COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING NCM 104 LEC

MRS. MARY ANTOINETTER ASERON || 1ST SEMESTER

5388

OUTLINE - Diabetes, cancer and heart diseases are

just some of the common non-
NCM 104 LECTURES communicable diseases that are
collectively responsible for over 70% of all
OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING IN THE deaths worldwide, or 41M people.
PHILIPPINES - The rise of these diseases are driven by 5
major factors: tobacco use, physical
inactivity, use of alcohol, unhealthy diets
Introduction
and air pollution
Nursing is a profession aimed at helping the
3. GLOBAL INFLUENZA PANDEMIC
population achieves better health thru their own hands. It
- WHO is constantly monitoring the circulation of
is for this reason why nurses in the community should
influenza viruses to detect potential pandemic
have a deeper understanding of health both as a strains.
concept and as a reality. This chapter focuses on the - Every year, WHO recommends which strains
overview of public health nursing in the Philippines which should be included in the flu vaccine to protect
include the global and national health situation, people from seasonal flu.
Standards of public health nursing in the Philippines, - In the event that a new flu strain develops
Evolution of public health nursing in the Philippines and pandemic potential. WHO has set up a unique
the Roles and responsibilities of a Community Health partnership with all the major players to ensure
Nurse. effective and equitable access to diagnostics,
vaccines, and antivirals especially in developing
countries
Core content of the chapter
4. FRAGILE AND VULNERABLE SETTINGS
- More than 1.6 billion people (22% of the global
A. Global and national health situation population) liv in places where protracted crises
(through a combination of challenges such as
Commonly used measures to describe population health drought, famine, conflict, and population
1. Life Expectancy displacement) and weak health services leave
2. Reductions in child mortality and maternal them without access to basic care.
mortality - Fragile settings exist in almost all regions of the
3. Health outcomes are highly responsive to world, and these are where half of the key
health care investments targets in the SDG, including on child and
maternal health, remains unmet.
4. Child mortality
5. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
5. Maternal mortality
- The development of antibiotics, antivirals and
6. Five most lethal infectious diseases overtime
antimalarials are some of modern medicine’s
greatest successes.
10 Threats to Global Health - Antimicrobial resistance threatens to send us
The world is facing multiple health challenges. back to a time when we were unable to easily
These range from outbreaks of vaccine-preventable treat infections such as pneumonia, TB,
diseases, increasing report of drug resistant pathogens, gonorrhea and salmoneliosis.
growing rates of obesity and physical inactivity to the - The inability to prevent infections could seriously
health impacts of environmental pollution and climate compromise surgery and procedures such as
change and multiple humanitarian crises. chemotherapy.
To address these and other threats, the World 6. EBOLA AND OTHER HIGH THREAT PATHOGENS
Health Organization (WHO) crafted a 5-year - Aside from Ebola virus that has killed thousands
of people especially in the African region, the
development plan – the 13th General Program of Work.
whole world is trying again to fight an unseen
This plan focuses on a triple billion target ensuring 1 enemy which is COVID-19.
billion more people benefit from access to universal - This highly infectious disease has already killed
health coverage, 1 billion more people are protected thousands of hundred of people in the whole
from health emergencies and 1 billion more people enjoy world without regard to age and social status.
better health and well-being. However, reaching the goal 7. WEAK PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
will require addressing the threats to health from a - Primary health care is usually the first point of
variety of angles contact people have with their health care
system, and ideally should provide
10 of the many issues that will demand attention from comprehensive, affordable, community-based
care throughout life
WHO and health partners in 2019
- Health systems with strong primary health care
services are needed to achieve universal health
1. AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE
coverage.
- In 2019, air pollution is considered by - But still, many countries do not have adequate
WHO as the greatest environmental risk to Primary health care facilities. This is maybe due
health killing 7 million people prematurely to lack of resources in low or middle income
every year. countries
- The primary cause of air pollution (burning 8. VACCINE HESITANCY
fossil fuels) is a also a major contributor to - The reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite
climate change. the availability of vaccines – threatens to reverse
- By 2030 and 2050, climate change is progress made in tackling vaccine- preventable
expected to cause additional 250,000 diseases.
deaths per year due to malnutrition, - Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective
ways of avoiding disease. It currently prevents
malaria, diarrhea, and heat stress
2-3M of deaths a year, and a further 1.5M could
2. NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Page 1 of 6
NCM 104 LECTURE
be avoided if global coverage of vaccinations a new Global Diabetes Compact, and a campaign to
