PWM-Control of Three

Phase Voltage Source

Inverter (VSI)
15-Apr-20 1
 Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter
Classification

Three Phase
VSI

Square Wave Switching PWM Switching

15-Apr-20 2
 Three-phase Voltage Source Inverters
(VSIs)
PWM Techniques

Three Phase
VSI

PWM
Switching

Third Space
Sinusoidal
Harmonic Vector
PWM
PWM PWM
15-Apr-20 3
 Sinusoidal PWM
• Inverter Configuration

Assumption: dc capacitor very large → dc voltage ripple free

15-Apr-20 4
 Sinusoidal PWM
• Modulating and Carrier Waves

v vcr vmA vmB vmC

Vˆcr Vˆm
0 ωt

• vcr – Carrier wave (triangle) • Amplitude modulation index

Vˆm
ma =
Vˆcr

• vm – Modulating wave (sine) • Frequency modulation index

f cr
mf =
fm
15-Apr-20 5
 Sinusoidal PWM
• Gate Signal Generation
vmA vcr

π 2π
0

v g1

vg 4

v AN
Vd
0

v mA > v cr v g 1 > 0 ( v g 4 < 0) S1 on ( S 4 off ) v AN = Vd

Phase A
v mA < v cr v g 4 > 0 (v g1 < 0) S 4 on ( S1 off ) v AN = 0

Vg1 and Vg4 are complementary

15-Apr-20 6
 Sinusoidal PWM
• Line-to-Line Voltage vAB

v vcr vmA vmB vmC

Vˆcr Vˆm
0 ωt
P
S1
S3 S5

v AN
Vd
Vdc ωt
o vBN
Vd
0 ωt
S4 S6 S2 v AB1
v AB
Vd
N 0 ωt
π 2π

15-Apr-20 7
 Sinusoidal PWM
v AB
• Waveforms and FFT Vd
THD = 92.07%

0
π 2π 3π

v AO
THD = 92.07%
2Vd / 3
0

iA THD = 7.73%
• ma = 0.8, mf = 15,
0
fm = 60Hz, fcr = 900Hz π 2π 3π

V ABn / Vd
• Switching frequency V AB1 = 0.49Vd 2m f ± 1
THD = 92.07%
0.2
fsw = fcr = 900Hz mf ±2
3m f ± 2 4m f ± 1
0.1

0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 n
15-Apr-20 8
 Sinusoidal PWM
• Harmonic Content

V AB n
THD
Vd (%)

THD n =1
0.3 300

• Low order harmonics 2m f ± 1

n < (mf -2) are eliminated mf ± 2

0.2 200
3m f ± 2
4m f ± 1
• VAB1 versus ma is linear 0.1 100
3m f ± 4
• VAB1,max = 0.612Vd
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ma

15-Apr-20 9
 Sinusoidal PWM
• Over-Modulation
2
vmA vmB vmC
1 vcr

-1

-2

v AB
• Fundamental voltage ↑ 0
Vd
π 2π 3π

iA

• Low-order harmonics ↑ 0
π 2π 3π

V ABn / Vd
V AB1 = 0.744 Vd
0.2

0.1

0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 n

15-Apr-20 10
 PWM Considerations
For low values of mf, to eliminate the even harmonics, a
synchronized PWM should be used and mf should be an odd
integer. Moreover, mf should be a multiple of 3 to cancel out the
most dominant harmonics in the line to line voltage.
For large values of mf, the amplitudes of subharmonics due to
asynchronous PWM are small. When inverter supplying a load
such as an ac motor, the subharmonics at zero or close to zero
frequency, even though small in amplitude, will result in large
currents that will be highly undesirable. Therefore asynchronous
PWM is avoided.
During overmodulation (ma > 1), regardless of the value of mf,
the conditions pertinent to small mf should be observed.
15-Apr-20 11
 Generalized Harmonics

15-Apr-20 12
Variation of fundamental component of output
voltage as a function of ma
 Linear modulation (ma ≤ 1) In this region the fundamental component in the
output voltage varies linearly with the amplitude modulation ratio ma.
(VAN1) = ma (Vd/2√2)
(VAB1) = ma (√3 Vd/2√2) = 0.612Vd
 Over modulation (ma >1), In this region the fundamental component in the
output voltage do not vary linearly with the amplitude modulation ratio ma.
More sideband harmonics appear centered around the frequencies of
harmonics mf and its multiples. For (1 > ma > 3.24), the fundamental
component of line voltage is given as
0.612Vd < (VAB1) < 0.78Vd
 Over modulation (ma >3.24), it acts as a square wave inverter the
fundamental component of line voltage is given as
(VAB1) = 0.78Vd
15-Apr-20 13
 Graph of normalized fundamental
voltage as a function of ma

