PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

College of Engineering and Technology

Intramuros, Manila

Microwave Link Design

A Case Study in ECE Elective IV

Submitted by:

Alterado, Alonzo A.

Borres, Bryan Angelo L.

Inderio, Kenneth Brian F.

Medina, Christian DS.

Viar, Adrian Vergel A.

Instructor:

Engr. Charles G. Juarizo, PECE

February 24, 2017

 Table of Contents

Title Page
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….. 1
Case Study Requirements ………………………………………………………… 1
Scope and Limitation ………………………………………………………………. 2
Significance of the Study …………………………………………………………. 2
Site Description ……………………………………………………………………... 3
Path Profiles …………………………………………………………………………. 15
Tower Height and Reflection Zone Computation ……………………………... 20
Azimuth Computations ……………………………………………………………. 29
Roughness and Climate Factor Determination ……………………………….. 32
Gain and Loss Calculations ………………………………………………………. 35
Diversity Calculations ……………………………………………………………… 45
Power Level Diagram ………………………………………………………………. 48
Equipment Specifications ………………………………………………………… 49
Conclusions …………………………………………………………………………. 53
References …………………………………………………………………………… 53
Introduction

Microwave technology emerged when long distance communications are being

considered. Fundamentally, this requires much higher frequency allocation, in terms of
Gigahertz, in which some of the aspects of wired communications, such as using coaxial
cables and twin lead wires, cannot be applied. Recalling history, the first microwave
message was sent in 1945, travelled from New York to Pennsylvania ("What is the history
of microwave communication?", n.d.). This huge benchmark in communications became
popular as it is now the most common way to provide service.

This type of communication system requires a line-of-sight transmission of digital

and/or analog signals along distant area. Obstructions must be minimized to achieve high
reliability. This explains the concept in which microwave towers are situated at higher
elevations, such as mountaintops and plateaus ("Microwave Communication - Towers
and Remote Monitoring", n.d.).

Microwave radio transmission is commonly used for point-to-point communication

system on the surface of the Earth, for satellite communications, and for deep space radio
communications. Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars, radio
navigation systems, sensor systems, and radio astronomy ("Microwave transmission",
n.d.).

Case Study Requirements

This case study aims to design a microwave link system following the factors and
requirements at the table shown:

Microwave Link Design Requirements

Number of Passive Repeaters 2
Total Length 𝐷1 + 𝐷2 ≥ 30 𝑘𝑚
BER ≤ 10-6
Modulation Implementation Loss 0.5 – 5 dB
Connector Loss 0.1 dB
Circulator/Hybrid Loss 0.5 dB

1
 Shield/Radome Loss 0.5 dB
Waveguide Loss WR-137 Rectangular Waveguide
Noise Temperature 290 oK
Tower Height 15 m to 120 m
Double Passive Billboard
6’x8’, 8’x12’, 10’x15’,12’x17’, 10’x10’ up
Billboard Dimension
to 40’x60’
Parabolic Dish Diameter 4’, 6’, 8’ or 10’
Frequency 6 GHz
Reliability 99.999%
Noise Figure 6 dB
Transmitting Power 30 dBm

Scope and Limitation

Other than the requirements mentioned above, the microwave system to be

studied will consist of a double-passive repeater, a transmitter and a receiver. The
transmitter’s and receiver’s dish diameters are six feet, and two passive billboard
repeaters of dimensions 40 feet x 60 feet. The system will have an operating frequency
of 6 GHz. The design will cover the Municipality of Polomolok, South Cotabato, Mindanao.

Significance of Study

This study will test how much the proponents learned in their subject Microwave
Communications. It will also determine how prepared the proponents will be when given
similar tasks as to design a system with required parameters in the future. This case study
will help the proponents develop their skills related to map reading and analysis. The
study itself will make a good reference for future engineers who will be subjected to
designing a microwave system.

2
Site Description

Transmitter

Coordinates

Longitude : 125°06’7.44’

Latitude : 6°15’6.65’

Location

- Cannery, Polomolok City, South Cotabato, Philippines

Topography

Polomolok is a first class suburban municipality of South

Cotabato, Philippines. It is located between General Santos and Tupi. Polomolok

is seated about 41 kilometers (25 mi) south-east of the provincial capital city

of Koronadal, 17 kilometers (11 mi) north of the port city of General Santos and

3
 1,030 kilometers (640 mi) south-east of the national capital Manila. Polomolok is

also the home of the biggest plantation in the country, it has a 12,000 hectare

pineapple plantation. This province nestled at the base of the most prominent

scenic spot Mt. Matutum. It is cone-shaped and looms over the provinces at 2,286

meters above sea level. Being placed the transmitter here is a good choice,

because the terrain is generally flat dotted. Overall land are where the transmitter

is located have been classified as having sloped less than 8 percent, where urban

expansions and settlements development are very suitable. There is no buildings

or high hills around the site that can cause the obstruction of the transmission of

signal to the repeaters. Also, there is no body of water such lakes, rivers, streams,

swamps, and coastal that can absorb the signal information.

Physiography

- The transmitter is placed in a flat surface.

- The available vacant land area is 170 square meter.

- There is a vegetation (corn field) around transmitter site. It is approximately 70

m away.

Accessibility

The Polomolok Terminal has its daily trip to General Santos

City and Koronadal City for 24 hours. The estimated time allotment from

Polomolok to General Santos and vice versa is only 15~20 minutes. From General

Santos City, there is a 24/7 trip to Polomolok, the PUVs along National Highway

near NDDU. Using sea, the General Santos City Seaport is accessible to

4
 Polomolok, there used to be daily trips from Manila to General Santos through

2GO Travel and other shipping companies. Using air General Santos International

Airport is 20 minutes away from Polomolok's town proper by using the newly

constructed General Santos City Diversion Road (roundabout) to avoid heavy

traffic along Lanoy Highway in Barangay Calumpang, General Santos City.

The transmitter site can reach by public transportation like tricycles, public

utility vehicles and private vehicle. It is beside the public road specifically Cannery

Road. The site is only 1 kilometer away from the Assuncion Village where company

can hire people nearby. The transmitter site is approximately 60 meter to the

Cannery road, so the availability of electric power is not a problem.

Suitability

According to 2015 census made by Philippine Statistical Authority,

Polomolok City has a population of 152,589 people that why it is very suitable to

established a good microwave communication in the city. Established

communication within the city is the key for growth and development because it

will attract business investors. The transmitter is near the municipalities, the

society is stable and there no large bodies near the area. Potential obstruction from

air traffics is minimum, because airport are located several miles from the location

of the site.

5
Climate

The site is not prone to typhoon, because Polomolok City, South Cotabato is

located in Mindanao where the rainfall is less distributed throughout the year. Most of

the typhoon occurred in northern east part of Mindanao. South Cotabato is practically

a typhoon free with no pronounced dry or wet season. Maximum daytime temperature

throughout the province is in the range of 36-38 degrees Celsius, falling to 23-32

degrees Celsius during the night depending on the elevation. The hottest period is

January to April while July to December being the coolest.

6
 The average daily wind speed in February has been around 6 mph, that is

equivalent to 6 km/h. In the recent years, the maximum sustained wind speed has

reached 72km/h, that’s equivalent of around 45 mph.

Natural Disaster/Phenomena

The transmitter site is not prone to earthquake, because there is no major

active fault line nearby. It is not also prone to flood.