improve help 100 million people quit tobacco.
9. HIV/AIDS 9. Build back better
- The progress made against HIV has been COVID-19 has been a pivotal moment in
enormous in terms of getting people tested, many ways, and offers a unique opportunity to build
providing them with anti- retrovirals, and back a better, greener, healthier world.
providing access to preventive measures 10. Act in solidarity
- However, the epidemic continues to rage with One of the key principles WHO has
nearly a million death every year. emphasized throughout the fight against COVID-19 is
10. DENGUE the need to demonstrate greater solidarity – between
- A mosquito-borne disease that causes flu-like nations, institutions, communities and individuals,
symptoms and can be lethal to kill up to 20% of closing the cracks in our defenses on which the virus
those with severe dengue, has been a growing thrives.
threat for decades
- An estimated 40% of the world is at risk of THE NATIONAL HEALTH SITUATION
dengue fever, and there are around 390M 10 Leading Causes of Mortality
infections a year
- WHO’s Dengue control strategy aims to reduce 1. Diseases of the heart
deaths by 50% by 2020 2. Diseases of the vascular system
3. Pneumonias
10 global health issues to track in 202 4. Malignant neoplasms
5. TB, all forms
1. Build global solidarity for worldwide health security 6. Accidents
WHO will work with countries to improve 7. Chronic obstructive and pulmonary diseases, and
their own preparedness for pandemics and health allied conditions
emergencies. But for this to be effective, we will 8. Other diseases of the respiratory system
ensure that countries work together. Above all, this
9. Diabetes mellitus
pandemic has shown us over and again, that no one
10. Diarrheal diseases
is safe until everyone is safe.
2. Speed up access to COVID-19 tests, medicines and
10 Leading Causes of Morbidity
vaccines
A top priority in 2021 will be to continue our
work across the four pillars of the ACTAccelerator, to 1. Diarrheas
achieve equitable access to safe and effective 2. Pneumonias
vaccines, tests, and treatments and to ensure that 3. Bronchiolitis
health systems are strong enough to deliver them. 4. Influenza
Getting effective tools to everyone who needs them 5. TB, all forms
will be key to ending this first, acute phase of the 6. Malaria
pandemic, and to solve the health and economic
7. Chickenpox
crises it has caused.
8. Diseases of the heart
3. Advance health for all
One of the clearest lessons the pandemic
9. Measles
has taught us is the consequences of neglecting our 10. Dengue H-fever
health systems. In 2021 WHO will work across all
three levels of the Organization and with partners Definition of Terms
worldwide to help countries strengthen systems so 1. HEALTH
that they can respond to COVID-19 and deliver all the - State of complete, physical, mental and social
essential health services required to keep people of well-being and not merely the absence of
all ages healthy – close to home and without falling disease or infirmity (WHO).
into poverty. 2. NURSING
4. Tackling health inequities - Assisting sick individual to become healthy and
The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn healthy individual to achieve optimum level of
attention to the deep disparities that persist between wellness or functioning
and within countries, some of which are being
3. PUBLIC HEALTH
exacerbated and risk widening even further.
- Is the science and art of preventing disease,
5. Provide global leadership on science and data
prolonging life, and promoting health and
WHO will monitor and evaluate the latest
efficiency through organized community effort
scientific developments around COVID-19 and
for sanitation of the environment, control of
beyond, identifying opportunities to harness those
communicable infections, education of the
advances to improve global health.
individual in personal hygiene (Dr. C. E. Winslow
6. Revitalize efforts to tackle communicable diseases
4. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
In recent decades, WHO and partners have
- A field of professional practice in nursing and in
worked resolutely to end the scourge of polio, HIV,
public health in which technical nursing,
tuberculosis and malaria, and to avert epidemics of
interpersonal, analytical, and organizational
diseases like measles and yellow fever. COVID-19
skills are applied to problems of health as they
set back much of this work in 2020.
affect the community. (Freeman, 1963)
7. Combat drug resistance
- The practice of promoting and protecting the
Global efforts to end infectious diseases
health of populations using knowledge from
will only succeed if we have effective medicines to
nursing, social, and public health sciences
treat them. So it will be vital to build on the work we
(ANA/APHA, 1996)
do with our One Health partners -- the Food and
Agricultural Organization and World Organisation for 5. COMMUNITY
Animal Health (OIE) -- and with stakeholders across - Social structure that exhibits and creates norms
all sectors to preserve antimicrobials. and values that establish social institution
8. Prevent and treat NCDs and mental health conditions (WHO)
WHO’s latest Global Health Estimates - A group of people sharing a common
revealed that noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) geographic boundaries and/ or common values
were responsible for 7 of the top 10 causes of death and interest. It functions within a particular
in 2019. This will be a major focus in 2021, along with sociocultural context with varying physical