15-Apr-20 14
 Operating Modes

Inverter mode Rectifier mode

Ea − Van
IA =
jω L
Constant IA
15-Apr-20 15
 VSI Bridge Boost Converter
The voltage across Ls are small and the rms voltages

(Vconv) LL = VLL
S1 S3 S5
With PWM, ma <= 1;
Lia Lsa Vsa
Vdc Cdc Lib Lsb Vsb
Vd > 1.634 VLL Lic Lsc Vsc
S4 S6 S2
DC Component Id

Id = 3 Vs Is Cos Ф / Vd

At UPF, Ф= 0

I d = 3 Vs Is / Vd
15-Apr-20 16
 VSI Bridge Boost Converter

15-Apr-20 17
 Analysis of VSI Bridge Boost Converter.

for ma=0.8

15-Apr-20 18
15-Apr-20 19
On solving the above equations and considering an overload factor of ‘a’
the expression for boost inductor is as

Ls = ( 3/2)*(Vdc *m/6a*f s *∆I)

Is = source current
Ls = interfacing inductor, X s = interfacing reactance
f s = switching frequency, a= overload factor
where the ∆I is current ripple
Vp = phase voltage,VLL = line voltage
Vdc = DC voltage, m= modulation index

15-Apr-20 20
 Analysis of VSI Bridge Boost Converter
DC side Capacitor Calculation

There are two criteria to calculate the dc bus capacitor required:

• Capacitance should be sufficient to hold or supply charge in

case of load perturbations.
• To limit ripple in voltage if single phasing takes place.

The equations in two cases are given as

1
edc * 2
Cdc {(Vdc ) − (Vdc ) 2 }
2
1 I dc
Vdc , ripple =
Cdc ∫ idc dt = −
2ωCdc
sin 2ωt

15-Apr-20 21
 Analysis of VSI Bridge Boost Converter
Dc side current

15-Apr-20 22
 Three Phase PWM Voltage Source Inverter

Vcon = (Vp2 + (Is X s ) 2 )

Vdc = 2 2*Vp /m or 2 2*VLL /( 3m)
Ls = ( 3/2)*(Vdc *m/6a*f s *∆I)
Is = source current
Ls = interfacing inductor, X s = interfacing reactance
f s = switching frequency, a= overload factor
where the ∆I is current ripple
Vp = phase voltage,VLL = line voltage
Vdc = DC voltage, m= modulation index

15-Apr-20 23
 Third Harmonic PWM
VSC – PWM Control
Sine-triangle PWM can be used but it may produce high losses;
During transients better to use sine-triangle method

vcontrol vtri

A small percentage
of 3rd harmonic can
t
be added to the
(1/fS) reference voltage to
vd increase fundamental
component and use
t better the converter.
vo1

15-Apr-20 24
 Sinusoidal PWM
• Third Harmonic Injection PWM
v vm1
vmA = vm1 + vm3

Vˆm1 VˆmA Vˆcr

vm 3

0 ωt
π /3 2π / 3 π 2π

Vm1 < Vcr: No low order harmonics produced

Vm1 > Vcr :Fundamental voltage increased
• 3rd harmonic – zero sequence (to appear in vAN and vBN )

• No triplen harmonics in vAB (vAB = vAN - vBN)

15-Apr-20 25
 Third Harmonic Injection PWM

 This is implemented in the same manner as sinusoidal PWM

and the only reference is the reference consists of fundamental
and third harmonic component.
 Fundamental is higher than the available supply Vs.
 The fundamental component of output line voltage is Vs and
same as peak supply voltage.
 The fundamental component of output phase voltage is
0.57735Vs and this 15.5% higher than that achieved by
sinusoidal PWM.
 Third-harmonic PWM provides better utilization of the dc
supply voltage than the sinusoidal PWM does.

