝐿𝑐 𝑎
𝑇𝐿 = 𝐶𝑡 × ( )
√𝑌
where:

TL is the lag time (h)

Ct is the coefficient with values:
1.2 for mountains drainage area
0.72 for foothill drainage area
0.35 for valley drainage area
L is the mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge (mi)
Lc is the mainstream length from outlet to the nearest basin
centroid (mi)
Y is the watershed gradient
a is 0.38

If the standard rainfall duration, ∆D is not equal to TL/5.5, adjust the computed
TL as shown in section A.1.1.2.

A.1.1.2 Adjusted Lag Time

1 𝑇𝐿
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇𝐿 + (∆𝐷 − )
4 5.5
where:

∆D is the standard rainfall duration (duration of 1-inch excess

rainfall), h

19
A.1.1.3 Time of Concentration
𝑇𝐿
𝑇𝑐 =
0.70
where:

Tc is the time of concentration (h)

TL is the lag time (h)

A.1.1.4 Time to Peak

1
𝑇𝑝 = ∆𝐷 + 𝑇𝐿
2
where:

Tp is the time to peak (h)

TL is the lag time (h)
∆D is the standard rainfall duration (h)
suggested values of ∆D: 0.5 hr or 0.4 hr where Tc < 3
1 hr where 3<Tc< 6
1/5 Tc where Tc >6

A.1.1.5 Peak Rate of Runoff

0.20𝐴
𝑞𝑝 =
𝑇𝐿
where:

qp is the peak rate of runoff (cm/mm)

A is the drainage area (km2)
TL is the lag time (h)

A.1.2 Compute for rainfall depth for different durations and tabulate as shown
in Table A.1.

𝑃 = 𝑖𝐷
𝑎𝑇 𝑐
𝑖=
(𝐷 + 𝑏)𝑑
where:

P is the rainfall depth, mm

i is the computed rainfall intensity using Intensity-Duration-
Frequency (IDF) Curve, mm/h
D is the duration, h
a,b,c,d is the regression coefficients of the IDF curve for different
locations (see Table A.2)
T is the return period

A.1.3 Rearrange the computed rainfall increments based on 3 maximization

patterns. The sequence for peak at different positions are shown in Figure A.1

A.1.3.1 Peak ∆P1 at middle time position, i= n/2

20
 A.1.3.2 Peak ∆P1 at 1/3 time position, i= n/3

A.1.3.3 Peak ∆P1 at 2/3-time position, i= 2n/3+1

Table A.1. Rainfall Depth, Duration and Rainfall Increments

Sequence Duration, Rainfall Rainfall Depth, Rainfall

D (h) Intensity, I P (mm) Increments, ∆P
(mm/hr) (mm)
1 D1 =∆D 1 P1 ∆P1 = P1
2 D2 =2∆D1 2 P2 ∆P2 = P2-P1
3 D3 =3∆D1 3 P3 ∆P3 = P3-P2

n Dn = nD1 n Pn ∆Pn = Pn-Pn-1

Table A.2. Regression Coefficients of the Rainfall Intensity-Duration-

Frequency Curve for Different Locations in the Philippines

Region Station/Location a b c d R
Vigan, Ilocos Sur 47.295 0.20 0.2710 0.577 0.9882
1 Baguio City 51.414 - 0.2337 0.343 0.9800
Laoag City 60.676 0.30 0.2370 0.554 0.9944
Tuguegarao, Cagayan 47.263 0.40 0.2290 0.598 0.9949
2
Aparri, Cagayan 53.503 0.20 0.2780 0.610 0.9916
San Agustin, Arayat, - - - - -
Pampanga 48.749 0.40 0.2330 0.690 0.9973
Sta. Cruz, Pampanga 41.687 0.85 0.2220 0.611 0.9976
Dagupan, Pangasinan 53.665 0.10 0.1340 0.575 0.9959
Matalava, Lingayen 0.890 0.10 0.2220 0.611 0.9973
3
Iba, Zamabales 51.960 0.80 0.2020 0.448 0.9951
Cabanatuan City 62.961 0.20 0.1395 0.754 0.9950
Cansinala, Apalit, - - - - -
Pampanga 36.597 - 0.2280 0.568 0.9962
Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija 43.209 0.10 0.2150 0.487 0.9942
4 Infanta, Quezon 67.327 0.30 0.2010 0.617 0.9867
Calapan, Mondoro Or. 54.846 0.30 0.2460 0.768 0.9969
MIA 46.863 0.10 0.1940 0.609 0.9979
Pot Area, Manila 58.798 0.20 0.1980 0.679 0.9981
Tayabas, Quezon 39.710 - 0.1320 0.461 0.9912
Casiguran, Quezon 77.587 0.70 0.2380 0.717 0.9849
Alabat, Quezon 55.424 0.20 0.2310 0.491 0.9880
Ambalong, Tanauan, - - - -
Batangas 41.351 - 0.2310 0.511 0.9620
Angono, Rizal 62.314 0.70 0.1910 0.630 0.9934
5 Daet, Camarines Norte 44.553 - 0.2240 0.570 0.9971
Legaspi, City 55.836 0.20 0.2480 0.591 0.9958