7
 Receiver

Coordinates

Longitude : 125°0’23.94’

Latitude : 6°11’63.18’

Location

- T’Boli, South Cotabato, Philippines

Topography

The municipality of T’boli is in the hinterlands, on the southwestern portion of

province of South Cotabato and is predominantly inhabited by the T’boli and B’laan

ethnic tribes. It is located at the top of mountain ranges with rugged, rolling terrain,

valleys and high slopes. Mountain range is considered as one of the highest and

longest in the municipality is located 31 kilometers from Poblacion. This

8
 municipality is nestled 1000 meters above sea level. There are 19 barangays with

87,422 (as of 2015 PSA census) that cover a total land area of 891.38 sq. m.. The

location of the receiver site is approximately 1.54 kilometers from the main road

where one barangay is located. There are no building or high structures located

around the receiver site. Potential obstruction of signal reception is minimum. The

only body of water nearby is Lake Sebu with an approximately 2.07 km distance.

Even though the terrain is rolling, the location of the site is in flat surface. The

approximate dimension of the vacant lot is 150 square meter.

Accesibility

From Manila, Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific going to General Santos

is the only means of transportation. At the bus terminal in General Santos, you can

board a bus bound for Koronadal/Marbel. From Marbel, there are vans en route to

T’Boli with signboard “Direct T’boli”. Travel time is approximately 45 mins to 1 hour.

Since the receiver site is located at the top of the mountain it cannot be reach by

a land vehicle, because there is no available going there. Helicopter is the only

way to get to the location site. The location of the sire is 1.54 kilometer away from

the Baguio.

Suitability

Even though the terrain of the place is not favorable since is rugged. We still

consider to establish the site here. It is because it has a wonderful tourist

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 destination as thousands of visitors here and abroad considered it as a must-see

paradise. It has a cool weather, it’s one of a kind resorts, wonderful lakes, waterfall

and natural sceneries. That’s why it’s a must to implement a microwave system.

There are commercial electrical power sources on nearby towns which could

provide voltage distribution service. There is a barrio located 1.54 km away from

the receiver site. The population is stable with 87,422 people (as of 2015 PSA

census)

Climate

The site is not also prone to typhoon because T’Boli is also a municipality of

South Cotabato. Rainfall in South Cotabato is less distributed all throughout the year.

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Maximum daytime temperature is 34-35 degree Celsius, falling to 23- 28 degree

Celsius depending on the elevation. With an average of 25.1 degree Celsius April is

warmest month. At 23.9 degree Celsius on average, July is the coldest month of the

year.

The average daily wind speed in August has been around 5 mph, that is

equivalent to 8 km/h. In the recent years, the maximum sustained wind speed has

reached 80km/h, that’s equivalent of around 47 mph. Given the wind speed of the

place, it’s still cannot damage the tower site. The tower can stand the wind speed up

to 15 mph.

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 Natural Disaster/Phenomena

The transmitter site is also not prone to earthquake just the same with

Polomolok City.

Repeater 1

Coordinates

Longitude: 125°01’56.66’

Latitude: 6°8’38.66’

Location

- Polomolok City, South Cotabato, Philippines

12
 Repeater 2

Coordinates

Longitude : 125°08’27.26’

Latitude : 6°13’36.38’

Location

- T’Boli, South Cotabato, Philippines

Topography, Accessibility, Climate, and Natural Phenomena

Repeaters are located with same location of transmitter and receiver.

Repeater 1 is in Polomolok, while repeater 2 is in T’boli. All of the information with

regards to topography, accessibility, climate and natural phenomena are basically

the same.

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Suitability

Passive repeaters is a reflective or sometimes refractive panel or other

object that assists in closing a radio or microwave link, in places where an obstacle

in the signal path blocks any direct, line of sight communication. They relay

microwave signals over obstructions like mountains, buildings, or use high point to

reach distant towns. They simplify relay route planning, improved system reliability,

reducing site cost and inexpensive to operate. It only needs little maintenance and

no one-site electric power.

The elevation profile from the transmitter to the receiver was obtained by

using the Google Earth. There is a huge obstruction (Mt. Matutum) with an

elevation of 495 meter before the receiver. For this reason, double passive was

implemented.

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Path Profiles

This section shows the path profile of one point to another. The distance between
two points was obtained by measuring the map using the scale 1 km from the map is to
2 cm from the ruler. The elevations are recorded based from the contour lines on the map.
The earth bulge (h) is computed by using the formula

𝑑1 𝑑2
ℎ=
12.75𝑘

assuming that the value of k is 4/3. The corrected elevation is computed by simply adding
the earth bulge to the elevation.

Table 1 – Transmitter to Repeater 1

Transmitter to Repeater 1
Distance from
d1 d2 Elevation Corrected
Transmitter h (m)
(km) (km) (m) Elevation (m)
(km)
0 0 14.5 390 0 390
1 1 13.5 370 0.794118 370.7941176
2 2 12.5 350 1.470588 351.4705882
3 3 11.5 320 2.029412 322.0294118
4 4 10.5 300 2.470588 302.4705882
5 5 9.5 280 2.794118 282.7941176
6 6 8.5 240 3 243
7 7 7.5 230 3.088235 233.0882353
7.25 7.25 7.25 230 3.091912 233.0919118
8 8 6.5 220 3.058824 223.0588235
9 9 5.5 240 2.911765 242.9117647
10 10 4.5 280 2.647059 282.6470588
11 11 3.5 340 2.264706 342.2647059
12 12 2.5 320 1.764706 321.7647059
13 13 1.5 330 1.147059 331.1470588
14 14 0.5 390 0.411765 390.4117647
14.5 14.5 0 450 0 450

Table 1 shows the path profile of transmitter to repeater 1. In the 0th km lies the
transmitter antenna while in the 14.5th km lies the reflector. The midpoint distance 7.25
km is assumed significant and will prove to be useful in the succeeding pages.

15
 Transmitter to Repeater 1 Path Profile
500
400

Height (m)
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7.25 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14.5
Distance from Transmitter (km)

Elevation Corrected Elevation

Figure 1 – Transmitter to Repeater 1

Figure 1 shows a graphical representation of the elevations per kilometer of the

terrain in between the transmitter and the reflector. As seen in the figure above, the
antenna and the repeater exhibit line-of-sight which is very suitable for microwave
transmission.

Table 2 – Repeater 2 to Repeater 1

Repeater 2 to Repeater 1
Distance from
d1 d2 Elevation Corrected
Reflector 1 h (m)
(km) (km) (m) Elevation (m)
(km)
0 0 15.25 450 0 450
1 1 14.25 240 0.838235 240.8382353
2 2 13.25 230 1.558824 231.5588235
3 3 12.25 220 2.161765 222.1617647
4 4 11.25 200 2.647059 202.6470588
5 5 10.25 190 3.014706 193.0147059
6 6 9.25 190 3.264706 193.2647059
7 7 8.25 180 3.397059 183.3970588
7.625 7.625 7.625 200 3.420037 203.4200368
8 8 7.25 210 3.411765 213.4117647
9 9 6.25 230 3.308824 233.3088235
10 10 5.25 260 3.088235 263.0882353
11 11 4.25 280 2.75 282.75
12 12 3.25 310 2.294118 312.2941176
13 13 2.25 340 1.720588 341.7205882
14 14 1.25 330 1.029412 331.0294118

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 15 15 0.25 420 0.220588 420.2205882
15.25 15.25 0 450 0 450

Table 2 shows the path profile of repeater 2 to repeater 1. In the 0th km lies the
2nd repeater while in the 15.25th km lies the 1st repeater. The midpoint distance 7.625
km is assumed significant and will also prove to be useful in the succeeding pages.

Repeater 2 to Repeater 1 Path Profile

500

400
Height (m)

300

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7.625 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15.25
Distance from Reflector

Elevation Corrected Elevation

Figure 2 – Repeater 2 to Repeater 1

Figure 2 shows a graphical representation of the elevations per kilometer of the

terrain in between the second and first repeaters. As seen in the figure above, the two
repeaters exhibit line-of-sight which is also very suitable for microwave transmission.