15-Apr-20 26
 Space Vector Modulation
P
• Switching States
S1 S3 S5

iA
A
iB
Vd B O
iC
C
LOAD

S4 S6 S2

Switching Leg A Leg B Leg C

State S1 S4 V AN S3 S6 V BN S5 S2 VCN

P On Off Vd On Off Vd On Off Vd

O Off On 0 Off On 0 Off On 0
15-Apr-20 27
 Space Vector Modulation
Switching States (Three-Phase)

S1 S3 S5

A
Vd B
C

S4 S6 S2

• Eight switching states

15-Apr-20 28
 Space Vector Modulation
• Space Vector Diagram
 jβ 
V3 V2
OPO PPO
SECTOR
II
  SECTOR III  ω SECTOR I
• Active vectors: V1 to V6 Vref
 
(stationary, not rotating) θ V1
V4 α
OPP PPP OOO POO

• Zero vector: V0 
V0
SECTOR IV SECTOR VI
• Six sectors: I to VI SECTOR V

OOP   POP
V5 V6

15-Apr-20 29
 Space Vector Modulation
• Space Vectors
• Three-phase voltages
v AO (t ) + vBO (t ) + vCO (t ) =
0 (1)

• Two-phase voltages
 2π 4π 
cos 0 cos cos v AO (t ) 
 vα (t )  2  3 3   v (t ) 
 =  
vβ (t )  3  2π 4π   BO  (2)
sin 0 sin sin  vCO (t ) 
 3 3 
• Space vector representation

V= (t ) vα (t ) + j vβ (t ) (3)
(2) → (3)
 2
V (t )=  v AO (t ) e j 0 + vBO (t ) e j 2π /3 + vCO (t ) e j 4π /3  (4)
3

where =
e jx cos x + j sin x
15-Apr-20 30
 Space Vector Modulation
• Space Vectors

Switching state [POO] → S1, S6 and S2 ON

2 1 1
v AO (t) = Vd , v BO (t) = − Vd and v CO (t) = − Vd (5)
3 3 3
 jβ 
(5) → (4) V3 V2
OPO PPO
 2 SECTOR
V1 = Vd e j0 (6) SECTOR III
II
 ω SECTOR I
3 Vref
 
Similarly, V4 θ V1
α
PPP OOO
 2
OPP POO
π 
j(k −1)
Vk = Vd e
V0
3 (7)
SECTOR IV SECTOR VI
3 SECTOR V

OOP   POP
k = 1, 2, ..., 6. V5 V6

15-Apr-20 31
 Space Vector Modulation
• Active and Zero Vectors
P Switching State On-state Vector
Space Vector
(Three Phases) Switch Definition
S1 S3 S5
Zero  [PPP] S1 , S 3 , S 5 
V0 V0 = 0
Vector [OOO] S4 , S6 , S2
A   2
V1 [POO] S1 , S 6 , S 2 V1 = Vd e j 0
Vd B 3
π
C   2 j
V2 [PPO] S1 , S 3 , S 2 V2 = Vd e 3
3
2π
S4 S6 S2   2 j
V3 [OPO] S4 , S3 , S2 V3 = V d e 3
Active 3
3π
N Vector   2 j
V4 [OPP] S4 , S3 , S5 V4 = Vd e 3
• Active Vector: 6 3
4π
• Zero Vector: 2   2 j
V5 [OOP] S4 , S6 , S5 V5 = V d e 3
3
5π
• Redundant switching   2 j
V6 [POP] S1 , S 6 , S 5 V6 = V d e 3
states: [PPP] and [OOO] 3

15-Apr-20 32
 Space Vector Modulation
• Reference Vector Vref
 jβ 
V3 V2
OPO PPO
• Definition

SECTOR
II
Vref = Vref e jθ SECTOR III  ω
Vref
SECTOR I

 
• Rotating in space at ω θ V1
V4 α
ω = 2 πf (8) OPP PPP

V0
OOO POO

• Angular displacement SECTOR IV SECTOR VI

SECTOR V
t
∫
(9)
θ (t) = ω dt OOP 
V5
 POP
V6
0

15-Apr-20 33
 Space Vector Modulation
• Relationship Between Vref and VAB


• Vref is approximated by two V2
active and a zero vectors

SECTOR I
Tb  
• Vref rotates one revolution, V2 Vref
VAB completes one cycle Ts Q