21
 Table A.2 continued…
Virac, Catanduanes 49.052 0.20 0.2480 0.591 0.9958
6 Iloilo City 44.390 0.15 0.2040 0.670 0.9970
7 Cebu Airport 59.330 0.40 0.2400 0.812 0.9956
Dumaguete City 100.821 1.00 0.2370 1.057 0.9963
8 Borongan, Eastern - - - - -
Samar 51.622 0.10 0.1680 0.581 0.9972
UEP, Catarman, Samar 61.889 0.40 0.2300 0.681 0.9905
Catbalogan, Samar 51.105 0.10 0.2020 0.620 0.9948
Tacloban, Leyte 39.661 0.10 0.1660 0.629 0.9968
9 Zamboanga City 48.571 0.30 0.2090 0.803 0.9973
10 Cagayan de Oro 78.621 0.50 0.1950 0.954 0.9992
Surigao City 61.486 0.60 0.2520 0.602 0.9901
Binatuan, Surigao - - - - -
del Sur 57.433 0.10 0.1340 0.577 0.9932
11 Davao City 81.959 0.50 0.1740 0.945 0.9986

Figure A.1. Maximization Patterns for Rainfall Increments

22
A.1.4 The succeeding procedures, from section A.1.5 to A.1.8 shall be applied to
all rainfall maximization patterns to determine which will result to maximum
rainfall excess amounts. However, 2/3+1 position pattern usually result to the
maximum.

A.1.5 Compute for the initial abstraction.

𝐼𝑎 = 0.2𝑠

1000
𝑠= − 10
𝑊
where:

Ia is the initial abstraction (in)

s is the maximum potential difference between rainfall and
runoff (in)
W is the watershed index or runoff curve number which is a
function of: soil group (see Table A.3), antecedent moisture
condition (see Table A.4), and land use cover (Table A.5) in
the watershed

A.1.6 Adjust values of W for AMC I and AMC III using Table A.6.

A.1.7 Subtract he computed initial abstraction from the rainfall depth over the
necessary initial number of time increment until Ia is satisfied.

A.1.8 Apply values of uniform retention rate, f, in succeeding time increments so

that the retention depth subtracted each time from a rainfall increment is at
most equal to f × ∆P, Applicable values are given in Table A.7. Tabulated sample
computation of these values is shown in Table A.8.

Table A.3. Soil Groups for Estimation of Watershed Index W

Soil Soil Characteristics Example

Group
A Soils with very low runoff potentialDeep sand with little silt or
clay
B Light soils under/or well - Light sandy loam, silty loam
structured soils with above average
infiltration when thoroughly melted
C Medium soils and shallow soils with Clay loam
below-average infiltration when
thoroughly melted
D Soils with high runoff potential Heavy soils, particularly
days of high swelling
capacity, and very shallow
soils underlain by
dense clay horizons

23
Table A.4. Antecedent Moisture Conditions for Estimation of Watershed
Index
Antecedent Moisture
Rain in the Previous 5 Days
Condition (AMC)
Dormant Season Growing Season
I Less than 0.5 in Less than 1.4 in
II 0.5 in to 1.1 in 1.4 in to 2.1 in
III More than 1.1 in More than 2.1 in

Table A.5. Values of Watershed Index

(Assuming Antecedent Moisture Condition II)

Land Use Farming Hydrologic Soil Group

or Cover Treatment Condition A B C D
Native Poor 70 80 85 90
pasture or - Fair 50 70 80 85
grassland Good 40 60 75 80
Poor 45 65 75 85
Timbered
- Fair 35 60 75 80
Areas
Good 25 55 70 75
Improved
Permanent Good 30 60 70 80
Pastures
Poor 65 75 85 90
Straightrow
Rotation Good 60 70 80 85
Pastures Poor 65 75 80 85
Contoured
Good 55 70 80 85
Poor 65 75 85 90
Straightrow
Good 70 80 85 90
Crop
Poor 70 80 85 90
Contoured
Good 65 75 80 85
Fallow - - 80 85 90 95
NOTE:
Native pastures - Pastures in poor condition is sparse, heavily grazed pastures with less
than half the total watershed area under plant cover. Pasture in fair condition is
moderately grazed and with between half and three-quarters of the catchment under
plant cover. Pasture in good condition is lightly grazed and with more than three-
quarters of the catchment area under plant cover
Timbered areas - Poor areas are sparsely timbered and heavily grazed with no
undergrowth. Fair areas are moderately grazed, with some undergrowth. Good areas are
densely timbered and ungrazed, with considerable undergrowth.
Improved permanent pastures - Densely sown permanent legume pastures subject to
careful grazing management are considered to be in good hydrologic condition
Rotation pastures - Dense, moderately grazed pastures used as part of a well planned,
crop-pasture-fallow rotation are considered to be in good hydrologic condition. Sparse,
overgrazed or “opportunity” pastures are considered to be poor condition.
Crops - Good hydrologic condition refers to crops which form a part of a well planned
and managed crop-pasture-follow rotation. Poor hydrologic condition refers to crops
managed according to a simple crop-follow-rotation.

