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Chapter 11 - Application Layer: TCP/IP Protocol Suite: 11.2 Domain Name System

The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which maps domain names to IP addresses. It describes DNS's hierarchical domain name space and how information is distributed among DNS servers. DNS servers are either primary servers that maintain zone files or secondary servers that load zone file information from primary servers. The DNS divides the domain name space into generic, country, and inverse domains.

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Anuruddhika Nishadhi Neralampitiya
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62 views23 pages

Chapter 11 - Application Layer: TCP/IP Protocol Suite: 11.2 Domain Name System

The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which maps domain names to IP addresses. It describes DNS's hierarchical domain name space and how information is distributed among DNS servers. DNS servers are either primary servers that maintain zone files or secondary servers that load zone file information from primary servers. The DNS divides the domain name space into generic, country, and inverse domains.

Uploaded by

Anuruddhika Nishadhi Neralampitiya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 11 – APPLICATION LAYER:

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Domain Name System

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1.1 Introduction

• Protocols that allows people to use the internet.


 Domain Name System (DNS)
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS)

• To identify an entity, the Internet uses the IP address,


which uniquely identifies the connection of a host to
the Internet.
• However, people prefer to use names for hosts instead
of numeric addresses.
• Therefore, we need a system that can map a name to an
address or an address to a name.
• DNS is a protocol with this capacity.

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.1 Domain Name Space

• Domain name space can be pictured as an inverted


hierarchical tree structure with one root node at the top
and maximum of 128 levels: level 0(root) to level 127.
• Each node in the tree has a unique label, which is a
string with a maximum of 63 characters.
• The root label is a null string (empty string)
• DNS requires that children of a node have different
labels, which guarantees the uniqueness of the domain
names.

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.1 Domain Name Space Contd..

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.2 Domain Name

• Each node in the tree has a domain name.


• A full domain name is a sequence of labels separated
by dots(.).
• The domain names are always read from the node up to
the root.

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.2 Domain Name Contd..

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.3 Domain

• A domain is a sub tree of the domain name space.


• The name of the domain is the domain name of the
node at the top of the sub tree.
• Note that domain may itself be divided into domains,
or sub domains as they are sometimes called.

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.3 Domain Contd..

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.4 Distribution of information in Domain Name


Space

• It is very inefficient and also not reliable to have just


one computer to store a huge amount of information.
Solution

Distribute the information among many computers


called DNS servers.

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.4 Distribution of information in Domain Name


Space

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.4 Distribution of information in Domain Name


Space

• Zone – What a server is responsible for, or has


authority over, is called a zone.
• If a server accepts responsibility for a domain and does
not divide the domain into smaller domains, then
domain = zone
• The server makes a database called a zone file and
keeps all the information for every node under that
domain.

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.4 Distribution of information in Domain Name


Space

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.4 Distribution of information in Domain Name


Space

• Root server – A server whose zone consists of the


whole tree.
• A root server usually does not store any information
about domains. But delegates its authority to other
servers, keeping references to those servers.

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.4 Distribution of information in Domain Name


Space

• DNS defines two types of servers:


1. Primary Server
- Stores a file about the zone for which it is an
authority.
- It is responsible for creating, maintaining and
updating the zone file.
- It stores the zone file on a local disk.

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.4 Distribution of information in Domain Name


Space

• DNS defines two types of servers:


2. Secondary Server
- A server that transfers the complete information
about a zone from another server and stores the file
on its local disk.
- Neither creates nor updates the zone files.
- If updating is required, it must be done by the
primary server, which sends the updated version to
the secondary.
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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.4 Distribution of information in Domain Name


Space

• Primary and Secondary servers are both authoritative


for the zones they serve.
• A server can be a primary server for a specific zone and
a secondary server for another zone.

Primary Server – Loads all information from the disk


file.
Secondary Server – Loads all information from the
primary server.
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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.5 DNS in the Internet

• In the Internet, the domain name space is divided into 3


different sections.

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.5 DNS in the Internet Contd..

Generic Domains
• Define registered hosts according to their behavior.
• Each node in the tree defines a domain, which is an
index to the domain name space database.
• According to the tree , each label specifying an
organization type.

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Generic Domains

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.5 DNS in the Internet

Country Domains

• Defines the country


abbreviations with two
characters.
Ex: lk – Sri Lanka
us – United States

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11.2 Domain Name System (DNS) Contd..

11.2.5 DNS in the Internet Contd..

Inverse Domains

• The inverse domain finds


domain name for a given
IP address.
• This is called address-to-
name resolution.

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