17
 Table 3 – Repeater 2 to Receiver

Repeater 2 to Receiver
Distance from
d1 d2 Corrected Elevation
Reflector 2 Elevation (m) h (m)
(km) (km) (m)
(km)
0 0 15.6 450 0 450
1 1 14.6 250 0.858823529 250.8588235
2 2 13.6 250 1.6 251.6
3 3 12.6 250 2.223529412 252.2235294
4 4 11.6 240 2.729411765 242.7294118
5 5 10.6 280 3.117647059 283.1176471
6 6 9.6 270 3.388235294 273.3882353
7 7 8.6 240 3.541176471 243.5411765
7.8 7.8 7.8 230 3.578823529 233.5788235
8 8 7.6 230 3.576470588 233.5764706
9 9 6.6 240 3.494117647 243.4941176
10 10 5.6 250 3.294117647 253.2941176
11 11 4.6 230 2.976470588 232.9764706
12 12 3.6 250 2.541176471 252.5411765
13 13 2.6 300 1.988235294 301.9882353
14 14 1.6 290 1.317647059 291.3176471
15 15 0.6 360 0.529411765 360.5294118
15.6 15.6 0 350 0 350

Table 3 shows the path profile of repeater 2 to receiver. In the 0th km lies the 2nd
repeater while in the 15.6th km lies the receiver antenna. The midpoint distance 7.8 km
is assumed significant and will also prove to be useful in the succeeding pages.

Repeater 2 to Receiver Path Profile

600
Height (m)

400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7.8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15.6
Distance from Reflector 2 (km)

Elevation (m) Corrected Elevation (m)

Figure 3 – Repeater 2 to Receiver

18
 Figure 3 shows a graphical representation of the elevations per kilometer of the
terrain in between the second reflector and the receiver antenna. As seen in the figure
above, the two repeaters somewhat exhibit line-of-sight but by adjusting the receiver
antenna height, it will achieve line-of-sight orientation.

Assumptions:

 Minimum height of 15 m for the antennae

 Minimum height of 10 m for the reflectors

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Tower Height and Reflection Zone Computation

Transmitter to Repeater 1

1st Fresnel Zone (F1):

Fresnel zones are important that it minimizes any out-of-phase signals from
reaching the receiver and maximizes the signal at the receiver. 1st Fresnel zone is
significant in designing the microwave system because it has the smaller zone radius
and whatever are in the 1st Fresnel zone are also inside the succeeding Fresnel zone.

𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐹1 = 17.3√
𝑓𝐷

(7.25 𝑘𝑚)𝑥(7.25 𝑘𝑚)

𝐹1 = 17.3√
(6 𝐻𝑧)(14.5 𝑘𝑚)

𝑭𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟎 𝒎 as radius of the 1st Fresnel zone

Minimum Clearance (Cmin):

Obstructions hinders the transmission of microwave system. Minimum clearances
are obtained to find out how high is the tolerable height terrain in between the two
antennae which will not obstruct the transmission.

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.6(𝐹1 ) + ℎ
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.6(13.447 𝑚) + 3.0919 𝑚
𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟏 𝒎 above ground

20
 Getting the midpoint height by using similar triangle concept of a right triangle
(assuming 15 m for the height of transmitter antenna) (y1):

460 m

y1 55m

405 m 14.5 km
14.5 7.25
=
55 𝑦1
𝒚𝟏 = 27.5 m

Actual Clearance (C):

Actual clearance tells how high must the terrain be in between the two antennae
including the tower height so that the transmission will be maximized.

𝐶 = [𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟′𝑠 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛] + 𝑦1

𝐶 = [(390 𝑚 + 15 𝑚) − 230 𝑚] + 27.5 𝑚
𝑪 = 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎
Fresnel Zone Interference (n):

𝐶 2
𝑛=( )
𝐹1

202.5 𝑚 2
𝑛=( )
13.447 𝑚
𝒏 = 226.7771 ≈ 226 (even, means C will have to change)
New Actual Clearance (C’):

𝐶 ′ = 𝐹1 √𝑛

𝐶 ′ = 13.447 𝑚√226
𝑪′ = 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟕
21
 Since C’ ≥ Cmin, the design is valid.

New Tower Height (TH):

𝑇𝐻 = (𝐶 − 𝐶 ′ ) + 15 𝑚
𝑇𝐻 = (202.5 − 202.1527) + 15 𝑚
𝑻𝑯 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟑 𝒎

Average Terrain Height (ATE):

∑ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑒
𝐴𝑇𝐸 =
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑒
𝐴𝑇𝐸
370.7941 𝑚 + 351.4706 𝑚 + 322.0294 𝑚 + 302.4706 𝑚 + 282.79412 𝑚 + 243 𝑚 + 233.0882 𝑚
+233.0919 𝑚 + 233.0588 𝑚 + 242.9118 𝑚 + 282.6471 𝑚 + 342.2647 𝑚 + 321.1471 𝑚 + 331.1471 𝑚
= 390.4118 𝑚
15
𝑨𝑻𝑬 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖. 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟑 𝒎

Reflection Point from Transmitter (d1):

ℎ1 = 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐴𝑇𝐸
ℎ1 = 405 𝑚 − 298.1963 𝑚
ℎ1 = 106.8037 𝑚

ℎ2 = 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐴𝑇𝐸

ℎ2 = 460 𝑚 − 298.1963 𝑚
ℎ2 = 161.8037 𝑚

ℎ1 106.8037 𝑚
=
ℎ2 161.037 𝑚
ℎ1
= 0.6601
ℎ2

22
 From the graph:
𝑛𝑔 = 0.45

𝑛∞ = 0.4
Start of Reflection Zone
𝑛∞ 𝐷 = 0.4(14.5)
𝒏∞ 𝑫 = 𝟓. 𝟖 𝒌𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑻𝒙
End of Reflection Zone
𝑛𝑔 𝐷 = 0.45(14.5)

𝒏𝒈 𝑫 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑻𝒙

Reflection Point
ℎ1 𝑑1 ℎ2 𝑑2
− = −
𝑑1 17 𝑑2 17
106.8037 𝑚 𝑑1 161.8037 𝑚 14.5 𝑚 − 𝑑1
− = −
𝑑1 17 14.5 𝑚 − 𝑑1 17
𝒅𝟏 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑻𝒙

Repeater 2 to Repeater 1

Solve for the 1st Fresnel Zone

𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐹1 = 17.3√
𝑓𝐷

(7.625 𝑘𝑚)(7.625 𝑘𝑚)

𝐹1 = 17.3√
(6 𝐺𝐻𝑧)(15.25 𝑘𝑚)

𝑭𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟗 𝒎

23
 Solve for the minimum clearance

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = 0.6𝐹1 + ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

(7.625 𝑚)(7.625 𝑚)
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = 0.6(13.79 𝑚) + ( )
4
12.75 (3)

𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎
Since the elevation of the transmitter is equal to the elevation of the receiver, 𝑦1
equals zero.

𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎
Solve for the actual clearance

𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = [(𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) − 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ] + 𝑦1

𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = [(450 𝑚 + 10 𝑚) − 200 𝑚] + 0 𝑚

𝑪𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝒎
∴ 𝑪𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 ≥ 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎
Verify if there is a Fresnel Zone interference

𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 2
𝑛=( )
𝐹1

260 𝑚 2
𝑛=( )
13.79 𝑚
𝒏 = 𝟑𝟓𝟓. 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟐 = 𝒐𝒅𝒅
∴ 𝒏𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔
Solve for the Average Terrain Elevation (ATE)

Σ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐴𝑇𝐸 =
𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑥
4068.126 𝑚
𝐴𝑇𝐸 =
16
𝑨𝑻𝑬 = 𝟐𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟗 𝒎

24
 Solve for ℎ1 , ℎ2 , and Antenna height ratio

ℎ1 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 − 𝐴𝑇𝐸

ℎ2 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 − 𝐴𝑇𝐸
Since ℎ1 = ℎ2 , ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒:
ℎ1 = ℎ2 = 460 𝑚 − 254.2579 𝑚
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟏 𝒎
𝒉𝟏
∴ =𝟏
𝒉𝟐
Solve for the reflection zone and point.