Page 2 of 6
NCM 104 LECTURE
environment, coping and behaving. (Maglaya EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING IN THE
2003, Nsg. Practice in Community) PHILIPPINES
6. COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING Records of public health services in the Philippines
- Unique blend of public health and nursing for date back to the Spanish regime.
human service with holistic approach
1577 Friar Juan Clemente opened a medical
STANDARDS OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING IN THE dispensary in Intramuros for the indigent.
PHILIPPINES 1690 Dominican Father Juan de Pergero worked towards
installing a water system in San Juan del
STANDARDS OF CARE
Monte (now San Juan City, Metro Manila) and
ASSESSMENT The public health nurse collects
comprehensive data pertinent Manila.
to the health status of 1805 Dr. Francisco de Balmis introduced Smallpox
populations vaccination.
POPULATION DIANOSIS AND The public health nurse 1876 The first medicos titulares were appointed and
PRIORITIES analyzes the assessment data worked as provincial health officers.
to determine the population 1888 The University of Santo Tomas opens a two-year,
diagnoses and priorities cirujanos ministrantes course to produce male nurses
OUTCOMES IDENTIFICATION The public health nurse
and sanitary inspector
identifies expected outcomes
for a plan that is based on
1901 The Board of Health of the Philippine Islands was
population created through Act 157, which eventually evolved
PLANNING The public health nurse into the Department of Health (DOH
develops a plan that reflects 1912 The Fajardo Act law created sanitary divisions made
best practices by identifying up one to four municipalities
strategies, action plans, and 1905 Asociacion de Feminista Filipina founded La Gota de
alternatives to attain expected Leche: the first center dedicated to the service of
outcomes mothers and babies
IMPLEMENTATION The public health nurse
Asociacion de Feminista Filipina founded La Gota de
implements the identified plan
1970
by partnering with others
Leche: the first center dedicated to the service of
a. COORDINATION Coordinates programs, mothers and babies
services and other activities to 1991 R.A.7160 or the Local Government Code mandated
implement the identified plan the devolution of basic services, including health
b. HEALTH Employs multiple strategies to services, to local government units and the
EDUCATION AND promote health, prevent
establishment of a local health board in every
disease, and ensure a safe
HEALTH province and city or municipality
environment for populations
PROMOTION
c. CONSULTATION Provides consultation to
Eco-system influences optimum level of functioning
various community groups and
officials to facilitate the
implementation of programs
and services
d. REGULATORY Identifies, interprets, and
ACTIVITIES implements public health laws,
regulations, and policies
EVALUATION The public health nurse
evaluates the health status of
the population
QUALITY OF PRACTICE The public health nurse
systematically enhances the
quality and effectiveness of
nursing practice
EDUCATION The public health nurse attains
knowledge and competency
that reflects current nursing and
public health practice
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE The public health nurse Roles and responsibilities of a community health nurse
EVALUATION evaluates one’s own nursing
Manager/ - monitors midwives and other
practice in relation to
professional practice standards Supervisor auxiliary health workers
and guidelines, relevant -Give in-service health education
statutes, rules and regulations program to the other health team
COLLEGIALITY AND The public health nurse -Guides group discussion and helps
PROFESSIONAL establishes collegial staff overcome their difficulties in wor
partnerships while interacting
RELATIONSHIPS Clinicial -healthcare provider/ client advocate
with representatives of the
population. Advocate -The nurse works on behalf of patients
COLLABORATION The public health nurse to maintain quality of care and protect
collaborates with the patients rights
representatives of the Facilitator -uses multi-sectoral linkages (Referral
population, organizations and system)
health human services
Trainer/ health -Organizes orientation/training of
professionals in providing for
and promoting the health of the educator/ concerned groups including non-
population. counselor government organization
ETHICS The public health nurse -disseminates information to people with
integrates ethical provisions in emphasis on health promotion and
all areas of practice disease prevention
RESEARCH The public health nurse
integrates research findings in
Planner/ -Interprets and implements the nursing
practice programmer plan, program policies, memoranda for
RESOURCE UTILIZATION The public health nurse the concerned personnel and staff
POPULATION considers factors related to Community -Responsible for motivating and
safety, effectiveness, cost and organizer enhancing community participation in
impact on practice and in the terms of planning, organizing, and
planning and delivery of
implementing and evaluating health
nursing and public health
programs, policies, and programs/services
services -Initiates and participates in community
LEADERSHIP The public health nurse development activities
provides leadership in Health monitor -Uses symptomatic and objective
nursing and public health. observation and other forms of data