24
 Table A.6. Adjustments for Watershed Index

Corresponding Values of W for:

AMC = II AMC = I AMC = III
100 100 100
95 87 99
90 80 98
85 70 97
80 65 95
75 60 90
70 50 90
65 45 85
60 40 80
55 35 75
50 30 70
45 25 65
40 20 60
35 20 55
30 15 50
25 10 45

Table A.7. Recommended Retention Rate for Hydrologic Soil Group (USBR)

Hydrologic Soil Group Retention Rate, in/h

A 0.4
B 0.24
C 0.12
D 0.04

Table A.8. Sample Rainfall Excess Computation Using Hydrologic

Abstraction

Sequence Rainfall Abstraction Retention Rainfall Excess,

Number Increments (mm) (mm) (mm) E (mm)
1 7.67 7.67 0.00 0.00
2 8.06 8.06 0.00 0.00
3 8.51 1.20 0.00 7.30
4 9.64 0.00 1.22 8.42
5 10.36 0.00 1.22 9.14
6 12.37 0.00 1.22 11.15
7 13.83 1.22 12.61
8 15.81 1.22 14.59
9 23.34 1.22 22.12
10 32.20 1.22 30.98
11 56.56 1.22 55.34
12 18.70 1.22 17.84
13 11.26 1.22 10.04
14 9.03 1.22 7.81
15 7.33 1.22 6.11
25
A.1.9 Derive the synthetic unit hydrograph using the dimensionless-unit
hydrograph.

A.1.9.1 Interpolate the values from Table A.9 until q/qp is less than 0.001.

𝑇 ∆𝐷 2∆𝐷 3∆𝐷
= , , , ..
𝑇𝑝 𝑇𝑝 𝑇𝑝 𝑇𝑝
where:

T is the corresponding ∆D
Tp is the time to peak (h)
∆D is the standard rainfall duration (h)

Table A.9. Time Ratio and Discharge Ratio for Dimensionless-Unit

Hydrograph

Time Ratio Discharge Ratio Time Ratio Discharge Ratio

T/Tp q/qp T/Tp q/qp
0 0 1.5 0.66
0.1 0.015 1.6 0.56
0.2 0.175 1.8 0.42
0.3 0.16 2 0.32
0.4 0.28 2.2 0.24
0.5 0.43 2.4 0.18
0.6 0.6 2.6 0.13
0.7 0.77 2.8 0.098
0.8 0.89 3 0.075
0.9 0.97 3.5 0.036
1 1 4 0.018
1.1 0.98 4.5 0.009
1.2 0.92 5 0.004
1.3 0.84 Infinity 0
1.4 0.75

A.1.9.2 Compute the ordinate of the synthetic unit hydrograph.

𝑞
𝑈𝑖 = ( ) × 𝑞𝑝
𝑞𝑝 𝑖
where:

Ui is the ordinate of synthetic unit hydrograph (cm/mm)

(q/qp)I is the interpolated value from dimensionless hydrograph
qp is the computed peak rate of runoff (cm/mm)

A.1.9.3 Determine the correction factor for synthetic unit hydrograph.

3.6 ∑ 𝑈𝑖 × ∆𝐷
𝐾=
𝐴

26
 where:

K is the correction factor

Ui is the ordinate of synthetic unit hydrograph (cm/mm)
∆D is the standard rainfall duration (h)
A is the drainage area (km2)

A.1.9.4 Apply correction factor and tabulate results as shown in Table A.10.

Table A.10. Summary of Values for the Synthetic Unit Hydrograph

Sequence Time Time Ratio Discharge Ratio Ui Adjusted

Number (h) T/Tp q/qp Ui
(cm/mm)
Uu = Ui/Ki
1 ∆D ∆D/Tp (q/qp)1 qp Uu1
2 2∆D 2∆D/Tp (q/qp)2 qp Uu2
3 3∆D 3∆D/Tp Interpolated (q/qp)3 qp Uu3
4 4∆D 4∆D/Tp values from (q/qp)4 qp Uu4
5 5∆D 5∆D/Tp Table A.9 (q/qp)5 qp Uu5

n n∆D n∆D/Tp (q/qp)n qp Uun

A.1.9.5 Use the synthetic unit hydrograph according to the convolution

equations to determine the ordinates of the direct runoff hydrograph.

𝑄1 = 𝑈𝑢1 × 𝐸1
𝑄2 = (𝑈𝑢1 × 𝐸2 ) + (𝑈𝑢2 × 𝐸1 )
𝑄3 = (𝑈𝑢1 × 𝐸3 ) + (𝑈𝑢2 × 𝐸2 ) + (𝑈𝑢3 × 𝐸1 )
𝑄4 = (𝑈𝑢1 × 𝐸4 ) + (𝑈𝑢2 × 𝐸3 ) + (𝑈𝑢3 × 𝐸2 ) + (𝑈𝑢4 × 𝐸1 )

where:

Qi is the runoff value at n∆D

Ei is the rainfall excess
Uui is the adjusted ordinate of the unit hydrograph

A.2 Field Water Balance Computation

A.2.1 Establish the most suitable cropping pattern and cropping calendar with
the following objectives:

 minimum irrigation requirements

 maximum annual production
 optimum growing conditions for the given crop and growing stages

27
  growing crop during wet season when water is abundant and irrigation is
minimal

A.2.2 Determine the following required data

A.2.2.1 Dependable Rainfall – 10- day dependable rainfall can be determined

using various hydrologic frequency analysis. Some of these methods are detailed
in Annex D of PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 – Determination of Irrigation Water
Requirements.

