Discuss about enhancer sequence, role of

biotechnology in life expectancy and RNA/DNA

chimeric molecules

Assignment 01

Submitted by

Name NAZAKAT ALI

Roll Number 18191560-043

BS Biotechnology 6th Sec (A)

Submitted To
Ma’am. Mubeen Tahir
Submitted for
Agriculture Biotechnology (BTH-320)
DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY & BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Table of content

How do enhancers sequence facilitate plant gene expression? ............................1

What is gene expression? .....................................................................................1
What are enhancers? ............................................................................................1
Mechanism of the enhancer in gene expression system. ...................................1
Will biotechnology be able to increase the life expectancy? ................................1
Medicine .................................................................................................................2
Environmental purposes ......................................................................................2
More efficient farming..........................................................................................2
High quality food ..................................................................................................2
Regenerative medicine ..........................................................................................2
How can RNA–DNA chimeric molecules be used to introduce targeted
alterations to plant genomic DNA? ........................................................................3
Reference...................................................................................................................4
How do enhancers sequence facilitate plant gene expression?
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What is gene expression? I I I

Gene expression is the expression of a genes that mean when a gene encoding into a messenger RNA
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which will be translate into proteins. Production of a protein from gene code is known as gene
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expression. Gene expression vary from human to human and by time and space. Like A human need
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more growth hormone in early age while a woman which is older than 50 years need less human
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growth hormone. In the same way some jeans do not Express in childhood while the express puberty.
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Like genes of beard not Express in childhood.

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What are enhancers? I I

The enhancers are the short DNA sequence that play a crucial role in the particular genes
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transcription. Enhancer play a role to change the rate of the transcription enhancer are present mostly
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in the upstream of the Genes. Enhancer's play a very important role that increase the activity of the
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promoter of the gene. As enhancer increases the activity of the promoter therefore they increase the
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gene expression.
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Enhancer are the non-coding DNA sequence that can make interaction with many transcription
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factors to enhance the expression of genes. in the opposite way silencer also non coding DNA
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sequence that will stop the gene expression.

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Mechanism of the enhancer in gene expression system. I I I I I I I

Usually, the enhancer work with the TFs ( transcription factors). As first enhancer bind with TF
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followed by the different recruitment such as histone acetyltransferases and chromatin remodelers
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which play role in the increase in the accessibility of the chromatin. The increase accessibility will
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promote other TFs leading to the transcriptional activation of required genes.

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In this way enhancer play role to activate the target gene and enhance the gene expression as more TFs
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bind to promoter and more mRNA produce and more translation will be occurred and more protein
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will be produced. To do so, enhancers physically interact with the promoters of their cognate gene
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and we knew the RNA polymerase II is the enzyme that start transcription and produce mRNA
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enhancer play great role in the stability of RNA polymerase II on the promoter site so the
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transcription occur with out any problem and to a great extent.

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Enhancers have the special TFs binding motif which will bind the TFs with promoter region which
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will lead to activation of different TFs and other supportive proteins which lead to the production of
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the mRNA which will translate into protein at ribosome. As more protein produce which mean more
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mRNA were synthesis and which ultimate lead that RNA polymerase II has great binding at the
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promoter region and have great binding with TFs.

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Will biotechnology be able to increase the life expectancy?

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Biotechnology is the branch of biology which involves the use of living systems and organisms to I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

develop and make products for the benefit of human beings.

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Biotechnology e has a great role to increase the life expectancy of the people. The main areas in which I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

biotechnology can play a crucial role and may helpful to increase the life expectancy of the people.
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These areas include vaccination gene therapy drug development.

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Medicine

Biotechnology has a great role in the production of drugs and to cure diseases. So, by making perfect I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

drugs and by using gene therapy methodology life expectancy can be increased.
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Environmental purposes I

Biotechnology has a significant positive environmental role. By producing recombinant organisms, II I I I I I I I I I

we can do bioremediation. As we know now bioremediation is the process in which we can use
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microorganisms to remove or detoxify the pollutants. By cleaning the environment and improving
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the crop yield and removing the heavy metal from water life expectancy will increase.
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More efficient farming I I

As biotechnology is a science in which we play with the genes of the different organisms by using
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different tools and methods. Recombinant plants and different kinds of recombinant crops have
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much greater jailed as compared to the normal plants and they also have resistance against insects and
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herbicides.
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High quality food I I

One important advantage of biotechnology is that we can produce high quality food and a food which
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have a longer shelf life. Alwar now genetics can be altered through the recombinant technology e
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scientists can produce the crops that contain the higher level of certain healthy component. By seeing
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this factor, we can assume that technology will be able to expand the life expectancy of the people.
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Regenerative medicine I

Regenerative medicine grows very dramatically fast as this have a very important role in the injury.
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Tissue engineering based on different types of bio-materials has been made to speed up the rate of
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regenerative medicine. Recently stem cell specially induces pluripotent stem cells (iPS) show the
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great regenerative medicine quality. Imagine future with regenerative medicine that a person loses
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his arm or leg and by using the regenerative medicine that person can have his arm or leg once again in
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his life with full natural capability.

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All these factors and areas show that biotechnology will be able to increase the life expectancy of the
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life and future people will live longer life and they have great health facility as compare to today
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people.
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How can RNA–DNA chimeric molecules be used to introduce targeted
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alterations to plant genomic DNA?

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Chimeric are the oligonucleotides (chimeras) molecules, which have basic part of RNA and DNA
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bases folded by complementarity like double hairpin conformation, they have role to alter or repair
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single bases in plant and animal genomes. Means that we can use these chimeric molecules to make
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target gene alteration in the DNA for our requirement protein or for our required characteristic.
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An uninterrupted DNA sequence may be altering and RNA chimeric will help to make stable
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complex that will lead to change in genes.

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RNA DNA chimeric molecules work as a site directed manipulation of the chromosomal genes this
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method worked in the bacteria yeast and mammalian cells. This process is developed for mammalian
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gene therapy which provide a great alternative for gene targeting in plants one of the great examples
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in this approach is using chimeric RNA DNA oligonucleotides.

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In some researchers these RNA DNA chimeric molecules are referred to as Crispr cas9 systems. In
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which they say that that guiding RNA and cash 9 protein will work together and make chimeric
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molecule they basically focus on the complex that will be formed between guide RNA a and DNA
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that is formed before the cash 9 protein interaction. As guide RNA is the complementary to our target
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region so cas9 protein will bind to guide RNA and produce cut on the DNA and after that by Homer
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logos are nonhomologous end joining we can substitute add or delete a gene or a nucleotide from that
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region. in this way we can do target gene editing in plants by using RNA DNA chimeric molecules.
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Reference
I. Luo Z, Macris MA, Faruqi AF, Glazer PM . High-frequency intrachromosomal gene conversion
induced by triplex-forming oligonucleotides microinjected into mouse cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 2000; 97: 9003–9008
II. Culver KW et al. Correction of chromosomal point mutations in human cells with bifunctional
oligonucleotides. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17: 989–993.
III. Vasquez KM, Narayanan L, Glazer PM . Specific mutations induced by triplex-forming
oligonucleotides in mice. Science 2000; 290: 530–533.

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