θ 
• Length of Vref corresponds to V1
Ta 
magnitude of VAB V1
Ts

15-Apr-20 34
 Space Vector Modulation

V2
• Dwell Time Calculation
• Volt-Second Balancing SECTOR I
    Tb  

Vref
Vref Ts =V1 Ta + V2 Tb + V0 T0
V2
Ts Q
 (10)
Ts = Ta + Tb + T0

θ 
   Ta 
V1
• Ta, Tb and T0 – dwell times for V1 , V2 and V0 Ts
V1

• Ts – sampling period

• Space vectors
 jθ
 2  2 π 
= Vref V=
j
ref e , V1 Vd V2 = Vd e 3 V0 = 0 (11)
3 3
(11) → (10)
 2 1
 Re : Vref (cos θ) =
Ts V T
d a + Vd Tb
3 3
 (12)
Im : Vref (sin θ) Ts = 1
Vd Tb
 3
15-Apr-20 35
 Space Vector Modulation
• Dwell Times

Solve (12)

 3 Ts Vref π
Ta sin ( −θ )
 Vd 3

 3 Ts Vref
(13)
Tb sin θ 0 ≤ θ < π /3
 Vd


T0 = Ts − Ta − Tb

15-Apr-20 36
 Space Vector Modulation
• Vref Location versus Dwell Times

V2

SECTOR I

Tb  Vref
V2
Ts Q

θ 
V1
Ta 
V1
Ts
 π π π π π
V ref Location θ =0 0 <θ < θ= <θ < θ=
6 6 6 3 3
Ta > 0 Ta = 0
Dwell Times Ta > Tb Ta = Tb Ta < Tb
Tb = 0 Tb > 0

15-Apr-20 37
 Space Vector Modulation
• Modulation Index

 π
=Ta Ts ma sin ( 3 −θ )
 (14)
 T = T m sin θ
 b s a

 T0 =Ts − Tb − Tc

3 Vref
ma = (15)
Vd

15-Apr-20 38
 Space Vector Modulation
• Modulation Range
 jβ 
V3 V2
OPO PPO
• Vref,max SECTOR
II
SECTOR III  ω SECTOR I
Vref
2 3 Vd (16)  
Vref ,max = Vd × = V4 θ V1
α
3 2 3 OPP PPP OOO POO

V0
SECTOR IV SECTOR VI
(16) → (15) SECTOR V

OOP   POP
• ma,max = 1 → V5 V6

• Modulation range: 0 ≤ ma ≤ 1
(17)

15-Apr-20 39
 Space Vector Modulation
• Switching Sequence Design

• Basic Requirement:
Minimize the number of switching per sampling period Ts

• Implementation:
Transition from one switching state to the next involves only two
switches in the same inverter leg.

15-Apr-20 40
 Space Vector Modulation
• Seven-segment Switching Sequence

      
V0 V1 V2 V0 V2 V1 V0
OOO POO PPO PPP PPO POO OOO
• Selected vectors: v AN
V0, V1 and V2 Vd
0

• Dwell times: vBN

Vd
Ts = T0 + Ta + Tb 0

vCN Vd
0
T0 Ta Tb T0 Tb Ta T0
4 2 2 2 2 2 4

Ts

• Total number of switching: 6

15-Apr-20 41
 Space Vector Modulation
• Undesirable Switching Sequence

• Vectors V1 and V2 swapped

      
V0 V2 V1 V0 V1 V2 V0
OOO PPO POO PPP POO PPO OOO
v AN
Vd
0
vBN
Vd
0

vCN Vd
0
T0 Tb Ta T0 Ta Tb T0
4 2 2 2 2 2 4

Ts
• Total number of switching: 10
15-Apr-20 42
 Space Vector Modulation
• Switching Sequence Summary (7–segments)

Sector Switching Sequence

      
V0 V1 V2 V0 V2 V1 V0
I
OOO POO PPO PPP PPO POO OOO
      
V0 V3 V2 V0 V2 V3 V0
II
OOO OPO PPO PPP PPO OPO OOO
      
V0 V3 V4 V0 V4 V3 V0
III
OOO OPO OPP PPP OPP OPO OOO
      
V0 V5 V4 V0 V4 V5 V0
IV
OOO OOP OPP PPP OPP OOP OOO
      
V0 V5 V6 V0 V6 V5 V0
V
OOO OOP POP PPP POP OOP OOO
      
V0 V1 V6 V0 V6 V1 V0
VI
OOO POO POP PPP POP POO OOO

Note: The switching sequences for the odd and ever sectors are different.
15-Apr-20 43
 Space Vector Modulation
• Simulated Waveforms
Sector
VI VI
V V
IV IV
III III
II II
I I