A.2.2.2 Reference Evapotranspiration – determination of the reference

evapotranspiration can be determined using recommended procedures detailed
in Annex B of PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 – Determination of Irrigation Water
Requirements.

A.2.2.3 Crop Coefficient – the crop coefficient of the crop grown in the site
during various stages shall be known. Details for some crops are listed in Table 4
of PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 – Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements.

A.2.2.4 Seepage and Percolation Losses – determination of these losses shall be

based on the soil type in the site. Estimated percolation values are shown in
Table 5 of PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 – Determination of Irrigation Water
Requirements.

A.2.3 Determine the irrigation requirements using the data above. A step by step
procedure is detailed in PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 – Determination of Irrigation
Water Requirements.

A.3 Estimation of 10-day Reservoir Inflow

A.3.1 For Regions I. III and IV, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons,
estimate the 10-day reservoir inflow as follows:

𝐷𝑄𝑗 = 𝑅𝐶𝑗 × 𝑃𝑗
𝐵𝐹𝑗 = 𝐹 × 𝑄𝑗−1
𝑄𝑗 = 𝐷𝑄𝑗 + 𝐵𝐹𝑗
where:

DQj is the direct runoff in decade j (mm)

RCj is the runoff coefficient in decade j, equal to estimated mean
monthly runoff coefficient (see Table A.11)
Pj is the 80% dependable rainfall
BFj is the baseflow in decade j (mm)
F is the 10-day reservoir factor
= 0.002+(0.026×DA) where DA is drainage area in km2
NOTE: Obtained from regression equation analysis of
several small watersheds <100 km2 in the Philippines)
Qj is the reservoir inflow in decade j (mm)
Qj-1 is the inflow in the previous decade (mm)
28
A.3.2 For other regions in the country which are predominantly characterized
by indistinct, short or no dry season with more or less continuous rainfall,
estimate the 10-day reservoir inflow as follows:

𝐷𝑄𝑗 = 𝑅𝐶𝑗 × 𝑃𝑗
𝐵𝐹 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 × 𝐷𝐴
% 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝐵𝐹
𝐵𝐹𝑗 = 𝐵𝐹 ×
3
𝑄𝑗 = 𝐷𝑄𝑗 + 𝐵𝐹𝑗

where:

DQj is the direct runoff in decade j (mm)

RCj is the runoff coefficient in decade j, equal to estimated mean
monthly runoff coefficient (see Table A.11)
Pj is the 80% dependable rainfall
BF is the annual baseflow (mm)
BFj is the baseflow in decade j (mm)
a,b is the coefficient of linear curve fit (see Table A.11)
DA is the drainage area (km2)
Qj is the reservoir inflow in decade j (mm)

A sample computation is shown in Table A.12.

Table A.10. Regional Runoff Coefficient and Monthly Baseflow Distribution

Region Month % Baseflow Runoff Coefficient

January - 0.25
February - 0.05
March - 0.03
April - 0.03
May - 0.17
June - 0.37
1
July - 0.64
August - 0.67
September - 0.75
October - 0.75
November - 0.61
December - 0.25
January 8.76 0.17
February 7.91 0.17
March 7.22 0.08
April 7.05 0.08
2
May 6.7 0
June 6.42 0.17
July 7.39 0.2
August 8.18 0.34

29
 September 9.37 0.4
October 10.43 0.41
November 10.84 0.44
December 9.72 0.37
a = 286.021, b = -9.72 x 10 , R = 0.74
-1

January - 0.45
February - 0.08
March - 0
April - 0
May - 0.24
June - 0.34
3
July - 0.58
August - 0.7
September - 0.75
October - 0.7
November - 0.4
December - 0.5
January - 0.45
February - 0.44
March - 0.19
April - 0
May - 0
June - 0.19
4
July - 0.19
August - 0.26
September - 0.33
October - 0.47
November - 0.57
December - 0.5
January 9.17 0.5
February 8.69 0.38
March 8.28 0.3
April 7.91 0.25
May 7.64 0.1
June 7.66 0.08
5 July 7.86 0.15
August 8.08 0.15
September 8.31 0.15
October 8.53 0.35
November 8.79 0.39
December 9.07 0.47
a = 2057.31, b = 18.28, R = 0.87
January 8.06 0.39
February 8.1 0.19
6 March 7.96 0.16
April 8.1 0.16
May 8.26 0.16

30
 June 8.45 0.18
July 8.66 0.44
August 8.73 0.44
September 8.6 0.33
October 8.47 0.49
November 8.37 0.39
December 8.21 0.39
a = 1043.65, b = 8.221, R = 0.695
January 8.23 0.26
February 8.07 0.15
March 8.09 0.1
April 8.22 0
May 8.23 0.09
June 8.35 0.15
7 July 8.47 0.3
August 8.66 0.3
September 8.57 0.3
October 8.45 0.3
November 8.37 0.3
December 8.29 0.26
a = 1055.85, b = 11.80, R = 0.766
January 9.1 0.38
February 8.8 0.28
March 8.6 0.25
April 8.3 0
May 8.1 0.14
June 7.9 0.22
8 July 7.7 0.3
August 7.6 0.34
September 7.7 0.34
October 7.9 0.51
November 8.4 0.7
December 9 0.7
a = 12.52, b = 14.051, R = 0.872
January 8.53 0.3
February 8.33 0.22
March 8.16 0.08
April 7.94 0
May 8 0
June 8.13 0.07
9 July 8.19 0.14
August 8.32 0.14
September 8.42 0.14
October 8.53 0.24
November 8.66 0.24
December 8.76 0.3
a = 1164.37, b = 30.36, R = 0.999

