Optional Subject: Botany Paper - I (300 Marks / 3 Hours) : 1) Microbiology and Plant Pathology

Optional Subject: Botany
Paper – I (300 Marks / 3 Hours)
1) Microbiology and Plant Pathology:

Structure and reproduction/multiplication of Viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma. Applications of
microbiology in agriculture, Industry, medicine and in control of soil and water pollution. Prion and Prion
hypothesis. Important crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes. Modes of
infection and dissemination. Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance/defence. Physiology of
parasitism and control measures. Fungal toxins. Modelling and disease forecasting; Plant quarantine.
2) Cryptogams:
Algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytesstructure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint;
Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their ecological and economic importance.
3) Phanerogams:
Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymnosperms. Classification and distribution of gymnosperms.
Salient features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their structure and reproduction. General
account of Cycaclofilicaies, Bennettitales and Cordiaitailes; Geological time scale; Type of fossils and their study
techniques.
Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogency, Taxonomic hierarchy; international
Code of Botanical Nomenclature; Numerical taxomomy and chemotaxornomy; Evidence from anatomy,
embryology and palynology. Origin and evolution of angiosperms; Comparative account of various systems
of classification of angiosperms-, Study of angiospermic families— Mangnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae,
Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae,
Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae, Musaceae
and orchidaceae.
Stomata and their types; Glandular and non-glandular trichomes; Unusual secondary growth; Anatomy of C3 and
C4 plants; Xylem and phloem differentiation; Wood anatomy.
Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization; Endosperm—its development and
function. Patterns of embryo development; Polyernbroyony, apomixes; Applications of palynology;
Experimental embryology including pollen storage and test-tube fertilization.
4) Plant Resource Development:

Domestication and introduction of plants; Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov's centres of origin. Plants as
sources for food, fodder, fibres, spices, beverages, edible oils, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins
and dyes; latex, cellulose, starch and its products; Perfumery; importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context;
Energy plantations; Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.
5) Morphogenesis:
Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation; Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic hybrids
and Cybrids; Micropropagation; Somaclonal variation and its applications; Pollen hapioids, embryo rescue
methods and their applications.
Optional Subject: Botany
Paper – II (300 Marks / 3 Hours)
1) Cell Biology:
Techniques of cell biology, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells—structural and ultrastructurai details; Structure and
function of extracellular matrix (cell wall) arid membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular
transport; Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, dictyosomes ribosomes,
endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes; Cytoskeleton and microtubules; Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex;
Chromatin and nucleosome; Cell signaling and cell receptors; Signal transduction Mitosis and meiosis; molecular
basis of cell cycle. Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance; Chromatin
organization and packaging of genome; Polytene chromosomes; Bchromosorn es— structure, behaviour and
significance.
2) Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution :

Development of genetics, and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative genetics and multiple -
Factors; incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles; Linkage and crossing over of gene mapping
including molecular maps (idea of mapping, function); Sex chromosomes and sexlinked inheritance; sex
determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation; Mutations (biochemical and molecular basis); Cytoplasmic
inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility). Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and
proteins; Genetic code and regulation of gene expression; Gene silencing; Multigene families; Organic evolution-
evidences, mechanism and theories. Role of RNA in origin and evolution.
3) Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics

Methods of plant breeding—introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk
method); Mutation, polyploidy, male sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixes iri plant breeding; DNA
sequencing; Genetic engineering—methods of transfer of genes; Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects;
Development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding; Tools and techniques—probe, southern blotting, DNA
fingerprinting, PCR and FISH. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV). Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test
and chi-square tests). Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson). Correlation and regression.
4) Physiology and Biochemistry :

Water relations, mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies. Photosynthesis—photochemical reactions,
photophosphorylation and carbon fixation pathways; C3, C4 and CAM pathways; Mechanism of pholem transport,
Respiration (anerobic and aerobic, including ferrnentation)—electron transport chain and oxidative phosphoryiation;
Phatorespiration; Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis; Lipid metabolism; Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen
metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes; Energy transfer and energy conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites.
Pigments as photoreceptors (plasticlial pigments and phytochrome). Plant movements; Photoperiodisni and
flowering, vernalization, senescence; Growth substances—their chemical nature, role and applications in
agrihorticulture; growth indices, growth movements. Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal); Fruit and seed
physiology. Dormancy, storage and germination of seed. Fruit ripening—its molecular basis and manipulation.
5) Ecology and Plant Geography :

Concept of ecosystem; Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community; Plant succession. Concepts of
biosphere; Ecosystems; Conservation; Pollution and its control (including phytoremediation); Plant indicators;
Environment (Protection) Act.Forest types of India—'Ecological and ecomomic importance of forests, fforestation,
deforestation and social forestry; Endangered plants, endemism IUCN categories, Red Data Books; Biodiversity and
its conservation; Protected Area Network; Convention of Biological Diversity, Farmers' Rights; and Intellectual
Property Rights; Concept of Sustainable Development; Biogeochemical cycles. Global warming and climatic change;
invasive species; Environmetal Impact Assessment; Phytogeographical regions of India.

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Optional Subject: Botany Paper - I (300 Marks / 3 Hours) : 1) Microbiology and Plant Pathology

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Optional Subject: Botany

Paper – I (300 Marks / 3 Hours)

1) Microbiology and Plant Pathology:

Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymnosperms. Classification and distribution of gymnosperms.

4) Plant Resource Development:

2) Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution :

3) Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics

4) Physiology and Biochemistry :

5) Ecology and Plant Geography :

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