Based on graph, 𝑛∝ = 𝑛𝑔 = 0.5

∴ 𝒏∝ 𝑫 = 𝒏𝒈 𝑫 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎 (Start and End of Reflection Zone from Repeater 2)

4 ℎ1 𝑑1 ℎ2 𝑑2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = : − = −
3 𝑑1 17 𝑑2 17
Let 𝑑1 = 𝑥, 𝑑2 = 15.25 − 𝑥
∴ 𝒅𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐

Repeater 2 to Receiver

1st Fresnel Zone (F1):

𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐹1 = 17.3√
𝑓𝐷

(7.8 𝑘𝑚)𝑥(7.8 𝑘𝑚)

𝐹1 = 17.3√
(6 𝐻𝑧)(15.6 𝑘𝑚)

𝑭𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟒𝟕𝟕 𝒎

25
 Minimum Clearance (Cmin):

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.6(𝐹1 ) + ℎ
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.6(13.9477 𝑚) + 3.5788 𝑚
𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟔 𝒎

Getting the midpoint height by using similar triangle concept of a right triangle
(assuming 10 m for the height of the reflector) (y1):
450 m

100 m
y1

15.6 km 350 m

15.6 7.8
=
100 𝑦1
𝒚𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒎

Actual Clearance (C):

𝐶 = [𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 2′𝑠 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛] + 𝑦1
𝐶 = [(350 + 15) − 230 𝑚] + 5 𝑚
𝑪 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒎

Fresnel Zone Interference (n):

𝐶 2
𝑛=( )
𝐹1

26
 140 𝑚 2
𝑛=( )
13.9477 𝑚
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟏𝟒
(Even number, means the reflector’s height will remain as 10 m and receiver’s height
must change)

New Actual Clearance (C’):

𝐶 ′ = 𝐹1 √𝑛

𝐶 ′ = (13.9477 𝑚)√101
𝑪′ = 𝟏𝟒𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟕 𝒎

Since C’ ≥ Cmin, the design is valid

New Tower Height (TH):

𝑇𝐻 = (𝐶 − 𝐶 ′ ) + 15 𝑚
𝑇𝐻 = (140 𝑚 − 140.1727 𝑚) + 15 𝑚
𝑻𝑯 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟕 𝒎

Average Terrain Height (ATE):

∑ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑒
𝐴𝑇𝐸 =
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑒
𝐴𝑇𝐸
250.8529 𝑚 + 251.6 𝑚 + 252.2235 𝑚 + 242.7294 𝑚 + 283.1176 𝑚 + 273.3882 𝑚 + 243.5411 𝑚
+233.5788 𝑚 + 233.5765 𝑚 + 243.4941 𝑚 + 253.2941 𝑚 + 232.9765 𝑚 + 252.5412 𝑚 + 301.9882 𝑚
= 291.3176 𝑚 + 360.5294 𝑚
16
𝑨𝑻𝑬 = 𝟐𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟒𝟕𝟐 𝒎

Reflection Point from Repeater 2 (d1):

ℎ1 = 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐴𝑇𝐸
ℎ1 = 350 𝑚 + 15.1727 − 262.5472 𝑚

27
 ℎ1 = 102.6255 𝑚

ℎ2 = 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐴𝑇𝐸

ℎ2 = 450 𝑚 + 10 𝑚 − 262.5472 𝑚
ℎ2 = 202.6255 𝑚

ℎ1 102.6255 𝑚
=
ℎ2 202.6255 𝑚
ℎ1
= 0.5065
ℎ2

From the graph:

𝑛𝑔 = 0.415

𝑛∞ = 0.335
Start of Reflection Zone
𝑛∞ 𝐷 = 0.335(15.6)
𝒏∞ 𝑫 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐
End of Reflection Zone
𝑛𝑔 𝐷 = 0.415(15.6)

𝒏𝒈 𝑫 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐

Reflection Point

ℎ1 𝑑1 ℎ2 𝑑2
− = −
𝑑1 17 𝑑2 17
102.6255 𝑚 𝑑1 202.6255 𝑚 15.6 𝑚 − 𝑑1
− = −
𝑑1 17 15.6 𝑚 − 𝑑1 17
𝒅𝟏 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟐

28
Azimuth Computation

Azimuth are the angles of the path with respect to true north. Below are the
computations in obtaining the azimuth of the paths.

Transmitter to Repeater 1
Latitude Longitude
Station West: 𝑅1 6° 8′ 38.66′′ 𝑁 125° 1′ 56.66′′ 𝐸
Station East: 𝑇𝑥 6° 15′ 16.65′′ 𝑁 125° 6′ 7.44′′ 𝐸
Difference Δ𝜙 = 6′ 37.99′′ Δ𝜆 = 4′ 10.78′′
Convert to seconds Δ𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 397.99′′ Δ𝜆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 247.44′′

Δ𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝜙𝑚 = 𝜙𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 +
2

′
397.99′′
′′
𝜙𝑚 = 6° 8 38.66 +
2
𝝓𝒎 = 𝟔° 𝟏𝟏′ 𝟓𝟕. 𝟔𝟔′′
Azimuth Calculations
𝐵𝑚 0.002917
log =
𝐴𝑚
log cos 𝜙𝑚 = ̅ 997453
9.
log Δ𝜆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 2.393470
+ (𝑎𝑑𝑑) 2.393840
log Δ𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 2.599872
− (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡) 9̅. 793968
log cot 𝑤 = 9̅. 793968
𝑤= 𝟓𝟖°𝟔′ 𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟔′′
Δ𝜆
𝐶= sin 𝜙𝑚
2
4′ 10.78′′
𝐶= sin 6°11′ 57.66′′
2
𝑪 = 𝟎°𝟎′ 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟒′′
Using CASE 1: Northern Hemisphere, Station E north of Station W
𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑊 = 90° − 𝑤 − 𝐶
𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑊 = 90° − 58° 6′ 28.36′′ − 0° 0′ 13.54′′
𝑨𝒛 𝒂𝒕 𝑾 = 𝟑𝟏° 𝟓𝟑′ 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏′′
𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝐸 = 270° − 𝑤 + 𝐶
𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝐸 = 270° 0′ 0′′ − 58° 6′ 28.36′′ + 0° 0′ 13.54′′
𝑨𝒛 𝒂𝒕 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏° 𝟓𝟑′ 𝟒𝟓. 𝟏𝟖′′

29
Repeater 1 to Repeater 2
Latitude Longitude
Station West: 𝑅1 6° 8′ 38.66′′ 𝑁 125° 1′ 56.66′′ 𝐸
Station East: 𝑅2 6° 13′ 36.38′′ 𝑁 125° 8′ 27.26′′ 𝐸
Difference Δ𝜙 = 4′ 57.72′′ Δ𝜆 = 6′ 30.6′′
Convert to seconds Δ𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 297.72′′ Δ𝜆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 390.6′′

Δ𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝜙𝑚 = 𝜙𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 +
2
297.72′′
𝜙𝑚 = 6° 8′ 38.66′′ +
2
𝝓𝒎 = 𝟔° 𝟏𝟏′ 𝟕. 𝟓𝟐′′

Azimuth Calculations
𝐵𝑚 0.002917
log =
𝐴𝑚
log cos 𝜙𝑚 = ̅ 997464
9.
log Δ𝜆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 2.591732
+ (𝑎𝑑𝑑) 2.592113
log Δ𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 2.473808
− (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡) 0.118305
log cot 𝑤 = 0.118305
𝑤= 𝟑𝟕° 𝟏𝟕′ 𝟐𝟕. 𝟏𝟐′′
Δ𝜆
𝐶= sin 𝜙𝑚
2
′
6 30.6′′
𝐶= sin 6° 11′ 7.52′′
2
𝑪 = 𝟎° 𝟎′ 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟒′′