31
 January 8.51 0.49
February 8.43 0.4
March 8.36 0.37
April 8.29 0.32
May 8.21 0.15
June 8.16 0.15
10 July 8.21 0.15
August 8.27 0.24
September 8.3 0.24
October 8.34 0.28
November 8.4 0.25
December 8.49 0.52
a = 2119.90, b = 6.09, R = 0.562
January 8.42 0.17
February 8.38 0
March 8.35 0
April 8.31 0
May 8.3 0.12
June 8.25 0.12
11 July 8.27 0.29
August 8.3 0.29
September 8.32 0.26
October 8.34 0.26
November 8.37 0.23
December 8.39 0.22
a = 152.608, b = 7.53, R = 0.751
January 8.13 0.21
February 7.99 0.12
March 8.03 0
April 8.13 0.13
May 8.24 0.25
June 8.39 0.35
12 July 8.54 0.44
August 8.69 0.45
September 8.66 0.45
October 8.53 0.45
November 8.4 0.21
December 8.26 0.21
a = 1751.61, b = -4.018, R = 0.915

32
 Table A.11. Sample Derivation of Reservoir Inflow
Region: II
Drainage Area: 187 ha
Month Decade Mean Runoff Direct Baseflow Reservoir
Rainfall Coefficient Runoff (mm) Inflow
(mm) (mm) mm m3
Jan 1 2.08 0.17 0.35 8.30 8.65 1180
2 5.59 0.17 0.95 8.30 9.25 17295
3 15.33 0.17 2.61 8.30 10.91 20393
Feb 4 8.62 0.17 1.47 7.49 8.96 16753
5 8.39 0.17 1.43 7.49 8.92 16681
6 4.99 0.17 0.85 7.49 8.34 15599
Mar 7 13.70 0.08 1.10 6.84 7.94 14839
8 41.09 0.08 3.29 6.84 10.13 18937
9 8.22 0.08 0.66 6.84 7.50 14020
Apr 10 28.38 0.08 2.27 6.88 8.95 16736
11 22.22 0.08 1.78 6.88 8.46 15813

A.4 Reservoir Operation Study

The reservoir operation study must be performed to optimize the reservoir to

meet water requirements. In this procedure, it is assumed that the reservoir
elevation at the end of the operation will be equal to the starting elevation

A.4.1 Obtain the following data.

A.4.1.1 Reservoir Inflow – detailed in section A.3 of this standard

A.4.1.2 Reservoir Evaporation Loss – can be determined from meteorological

data

A.4.1.3 Irrigation Water Requirements - detailed in PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 –

Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements

A.4.1.4 Reservoir Area-Capacity Elevation Curve – sections A.4.1.4.1 to A.4.1.4.5

A.4.1.4.1 From the topographic map of the delineated watershed, determine the
area within each contour elevation.

A.4.1.4.2 Determine the average area between consecutive contour elevations.

A.4.1.4.3 From the average area and contour interval, compute for the
incremental volume.

A.4.1.4.4 Determine the accumulated storage by adding the incremental volume

between contour elevations to the preceding accumulated storage. Table A.12
shows a sample computation for determining the area-capacity elevation curve.

33
A.4.1.4.5 Construct plots of elevation of the reservoir versus surface area and
elevation of the reservoir versus volume.

A.4.2 From the Elevation-Storage Capacity Curve, determine the normal water
surface (NWS) Elevation. Assume a starting elevation lower than the NWS
Elevation.

A.4.3 Follow the procedures detailed in flowchart for the reservoir operation
study shown in Figure A.2. Table A.13 shows the parameters required and
computed for the study.

A.4.4 Check the water surface elevation at the end of last decade of the last
cropping. The starting elevation must be equal or lower than the resulting water
surface elevation.

A.4.5 If two or more consecutive shortages are observed, reduce service area of
the cropping period or adjust the normal water surface elevation.