Page 3 of 6
NCM 104 LECTURE
gathering like morbidity, registry,
questionnaire, checklist, and anecdo-
report/record to monitor growth and
development and health status of
individuals, families and communities
Role model -Promotes good example/model of
healthful living to the public and
community
Change agent -Motivates changes in health behavior of
individuals, families, group and
community including lifestyle in order to
promote and maintain health.
Researcher -Participates/assists in the conduct of
surveys studies and researches in
nursing and health related subjects
-Coordinates with government and non-
government organization of
studies/research

Page 4 of 6
NCM 104 LECTURE

OUTLINE achieve a certain goal in order to achieve the

17 goals, estimated 12 trillion dollars, 380
NCM 104 LECTURES million new jobs by 3080. Partnership:
government- non-government
17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

Introduction
A Public Health Nurse does not function in a
vacuum. She is a member of a teamworking within a
system. For the nurse to function effectively, she has to
understandthe health care delivery system wherein she
is working because it influences her status and
functions. She needs to properly relate with the
dynamics of political and organizational structure
surrounding her position in the health care delivery
system .

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) 2030

AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The SDGs aim to be relevant to all countries –
poor, rich and middle-income – to promote prosperity
while protecting the environment and tackling climate
change. They have a strong focus on improving equity to
meet the needs of women, children and disadvantaged
populations so that “no one is left behind”.
The SDGs aim to be relevant to all countries –
poor, rich and middle-income – to promote prosperity
while protecting the environment and tackling climate
change. They have a strong focus on improving equity to
meet the needs of women, children and disadvantaged
populations so that “no one is left behind”.

1. NO POVERTY- provide sustainable jobs

regardless of status
2. ZERO HUNGER- waste less food and support
local farmers
3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING-
vaccination
4. QUALITY EDUCATION- access, build
infrastructures (schools) for all
5. GENDER EQUALITY- gender equality, also
cater male needs, empower women and girls
6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION- avoid
wasting water, 40% of world scarcity of water
7. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERY- energy
efficient appliances/ light bulb
8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH-
job opportunities for youth
9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURE- project for basic
infrastructure like roads, water, sanitation,
schools, electricity
10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES- policies should be
universal, support marginalized and
disadvantaged
11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES-
future cities provide opportunities for all,
housing, transportation—bike, walk
12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND
PRODUCTION- recycle paper, plastic, and
aluminum
13. CLIMATE ACTION- bawal magsunog
14. LIFE BELOW WATER- no plastic to keep
bodies of water clean bawal magtapon na
basura
15. LIFE ON LAND- protecting animals and life on
land, plant trees and protect the environment
16. PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG
INSTITUTIONS- stand up for human rights
17. PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS- each
country, you need the help of other agency to

Page 5 of 6
NCM 104 LECTURE

Page 6 of 6