Using CASE 1: Northern Hemisphere, Station E north of Station W

𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑊 = 90° − 𝑤 − 𝐶
𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑊 = 90° − 37° 17′ 27.12′′ − 0° 0′ 21.04′′
𝑨𝒛 𝒂𝒕 𝑾 = 𝟓𝟐° 𝟒𝟐′ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟒′′
𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝐸 = 270° − 𝑤 + 𝐶
𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝐸 = 270° 0′ 0′′ − 37° 17′ 27.12′′ + 0° 0′ 21.04′′
𝑨𝒛 𝒂𝒕 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟑𝟐° 𝟒𝟐′ 𝟓𝟑. 𝟗𝟐′′

30
Repeater 2 to Receiver
Latitude Longitude
Station West: 𝑅2 6o 13’ 36.38” 125o 8’ 27.28”
Station East: 𝑅𝑥 6o 11’ 3.18” 125o 0’ 23.94”
Difference Δ𝜙 = 0𝑜 2′ 33.2′′ Δ𝜆 = 0𝑜 8′ 3.34′′
Convert to seconds Δ𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 153.2′′ Δ𝜆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 483.34′′

Δ𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝜙𝑚 = 𝜙𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 +
2
153.2′′
𝜙𝑚 = 6𝑜 11’ 3.18” +
2
𝝓𝒎 = 𝟔° 𝟏𝟐′ 𝟏𝟗. 𝟕𝟖′′

Azimuth Calculations
𝐵𝑚 0.002917
log =
𝐴𝑚
log cos 𝜙𝑚 = ̅ 997448
9.
log Δ𝜆𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 2.684253
+ (𝑎𝑑𝑑) 2.681740
log Δ𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 2.185343
− (𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡) 0.496436
log cot 𝑤 = 0.496436
𝑤= 𝟏𝟕°𝟒𝟏′ 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕′′
Δ𝜆
𝐶= sin 𝜙𝑚
2
′
8 3.34′′
𝐶= sin 6°12′ 19.78′′
2
𝑪 = 𝟎°𝟎′ 𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟐′′

Using CASE 1: Northern Hemisphere, Station E north of Station W

𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑊 = 90° − 𝑤 − 𝐶
𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑊 = 90° − 17° 41′ 1.77′′ − 0° 0′ 26.12′′
𝑨𝒛 𝒂𝒕 𝑾 = 𝟒𝟔° 𝟏𝟏′ 𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟑′′
𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝐸 = 270° − 𝑤 + 𝐶
𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝐸 = 270° 0′ 0′′ − 17° 41′ 1.77′′ + 0° 0′ 26.12′′
𝑨𝒛 𝒂𝒕 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖° 𝟐𝟔′ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝒙′′

31
Roughness and Climate Factor Determination

The contour map was analyzed based from the legends written at the map. The
legends show a slightly detailed topography by placing certain indicators like solid
green for woodlands, closely placed lines for mountains and many others. Below is
parameter for each type of terrain.

Table 4 – Roughness Factor

Roughness Factor (a)

Parameter Meaning
Smooth terrain, over water, flat
4
dessert
Average terrain with some
1
roughness
Mountainous, very rough and very
1/4
dry terrain

Table 4 is for roughness factor which categorizes terrain according to

smoothness. Flat surfaces are categorized as smooth while mountainous areas
are categorized as rough.

Table 5 – Climate Factor

Climate Factor (b)

Parameter Meaning
1/2 Hot and humid areas
1/4 Average inland areas
1/8 Mountainous, very dry areas

Table 5 is for climate factor which categorizes areas according to its

temperature. Flat surfaces are categorized as hot and humid areas while
mountainous areas are categorized as very dry.

32
 Table 6 – Transmitter to Repeater 1

Transmitter to Repeater 1
From Transmitter a b
0 4 1/2
1 4 1/2
2 4 1/2
3 4 1/2
4 4 1/2
5 4 1/2
6 4 1/2
7 4 1/2
7.25 4 1/2
8 4 1/2
9 1 1/4
10 1 1/4
11 1 1/4
12 1 1/4
13 1 1/4
14 1/4 1/8
14.5 1/4 1/8
Average 2.75 0.39167

Table 6 shows the factors along the way from transmitter to repeater 1.

Table 7 – Repeater 2 to Repeater 1

Repeater 2 to Repeater 1
From Repeater 2 a b
0 4 1/2
1 4 1/2
2 4 1/2
3 4 1/2
4 4 1/2
5 4 1/2
6 4 1/2
7 4 1/2
7.625 4 1/2
8 4 1/2
9 4 1/2

33
 10 4 1/2
11 4 1/2
12 4 1/2
13 1 1/4
14 1/4 1/8
15 1/4 1/8
15.25 1/4 1/8
Average 3.34375 0.4375

Table 7 shows the factors along the way from repeater 2 to repeater 1.

Table 8 – Repeater 2 to Receiver

Repeater 2 to Receiver
From Repeater 2 a b
0 4 1/2
1 4 1/2
2 4 1/2
3 4 1/2
4 4 1/2
5 1 1/4
6 1 1/4
7 1 1/4
7.8 1 1/4
8 1 1/4
9 4 1/2
10 4 1/2
11 1 1/4
12 1 1/4
13 1/4 1/8
14 1/4 1/8
15 1/4 1/8
15.6 1/4 1/8
Average 1.984375 0.3203125

Table 8 shows the factors along the way from repeater 2 to receiver.

Therefore, the over-all a = 2.6915 and b = 0.3830.

34
Gain and Loss Calculations

Theoretical / Required
Assumptions:

1. BER: 10-6
2. Modulation Scheme: 64 QAM (for mobile communication purposes)
3. Bit Rate (Transmission Rate): 30.34 Mbps
4. MIL: 0.5 dB (minimum)
5. B: 25 MHz for 3G

Temperature System

𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 10 log 𝑇𝑜 + 𝑁𝐹 − 10 log 𝐵

Where B = 1 Hz

𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 10 log 290 + 6

𝑻𝒔𝒚𝒔 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝒅𝑩

Noise Density

𝑁𝑜 = 10 log 𝐾 + 10 log 𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑠

𝑁𝑜 = −228.6 + 30.62398 𝑑𝐵

𝑵𝒐 = −𝟏𝟗𝟕. 𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝒅𝑩

Eb/No

𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 + 𝑀𝐼𝐿
𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜

𝐸𝑏
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 18.80 𝑑𝐵 + 0.5 𝑑𝐵
𝑁𝑜

𝑬𝒃
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟎 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐

35
Minimum RSL

𝐸𝑏
𝑅𝑆𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 + 10 log 𝐵𝑅 + 𝑁𝑜
𝑁𝑜

𝑅𝑆𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 19.30 𝑑𝐵 + 10 log(30.34 𝑥 106 ) + (−197.975783)

𝑹𝑺𝑳𝒎𝒊𝒏 = −𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒎

Required RSL

𝑅𝑆𝐿𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝐹𝑀

𝑅𝑆𝐿𝑟𝑒𝑞 = −103.855027 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 48 𝑑𝐵

𝑹𝑺𝑳𝒓𝒆𝒒 = −𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒎

Path Attenuation

𝐹𝑆𝐿1 = 92.44 + 20 log 𝐷𝑘𝑚 ×𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧

𝐹𝑆𝐿1 = 92.44 + 20 log(14.5 × 6 )

𝑭𝑺𝑳𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝒅𝑩

𝐹𝑆𝐿2 = 92.44 + 20 log(15.25 𝑘𝑚 × 6 𝐺𝐻𝑧)