Table A.12. Sample Computation for the Area-Capacity Elevation Curve

Contour Interval: 1
Contour Area Within Average Incremental Accumulated
Elevation Contour Area (m2) Volume (m3) Storage (m3)
(m) (m2)
82 40 0 0 0
83 80 60 60 60
84 1600 840 840 900
85 7320 4460 4460 5360
86 16420 11870 11870 17230
87 17720 17070 17070 34300
88 18920 18320 18320 52620
89 19710 19315 19315 71935
90 21250 20480 20480 92415
91 22240 21745 21745 114160
92 31800 27020 27020 141180
93 47880 39840 39840 181020
94 58920 53400 53400 234420
95 73200 66060 66060 300480
96 82880 78040 78040 378520
97 90240 86560 86560 465080
98 109240 99740 99740 564820
99 139270 124255 124255 689075
100 141440 140355 140355 829430

34
 Table A.13. Parameters for the Reservoir Operation Study

Normal Water Surface Elevation: Storage at NWS:

Minimum Elevation: Minimum Storage:
Starting Elevation: Starting Storage:

Decade Evaporation
Diversion Water Evaporation Irrigation Total
or Inflow Demand Storage Elevation Shortage Spill
Requirement Rate Demand Release
Month
M I DWR ER ID ED R STO EL SRT SPL
- m3 mm mm m3 m3 m3 m3 m m3 m3

35
Figure A.2. Flow Chart for Reservoir Operation Study

36
A.5 Flood Routing
There are a number of methods used in flood routing such as Modified Pul’s
Method, Goodrich Method and other graphical and analog methods. In this
informative annex a simple and expedient method by arithmetic trial and error
will be used.

A.5.1 The following assumptions are applied:

A.5.1.1 All outlets are fully closed and all discharges are allowed to pass only
over the spillway.

A.5.1.2 Water surface in the reservoir is at normal level at the start of the flood.

A.5.2 The following data are required:

A.5.2.1 Inflow hydrograph of the design flood.

A.5.2.2 Reservoir capacity-elevation curve

A.5.2.3 Spillway rating curve or equation for a broad crested weir:

𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿𝐻 3/2
where:

Q is the discharge over the spillway (m3)

C is the weir coefficient, 1.704
H is the surcharge height (m)
L is the spillway width (m)

A.5.3 Follow the procedures detailed in flowchart for flood routing shown in
Figure A.3. Table A.14 shows the parameters required and computed for flood
routing.

Table A.14. Parameters for Flood Routing

Change
Trial Computed
in Storage,
Time ∆T Inflow Elevation, Outflow Elevation,
Storage, S
ELt ELc
∆S
h h Iq, cm Ivol, m3 m O q, Ovol, m3 m3 m
cm m3

37
 Figure A.3. Flow Chart for Flood Routing

A.6 Summary of Computation

No. Parameter Formula Value

(m)
1 Creek Bed Elevation Basic data
2 Min. Water Surface Elevation From Dead Storage
3 Normal Water Surface From Reservoir Operation
Elevation Study
4 Flood Surcharge Height From Flood Routing
5 Max. Water Surface Elevation Item 3 + Item 4
6 Freeboard due to Wave Run-up From section 7.1.1
7 Preliminary Dam Crest Item 5 + Item 6
Elevation
8 Preliminary Dam Height Item 7 – Item 1
9 Embankment Settlement From section 7.1.1
10 Final Dam Height Item 8 + Item 9
11 Final Dam Crest Elevation Item 1 + Item 10

38
 ANNEX B
(informative)

Design of Embankment Components

B.1 Embankment Slope Protection

B.1.1 Size of Concrete Cube

0.0023𝐻𝑤 3 𝑆𝑟 𝐶𝑆𝑐 3 (𝑝 − 𝑎)
𝑊= 𝑆
(𝑆 𝑟 − 1)
𝑤

4
𝐻𝑤 = 0.032√𝐹𝑉 + 0.763 − 0.271 √𝐹
where:

W is the weight of concrete (tons)

Hw is the wave height (m)
F is the effective reservoir fetch (km)
V is the wind velocity (km/h)
Sr is the specific gravity of concrete
Sw is the specific gravity of water
C is the riprap factor (0.54 for hand-laced and 0.80 for
dumped)
p is the 70% for dumped riprap
a is the angle of face slope from horizontal

B.1.2 Size of Rock or Stone

𝑊 √1 + 𝑆 2
𝑑𝑚 = 2.23𝐶𝐻𝑤 ×
𝐺 − 𝑊 𝑆(𝑆 + 2)
where:

dm is the riprap diameter (m)

W is the unit weight of water (ton/m3)
G is the unit weight of stone (ton/m3)
S is the slope of embankment
Hw is the wave height (m)
C is the riprap factor (0.54 for hand-laced and 0.80 for
dumped)

39
B.2 Filter Drain - required between the impervious core and outer shell of
zoned dams and on horizontal drainage blanket or toe drains of modified
homogeneous dams to prevent migration of small particles and to screen off fine
materials that flow with seepage water

B.2.1 Requirements:

 Graduation must be such that the particles of soil are prevented from
entering the filter and clogging it.
 Capacity of the filter must be such that it adequately handles total seepage
flow.
 Permeability must be great enough to provide easy access of seepage
water so that uplift forces are reduced

B.2.2 Recommended limits to satisfy filter stability criteria:

D15 of filter
 = 5 to 40
D15 of material

where D15 = size at which 15% of the total soil particles are smaller

(provided that the filter does not contain more than 5% of material
passing through No. 200 sieve)

D15 of filter
 =5
D85 of material

where D85 = size at which 85% of the total soil particles are smaller

 The grain size curve of the filter should be roughly parallel to that of the
base material. If more than one filter layer is required, the same criteria
are followed. The finer filter is considered as base material for selection of
the gradation of coarse material.

B.2.3 Design Equation

𝑘𝑡 2 𝑤
𝑄=
𝐿
where:

Q is the design seepage value (equivalent to 5-10 times the

estimated embankment seepage)
k is the average permeability of filter material
t is the thickness of drain
L is the length of drain
w is the width of drain (perpendicular to flow)

40
 ANNEX C
(informative)

Spillway Design

C.1 Determination of Flow Depth Along the Discharge Channel

C.1.1 For unlined, grassed and riprapped channel, use the Manning’s Equation
in a trial and error solution to detemine the flow depth

(𝑏𝑑 + 𝑧𝑑)5/3 𝑄𝑛
=
(𝑏 + 2𝑑√𝑧 2 + 1)2/3 √𝑆
where:

b is the channel bed width, m

d is the flow depth, m
z is the channel side slope
Q is the discharge, m3/s
n is the channel roughness coefficient
S is the channel slope

C.1.2 For concrete-lined channels where the flow is supercritical, use the
Energy, Manning’s and Continuity Equations in a trial and error solution to
determine the flow depth. The formula below shall be satisfied.

𝑀 + 𝑑𝑐 + ℎ𝑣𝑐 = 𝑑1 + ℎ𝑣1 + ℎ𝑓1

Figure C.1. Spillway Flow Profile

41
C.2 Freeboard Along the Discharge Channel
3
𝐹𝑏 = 2.0 + 0.025𝑉 √𝑑
where:

Fb is the freeboard, ft
V is the average velocity of the channel reach, fps
d is the average depth of flow within the reach, ft

C.3 Terminal Section

C.3.1 Unsubmerged Deflector Bucket

C.3.1.1 Hydraulic design considerations:

 The exit angle must not greater than 30°
 The bucket radius should be long enough to maintain a smooth and
concentric flow. Minimum bucket radius should not be less than 5
times the depth of flow.

C.3.1.2 Compute the horizontal range of the jet using the formula:

𝑋 = 1.8 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴(𝑑 + ℎ𝑣 )

where:

X = horizontal range of the jet, m

A = exit angle of the bucket lip
d = depth of flow at the bucket, m
hv = velocity head, m

C.3.2 USBR Hydraulic Jump Type Basin

Figure C.2. Dimensions for USBR Basin Computation

42
C.3.2.1 Determine the jump depth, d2 from the nomograph in Figure C.3

C.3.2.2 Compute for the velocity of flow.

𝑄𝑜
𝑉2 =
𝑏𝑑2
where:

V2 is the flow velocity after hydraulic jump, m/s

Qo is the routed flow, m3/s
b is the spillway width, m
d2 is the jump depth, m

C.3.2.3 Compute for d1.

2𝑉2 𝑑2 𝑑2 2 𝑑2
𝑑1 = √ + −
𝑔 4 2
where:

d1 is the depth before jump (m)

V2 is the flow velocity after hydraulic jump (m/s)
d2 is the jump depth (m)
g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

C.3.2.4 Select the type of USBR Basin based on the Froude Number shown in
Table C.1.
𝑉
𝐹=
√𝑔𝑑1
where:

F is the Froude Number

V is the velocity at entrance to the basin (m/s)
g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
d1 is the depth of flow at the entrance to the basin (m)

Table C.1. USBR Basin Selection

Froude Number USBR Basin

2.5 ≤ F ≤ 4.5 Type IV
F > 4.5 (V ≤ 60 fps) Type III
F > 4.5 (V > 60 fps) Type II

C.3.2.2 Determine the basin length from L/d2 –F curve in Figures C.4 to C.6.

C.3.2.3 Compute for the basin freeboard.

43
 𝐹𝑏 = 0.1(𝑉1 + 𝑑2 )

where:

Fb is the basin freboard, m

V1 is the velocity to the entrance of the basin
d2 is the jump depth, m

Figure C.3. Stilling Basin Depths Versus Hydraulic Heads for Various
Channel Losses

44
Figure C.4. Type II USBR Basin (F>45; V>60 fps)

45
Figure C.5. Type III USBR Basin (F>45; V≤60 fps)

46
Figure C.6. Type IV USBR Basin

47
C.4 Structural Requirement

The design of a concrete cantilever is shown in Table C.2 Refer to Figure C.7 for
the symbols used.

Figure C.7. Cantilever Retaining Wall

Table C.7 – Parameters for the Design of a Cantilever Training Wall

Bar # Spacing
H A B C D E- Bars F- Bars

ft in ft-in in ft-in # - in # - in
5 8 1–2 8 0-6 4 – 21 3 - 18
6 8 1–5 8 0-8 4 – 21 3 - 18
7 8 1–8 8 0 - 10 4 – 16 3 - 18
8 12 1 – 11 8 0-9 4 – 20 3 - 18
9 12 2–2 8 1-0 4 – 13 3 - 18
10 12 2–5 8 1–2 4 – 10 3 – 12
11 12 2–8 8 1–5 5 – 10 3 – 12
12 12 2 – 11 8 1–8 6 – 12 4 – 14
13 12 3–2 10 1 – 11 7 – 12 4 – 12
14 12 3–5 10 2–2 8 – 12 4 – 10
15 14 3–8 12 2–3 8 – 12 4 – 12
16 15 3 – 11 12 2–4 8 – 11 4 – 10
17 16 4–2 12 2–6 9 – 13 4–9
18 17 4–4 12 2–7 9 – 11 5 – 10
20 19 4 – 10 12 2 – 11 9 – 10 6 - 11
22 21 5–4 12 3–3 9–8
24 24 5 – 10 12 3–5 9–7 6 – 11
26 26 6–4 12 3–8 9–6 6–9
28 28 6 – 10 12 4–0 9–5 6-9
30 31 7–3 12 4-2 9–5

48
 ANNEX D
(informative)

Outlet Works

D.1 Discharge Pipe Sizing

D.1.1 From the resoervoir operation study in Annex A, select a critical demand-
head, Qd –h, combination which is a considerably large discharge under low
head.