𝑭𝑺𝑳𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟒 𝒅𝑩

𝐹𝑆𝐿3 = 92.44 + 20 log(15.6 × 6 )

𝑭𝑺𝑳𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝒅𝑩

𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐹𝑆𝐿1 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿2 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿3

𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 131.2304 𝑑𝐵 + 131.6684 𝑑𝐵 + 131.8655 𝑑𝐵

𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑨𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟑𝟗𝟒. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟑 𝒅𝑩

36
Waveguide Losses
Waveguide Loss = (AR x LR) + (AF x LF)
For WR-137 from Commscope,
Rectangular Waveguide Attenuation, AR = 2 dB/100 ft
Flexible Waveguide Attenuation, AF = 0.09 dB/100 ft
Assumptions:
Rectangular Waveguide Length, LR = tower height alpha site + allowance
Allowance = 10 m
Flexible Waveguide Length, LF = 10 ft
Alpha Site
Rectangular Waveguide Length, LR = 15.3473 + 10, m
Rectangular Waveguide Length, LR = 25.3473 m
𝑑𝐵 3.28 𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝐵
Waveguide Loss = (2 100 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 25.3473 𝑚 𝑥 1𝑚
) + (0.09
100 𝑓𝑡
𝑥 10 𝑓𝑡)

Waveguide Loss = 2.5628 dB

Beta Site
Rectangular Waveguide Length, LR = 15.1727 + 10, m
Rectangular Waveguide Length, LR = 25.1727 m
𝑑𝐵 3.28 𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝐵
Waveguide Loss = (2 100 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 25.1727 𝑚 𝑥 1𝑚
) + (0.09
100 𝑓𝑡
𝑥 10 𝑓𝑡)

Waveguide Loss = 2.5513 dB

Connector Loss

Associated with pressure windows, bends and flanges, the value of connector
loss for the transmitting station and receiving station is 0.1 dB.

Circulator/Hybrid Loss

C/HL = 0.5 dB for the transmitting station and receiving station equipment.

37
Radome Loss

Each antenna is assumed to have a radome for weather protection.

RL = 0.5 dB for the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna.

Total Fixed Loss

𝑇𝐹𝐿(𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑) = 𝑊𝐺𝐿 + 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶/𝐻𝐿 + 𝑅𝐿

Alpha Site

𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 2.5628 𝑑𝐵 + 0.1 𝑑𝐵 + 0.5 𝑑𝐵 + 0.5 𝑑𝐵

𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 3.6628 𝑑𝐵

Beta Site

𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 2.5513 𝑑𝐵 + 0.1 𝑑𝐵 + 0.5 𝑑𝐵 + 0.5 𝑑𝐵

𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 3.6513 𝑑𝐵

Total Losses

𝑇𝐿 = 𝐹𝑆𝐿 + 𝑇𝐹𝐿 (𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎) + 𝑇𝐹𝐿 (𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑎)

𝑇𝐿 = 131.2304 𝑑𝐵 + 131.6684 𝑑𝐵 + 131.8655 𝑑𝐵 + 3.6628 𝑑𝐵 + 3.6513 𝑑𝐵

𝑻𝑳 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟒 𝒅𝑩

Net Path Loss

𝑁𝑃𝐿 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿𝑟𝑒𝑞 − 𝑃𝑇𝑥

𝑁𝑃𝐿 = −55.8552 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − 30 𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝑵𝑷𝑳 = −𝟖𝟓. 𝟖𝟓𝟓𝟐 𝒅𝑩

38
Total Gain

𝑇𝐺 = 𝑁𝑃𝐿 − 𝑇𝐿

𝑇𝐺 = −85.8552 𝑑𝐵 − (−402.2584 𝑑𝐵)

𝑻𝑮 = 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒅𝑩

Antenna System Gain

Assuming a reflector size of 40’x60’,

𝑇𝐺 − 𝐺𝐵1 − 𝐺𝐵2
𝐴𝑆𝐺 =
2

316.2232 𝑑𝐵 − 120.8905 𝑑𝐵 − 120.9039 𝑑𝐵

𝐴𝑆𝐺 =
2

𝑨𝑺𝑮 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒅𝑩

Parabolic Diameter

𝐺𝑑𝐵 = 7.5 + 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧 + 20 log 𝐷𝑓𝑡

𝐺𝑑𝐵 −7.5−20 log 𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧
𝐷𝑓𝑡 = 10 20

𝐺𝑑𝐵 −7.5−20 log 6

𝐷𝑓𝑡 = 10 20

𝑫𝒇𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟏 𝒇𝒕

Median Received Power

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑁𝑃𝐿

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 30 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − 85.8552 𝑑𝐵

𝑹𝑺𝑳 = −𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟓𝟓𝟐 𝒅𝑩𝒎

Received Noise Threshold

Bandwidth of 3G mobile network, assume B = 25 MHz

𝑁𝑇 = −114 + 10 log 𝐵𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 𝑁𝐹𝑑𝐵

𝑁𝑇 = −114 + 10 log 25 + 6

39
 𝑵𝑻 = −𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝒅𝑩𝒎

Theoretical RF C/N Ratio

𝐶
= 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 𝑁𝑇
𝑁

𝐶
= −55.8552 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−94.0206 𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁

𝑪
= 𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑵

Fade Margin

FM = RSL – Practical Threshold

FM = -55.8552 dBm – (-98 dBm)
FM = 42.1448 dB

Predicted / Actual

Close-Coupled or Far-Coupled?

𝜃
𝑎 = √𝐴 cos
2

20.5°
𝑎 = √(40′ ×60′ ) cos
2

𝒂 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟑′

𝜃
𝑏 = √𝐵 cos
2

19.5°
𝑏 = √(40′ ×60′ ) cos
2

𝒃 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟕′
9.84×108 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝜆=
6 𝐺𝐻𝑧
𝜆 = 0.164′

40
 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 48.5973′ + 48.6347′
𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟑𝟐′

3280.839895 𝑓𝑡
√2𝜆𝑑′ = √2(0.164′ )(15.25 𝑘𝑚) ( )
1 𝑘𝑚

√𝟐𝝀𝒅′ = 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟓′

Since 𝒂 + 𝒃 = √𝟐𝝀𝒅′ , therefore, they are Far-Coupled.

Near-Field or Far-Field?
1 𝜋𝜆𝑑′ 1
= , ≤ 2.5 (𝑁𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑘 4𝑎2 𝑘
3280.84 𝑓𝑡
𝑎𝑡 𝐷1 = 14.5 𝑘𝑚 ( ) = 47572.18′
1 𝑘𝑚

1 𝜋(0.164′ )(47572.18′ )
=
𝑘 4(48.5973′ )2

𝟏
= 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟒𝟔 > 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝑭𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
𝒌

3280.84 𝑓𝑡
𝑎𝑡 𝐷2 = 15.6 𝑘𝑚 ( ) = 51181.10′
1 𝑘𝑚

1 𝜋(0.164′ )(51181.10′)
=
𝑘 4(48.5973′ )2

𝟏
= 𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟏𝟒 > 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝑭𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
𝒌

Solve for the Net Path Loss using the parameters: Far-Coupled, Far-Field

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 (𝑁𝑃𝐿) = −𝐺1 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿1 + 𝐴𝐴𝐿1 − 𝐺𝐵1 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿2 + 𝐴𝐴𝐿2 − 𝐺𝐵2 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿3 + 𝐴𝐴𝐿3 − 𝐺2

41
Solve for the given terms:

𝐺1 = 𝐺2 = 7.5 + 20 log 𝑑𝑓𝑡 + 20 log 𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧

𝐺1 = 𝐺2 = 7.5 + 20 log(10 𝑓𝑡 × 6 𝐺𝐻𝑧)