D.1.2 Compute for the size of a preliminary pipe.

4𝑄𝑑
√
𝜋
𝑑𝑝 =
(2𝑔ℎ)1/4
where:

dp is the preliminary pipe diameter (m)

Qd is the critical demand (m3/s)
g is the gravitational acceleration (m2/s)
h is the critical head (m)

D.1.3 Select a trial size, dt, of pipe larger than the computed dp.

D.1.4 Compute for the corresponding velocity.

4𝑄𝑑
𝑉𝑡 = 𝜋𝑑𝑡2
( )
4
where:

Vt is the flow velocity in the trial pipe, m/s

Qd is the critical demand, m3/s
dt is the trial size of pipe, m

D.1.5 Determine the total minor losses.

𝑉𝑡 2
ℎ𝑚 = × (𝐾𝑡 + 𝐾𝑒 + 𝐾𝑏 + 𝐾𝑉 )
2𝑔
where:

hm = total minor losses (m)

Vt = flow velocity in the trial pipe (m/s)
g = gravitational acceleration (m2/s)
Kt = trashrack loss
Ke = entrance loss
Kb = bend loss
Kv = valve loss

49
D.1.6 Compute for the friction loss.
𝑉𝑡 2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 × 𝐿 ×
2𝑔
185𝑛2
𝑓=
(𝑑𝑡 )1/3
where:

hf is the friction loss (m)

f is the friction loss coefficient (dt = trial size of pipe, ft)
L is the total length of pipe (m)
Vt is the flow velocity in the trial pipe (m/s)
g is the gravitational acceleration (m2/s)

D.1.7 Determine the total head loss, ht, which is the sum of the total minor loss
and friction loss.

D.1.8 Compute for the net head, hn, which is the difference between the critical
head and total head loss.

D.1.9 Compute for the corresponding discharge for the trial size of the pipe.

𝜋𝑑𝑡2
𝑄𝑡 = √2𝑔ℎ𝑛
4
where:

Qd is the discharge for the trial size (m3/s)

g is the gravitational acceleration (m2/s)
hn is the net head loss (m)
dt is the trial size of pipe (m)

D.1.10 If Qt ≥ Qd, use the trial size as the final pipe diameter. Otherwise, assume
another trial size and repeat sections D.1.4 to D.7.9.

D.2 Impact Type Dissipator

Figure D.1. Impact Stilling Basin

50
D.2.1 Compute for the hydraulic head.

ℎ = 𝑁𝑊𝑆 − 𝐸𝑙𝐷/𝑆
where:

h is the hydraulic head, m

NWS is the normal water surface elevation, m
ELD/S is the downstream elevation

D.2.2 Determine the equivalent square opening of the discharge pipe diameter,
its corresponding velocity and Froude number.

𝜋𝑑 2
𝑑𝑠 = √
4
𝑉𝑠 = √2𝑔ℎ
𝐹 = 𝑉𝑠 √𝑔𝑑𝑠
where:

ds is the equivalent square opening, m

d is the discharge pipe diameter, m
Vs is the corresponding velocity, m/s
h is the hydraulic head, m
F is the Froude number

D.2.3 Compute for the basin width.

𝑊 = 2.85 × 𝑑𝑠 × 𝐹 × 0.58
where:

W is the basin width, m

ds is the equivalent square opening, m
F is the Froude number

D.2.4 Determine the other basin dimensions shown in Figure D.1 using the
equations below. Note that all units are in meters.

H=¾W
a=½W
b = 1/6 W
c = 3/8 W
L = 4/3 W

51
 Technical Working Group (TWG) for the Development of Philippine
National Standard for Rainwater and Runoff management – Small Water
Impounding System

Chair

Engr. Bonifacio S. Labiano

National Irrigation Administration

Members

Engr. Felimar M. Torizo Dr. Teresita S. Sandoval

Board of Agricultural Engineering Bureau of Soils and Water Management
Professional Regulation Commission Department of Agriculture

Dr. Armando N. Espino Jr. Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Central Luzon State University Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers

Dr. Roger A. Luyun Jr. Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

University of the Philippines Los Baños Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries
Department of Agriculture

Project Managers

Engr. Darwin C. Aranguren

Engr. Romulo E. Eusebio

Engr. Mary Louise P. Pascual

Engr. Fidelina T. Flores

Engr. Marie Jehosa B. Reyes

Ms. Micah L. Araño

Ms. Caroline D. Lat

Mr. Gerald S. Trinidad

University of the Philippines Los Baños –

Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center