𝑮𝟏 = 𝑮𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟏 𝒅𝑩

𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝐴𝐿1 = (0.00117 ) (𝐷𝑘𝑚 )(𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧 )
𝐺𝐻𝑧 ∙ 𝑘𝑚

𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝐴𝐿1 = (0.00117 ) (14.5 𝑘𝑚)(6 𝐺𝐻𝑧)
𝐺𝐻𝑧 ∙ 𝑘𝑚

𝑨𝑨𝑳𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒅𝑩

𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝐴𝐿2 = (0.00117 ) (15.6 𝑘𝑚)(6 𝐺𝐻𝑧)
𝐺𝐻𝑧 ∙ 𝑘𝑚

𝑨𝑨𝑳𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓 𝒅𝑩

𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝐴𝐿3 = (0.00117 ) (15.25 𝑘𝑚)(6 𝐺𝐻𝑧)
𝐺𝐻𝑧 ∙ 𝑘𝑚

𝑨𝑨𝑳𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟔 𝒅𝑩

𝜃
𝐺𝐵1 = 22.3 + 20 log 𝐴𝑓𝑡2 + 40 log 𝐹𝐺𝐻𝑧 + 20 log (cos ( ))
2

20.5°
𝐺𝐵1 = 22.3 + 20 log(40′ ×60′ ) + 40 log(6 𝐺𝐻𝑧) + 20 log (cos ( ))
2

𝑮𝑩𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟓 𝒅𝑩

𝜃
𝐺𝐵2 = 22.3 + 20 log 𝐴𝑓𝑡2 + 40 log 𝐹𝐺𝐻𝑧 + 20 log (cos ( ))
2

19.5°
𝐺𝐵2 = 22.3 + 20 log(40′ ×60′ ) + 40 log(6 𝐺𝐻𝑧) + 20 log (cos ( ))
2

𝑮𝑩𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟗 𝒅𝑩

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 (𝑁𝑃𝐿) = −𝐺1 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿1 + 𝐴𝐴𝐿1 − 𝐺𝐵1 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿2 + 𝐴𝐴𝐿2 − 𝐺𝐵2 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿3 + 𝐴𝐴𝐿3 − 𝐺2

𝑁𝑃𝐿 = −38.6261 𝑑𝐵 + 131.2304 𝑑𝐵 + 0.1018 𝑑𝐵 − 120.8905 𝑑𝐵 + 131.6684 𝑑𝐵 + 0.1095 𝑑𝐵

− 120.9039 𝑑𝐵 + 131.8655 𝑑𝐵 + 0.10706 𝑑𝐵 − 38.6261 𝑑𝐵

𝑵𝑷𝑳 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟏 𝒅𝑩

42
Total Gain

𝑇𝐺 = 𝑁𝑃𝐿 − 𝑇𝐿

𝑇𝐺 = −76.0361 𝑑𝐵 − (−402.0784 𝑑𝐵)

𝑻𝑮 = 𝟑𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝒅𝑩

Median Received Power

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝑇 + 𝐺𝑇𝑥 − 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑇𝑥 − 𝐹𝑆𝐿 − 𝐴𝐴𝐿 + 𝐺𝐵1 + 𝐺𝐵2 + 𝐺𝑅𝑥
− 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑅𝑥

𝑹𝑺𝑳 = −𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝒅𝑩𝒎

𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑹𝑺𝑳 ≥ 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑹𝑺𝑳

Received Noise Threshold

Bandwidth of 36 mobile network, assume B = 25 MHz

𝑁𝑇 = −114 + 10 log 𝐵𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 𝑁𝐹𝑑𝐵

𝑁𝑇 = −114 + 10 log 25 + 6

𝑵𝑻 = −𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝒅𝑩𝒎

Theoretical RF C/N Ratio

𝐶
= 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 𝑁𝑇
𝑁

𝐶
= −53.3502 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−94.0206 𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁

𝑪
= 𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑵

Practical Threshold

Receiver Sensitivity is -98 dBm for 64 QAM, 6 GHz receiver.

43
Fade Margin

FM = RSL – Practical Threshold

FM = -53.3502 dBm – (-98 dBm)
FM = 44.6498 dB

44
Diversity Calculations

Nominal Fade Margin

For nominal fade margin, assuming Fade Margin = 42.1448 dB

𝐹𝑀
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑝 = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 1.25𝑥10−6 ∗ 𝑓 1.5 ∗ 𝐷3 ∗ 10− 10

45.35 3 −42.1448
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑝 = (2.6915) (0.3830) (1.25𝑥10−6 ) (6)1.5 ( ) (10) 10
1.609

𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟓

A = 1 - 𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑣

A = 99.99741421%

Applying Space Diversity,

(7)(10−5 )(𝑓)(𝑠 2 )(10𝐹/10 )

𝐼𝑆𝐷 =
𝐷

(7)(10−5 )(6 )(16.52 )(1042.1448/10 )

𝐼𝑆𝐷 =
45.35
1.609

𝐼𝑆𝐷 = 66.47769177

𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑝
𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑣 =
𝐼𝑆𝐷

2.585793197 𝑥 10−5
𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑣 =
66.47769177

𝑼𝒅𝒊𝒗 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕

A = 1 - 𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑣

A = 99.9999611%

The annual outage from space diversity made the system more reliable. It also
achieved the requirement of 99.999% reliability.

45
 Effective Fade Margin

For effective reliability, Effective Fade Margin = 44.6498 dB

𝐹𝑀
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑝 = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 1.25𝑥10−6 ∗ 𝑓 1.5 ∗ 𝐷3 ∗ 10− 10

45.35 3 −44.6498
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑝 = (2.6915) (0.3830)(1.25𝑥10−6 ) (6)1.5 ( ) (10) 10
1.609

𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟓

A = 1 - 𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑣

A = 99.9985465%

Applying Space Diversity,

(7)(10−5 )(𝑓)(𝑠 2 )(10𝐹/10 )

𝐼𝑆𝐷 =
𝐷

(7)(10−5 )(6 )(16.52 )(1044.6498/10 )

𝐼𝑆𝐷 =
45.35
1.609

𝐼𝑆𝐷 = 40.56915215

𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑝
𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑣 =
𝐼𝑆𝐷

1.453495825 𝑥 10−5
𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑣 =
40.56915215

𝑼𝒅𝒊𝒗 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟕

A = 1 - 𝑈𝑑𝑖𝑣

A = 99.99996417%

The annual outage from space diversity made the system more reliable. It also
achieved the requirement of 99.999% reliability.

46
 Table 10: Gains and Losses of Theoretical and Predicted Systems
Theoretical/ Required Predicted /Actual
Path Length 45.35 𝑘𝑚 45.35 𝑘𝑚
Path Attenuation 394.7643 𝑑𝐵 394.7643 𝑑𝐵
Free Space Loss 131.2304 dB| 131.6684 dB | 131.2304 dB| 131.6684 dB |
131.8655 Db 131.8655 dB
Atmospheric Absorption Loss 0.1018 dB| 0.1095 dB| 0.1071 dB 0.1018 dB| 0.1095 dB| 0.1071 dB
Total Fixed Loss 3.6628 𝑑𝐵 | 3.6513 𝑑𝐵 3.6628 𝑑𝐵 | 3.6513 𝑑𝐵
Waveguide Loss 2.5628 𝑑𝐵 | 2.5513 𝑑𝐵 2.5628 𝑑𝐵 | 2.5513 𝑑𝐵
Connector Loss 0.1 𝑑𝐵 | 0.1 𝑑𝐵 0.1 𝑑𝐵 | 0.1 𝑑𝐵
Circulator/Hybrid Loss 0.5 dB | 0.5 dB 0.5 dB | 0.5 dB
Radome Loss 0.5 𝑑𝐵 | 0.5 𝑑𝐵 0.5 𝑑𝐵 | 0.5 𝑑𝐵
Total Losses 402.0784 𝑑𝐵 402.0784 𝑑𝐵
Parabola Diameter 5.1 𝑓𝑡| 5.1 𝑓𝑡 6 𝑓𝑡 | 6 𝑓𝑡
Antenna System Gain 37.2144 𝑑𝐵 | 37.2144 𝑑𝐵 38.6261 𝑑𝐵 | 38.6261 𝑑𝐵
Total Gain 74.4288 𝑑𝐵 77.2522 𝑑𝐵
Net Path Loss 85.8552 𝑑𝐵 76.0361 𝑑𝐵
Transmitted Power 30 𝑑𝐵𝑚 30 𝑑𝐵𝑚
Median Received Power −55.8552 𝑑𝐵𝑚 −53.3502 𝑑𝐵𝑚
Receiver Noise Threshold −94.0206 𝑑𝐵𝑚 −94.0206 𝑑𝐵𝑚
Theoretical RF C/N Ratio 38.1654 𝑑𝐵 40.6704 𝑑𝐵
Practical Threshold −98 𝑑𝐵𝑚 −98 𝑑𝐵𝑚
Fade Margin 42.1448 𝑑𝐵 44.6498 𝑑𝐵
Reliability 99.99740252% 99.99854101%
Space Diversity Reliability 99.99996093% 99.99996404%

Table 10 shows the summary of the gains and losses for the theoretical and
predicted systems.

It can be observed that the median received power or RSL of the actual system is
greater than that of the theoretical. Also, the fade margin and reliability of the actual
system is greater than that of the theoretical.

47
 dBm
PTx = 30
Tx

WGL1 = 2.5628

OFL1 = 1.1 dB
Power Level Diagram

ASG1 =
EIRP = 38.6261dB
64.9633 dBm

FSL1 = 131.2304
dB

AAL1 = 0.1018 dB
B1

GB1 = 120.8905
dB

FSL2 = 131.6684
dB

AAL2 = 0.1095 dB

48
B2

GB2 = 120.9039
dB

FSL3 = 131.8655
dB
AAL3 = 0.10706
IRL = -88.325 dBm dB

ASG2 =
38.6261dB

WGL2 = 2.5513 dB

OFL2 = 1.1 dB
RSL = -
Rx

Predicted

53.3502 dBm
Equipment Specifications
This section provides some of the specifications for the waveguide, antenna, tower
and receiver system.

Waveguide
Table 11: Some Specifications of WR-137
Manufacturer Commscope
Series FlexTwist Waveguide Components
Waveguide Code WR-137
Waveguide Type Flexible Rectangular Waveguide
Flange Type CPR137G
Description Through Holes, Gasket Groove, Rectangular Flange
Material Brass
Frequency 5.85 – 8.20 GHz
Attenuation 0.3 dB/m or 0.09 dB/ft
Average Power 2000 W
Peak Power 500 kW
Max Twist 214°/m or 65°/ft
Min E-Bend Radius 102 mm or 4 in
Min H-Bend Radius 204 mm or 8 in
Pressure 30 lb/in or 205 kPa

Table 11 provides the specifications of the waveguide that is planned to be used.

Made from brass, WR-137 as shown in Fig. 4, specifically CPR137G is a flexible
rectangular waveguide that has a gasket groove and through holes. It caters excellent
vibration isolation and eliminate many of the installation problems caused by
misalignment.

Fig. 4 – WR-137 CPR137G Waveguide

49
Antenna
Table 12: Some Specifications of the Antenna
Manufacturer Radio Frequency Systems
Series Solid Parabolic Microwave Antennas
Product Type Point to Point Antennas
Frequency 5.725 – 6.875 GHz
Dish Diameter 6 ft
Polarization Single
3-dB Beamwidth 1.9°
Antenna Input CPR137G
Low Band Gain 38.2 dBi
Mid Band Gain 39.0 dBi
High Band Gain 39.8 dBi
F/B Ratio 46 dB
Pressure 4.3 psi
Radome Optional
Radome Material Fiberglass
Weight 50 kg
Survival Windspeed 200 kph
Operational Windspeed 190 kph

Table 12 provides the specifications of the antenna that is planned to be used.

Made by Radio Frequency Systems as shown in Fig. 5, the antenna utilizes a
conventional feed system and is used for in networks where there is low interference
potential. The radome is used to reduce wind load.

Fig. 5 – Solid Parabolic Microwave Antenna

50
Tower
Table 13: Some Specifications of the Tower
Manufacturer Nello Corporation
Type Self-Supporting
Series NSX Towers
Height 60 ft
Weight 1480 lbs
Description NSX 3.5’ x 60’ – 90MPH – No Ice – Catalog Tower
Face Spread Top: 17”
Base: 2.0’
Allowable Projected Tower Top: 18 sq ft
Area 30’ Below Top: 22 sq ft
Base Reactions Download: 29 000 lb
Uplift: 28 100 lb
Total Shear: 1300 lb
OTM: 49 900 ft-lb

Table 13 provides the specifications of the tower that is planned to be used. Made
by Nello Corporation as shown in Fig. 6, the NSX series of self-supporting towers are in
use for cellular, microwave, and weather stations.

Fig. 6– Self-Supporting Tower

51
Receiver System
Table 14: Some Specifications of the Receiver System
Manufacturer Cambium Netwroks
Model PTP 650L
Frequency 4.9 – 6.05 GHz
Maximum Transmit Up to 27 dBm at BPSK; up to 23 dBm 256 QAM
Power
System Gain Integrated: up to 160 dB with 20 MHz channel and
integrated 19 dBi antennal varies with modulation mode,
channel size and spectrum
Receiver Sensitivity -98 dBm with 5 MHz channel
Modulation/Error Fast Preemptive Adaptive Modulation featuring 13
Correction modulation / FEC coding levels ranging from BPSK to
256 QAM dual payload MIMO
Antenna Integrated flat panel: - 19 dBi
Connection Distance between outdoor unit and primary network
connection up to 330 (100 meters) using Power-over
Ethernet; longer distances up to 984 feet (300 meters)
can be achieved using fiber interface
Wind Speed Survival 200 mph (322 kph)
Power Consumption 30 W maximum

Table 14 provides the specifications of the receiver system that is planned to be

used. Made by Cambium Networks as shown in Fig. 7, this system is primarily for rural
and municipal connectivity and primary or backup connectivity.

Fig. 7– PTP650L Receiver System

52
Conclusions

In this case study, the proponents have designed a microwave link consisting of
a transmitter, two passive repeaters, receiver. With this, they concluded the following:

1. Roughness and climate factors greatly affect the reliability of the system.
2. Receiver sensitivity greatly affects the determination of fade margin, hence,
reliability.
3. Space diversity improves the reliability of a system tremendously.

References

Freeman, R. (2005). Fundamentals of Telecommunication. Retrieved from

https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=6_yQ-
dEGc5wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=fundamentals+of+telecommunication+freem
an&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE8sqJ86zSAhWDgLwKHSVuBLAQ6AEIGjAA#
v=onepage&q=fundamentals%20of%20telecommunication%20freeman&f=false

Engineering Considerations for Microwave Communication Systems. (1970). Retrieved

from http://www.bryanfields.net/mw-papers/GTE%20Lenkurt%20Book.pdf

Microwave Communication - Towers and Remote Monitoring. (n.d.). Retrieved from

Dpstele.com: http://www.dpstele.com/network-monitoring/microwave/index.php

Microwave transmission. (n.d.). Retrieved from En.wikipedia.org:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmission

Microflect (1989). Passive Repeater Engineering. Retrieved from

http://www.az276019.vo.msecnd.net/valmontstaging/.../microflect-passive-
repeater-catalog.pdf

What is the history of microwave communication? (n.d.). Retrieved from Reference:

https://www.reference.com/history/history-microwave-communication-
7b35b13ee2c24fc2

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