v AB
Vd
0
π 2π 3π

v AO
2Vd / 3
0

iA

0
π 2π 3π

f1 = 60Hz, fsw = 900Hz, ma = 0.696, Ts = 1.1ms

15-Apr-20 44
 Space Vector Modulation
• Waveforms and FFT
v AB THD =80.2%
Vd
0
2π

v AO THD =80.2%
2Vd / 3
0

iA
THD =8.37%

0
π 2π 3π

V ABn / Vd
THD =80.2%
V AB1 = 0.566Vd
0.2

0.1

0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 n
15-Apr-20 45
 Space Vector Modulation
• Waveforms and FFT (Measured)

VABn
v AB Vd THD = 80.3%

0.2
23

14
10 47
v AO 0.1
29 34 58
16 43
8

(a) Waveforms 2ms/div (b) Spectrum (500Hz/div)

15-Apr-20 46
 Space Vector Modulation
• Waveforms and FFT (Measured)

VAB n / Vd VAB n / Vd THD

(%)
n =1
n =1
0.15 0.15 300
10 14 16 20

0.10 THD
0.10 200
n=2 4 8
n = 19 17 13 11 7 5

0.05 0.05 100

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ma 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ma
(a) Even order harmonics (b) Odd order harmonics

( f1 = 60Hz and Ts = 1 / 720 )sec

15-Apr-20 47
 Space Vector Modulation
• Even-Order Harmonic Elimination

             
V0 V5 V4 V0 V4 V5 V0 V0 V4 V5 V0 V5 V4 V0
OOO OOP OPP PPP OPP OOP OOO PPP OPP OOP OOO OOP OPP PPP
v AN v AN
Vd Vd
0 0
vBN vBN
Vd Vd
0
0
vCN Vd vCN
0 Vd
0
0
v AB 0
v AB
− Vd
− Vd

Type-A sequence Type-B sequence

(starts and ends with [OOO]) (starts and ends with [PPP])

15-Apr-20 48
 Space Vector Modulation
• Even-Order Harmonic Elimination
 
V3 SECTOR II V2

SECTOR III
b a
SECTOR I
a b
b a Type-A sequence
 30° 
V4 V1
30° b
a

b a
SECTOR IV SECTOR VI
a b Type-B sequence

 
V5 SECTOR V V6
Space vector Diagram
15-Apr-20 49
 Space Vector Modulation
• Even-Order Harmonic Elimination

VABn
v AB Vd THD = 80.5%
23
0.2

17

v AO 0.1 13 47
41 65
7
5 35

(a) Waveforms 2ms/div (b) Spectrum (500Hz/div)

• Measured waveforms and FFT

15-Apr-20 50
 Space Vector Modulation
• Even-Order Harmonic Elimination

VAB n / Vd THD
(%)

0.3 300
THD n =1

0.2 200
17
19
0.1 13 100
7
5
11 0
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ma
f1 = 60Hz Ts = 1 / 720 sec
( and )

15-Apr-20 51
 Space Vector Modulation
• Five-segment SVM

         
V0 V1 V2 V1 V0 V0 V2 V1 V2 V0
OOO POO PPO POO OOO PPP PPO POO PPO PPP

v AN Vd Vd
0

vBN Vd Vd
0

vCN Vd
0
T0 Ta Ta T0 T0 Tb Tb T0
Tb Ta
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ts Ts
(a) Sequence A (b) Sequence B

15-Apr-20 52
 Space Vector Modulation
• Switching Sequence ( 5-segment)

Sector Switching Sequence (A)

    
V0 V1 V2 V1 V0
I vCN = 0
OOO POO PPO POO OOO
    
V0 V3 V2 V3 V0
II vCN = 0
OOO OPO PPO OPO OOO
    
V0 V3 V4 V3 V0
III v AN = 0
OOO OPO OPP OPO OOO
    
V0 V5 V4 V5 V0
IV v AN = 0
OOO OOP OPP OOP OOO
    
V0 V5 V6 V5 V0
V v BN = 0
OOO OOP POP OOP OOO
    
V0 V1 V6 V1 V0
VI v BN = 0
OOO POO POP POO OOO
15-Apr-20 53
 Space Vector Modulation
• Simulated Waveforms ( 5-segment)

v g1 2π / 3
vg 3
vg 5 2π 4π

v AB
Vd
0
2π 4π

iA

0
2π 4π

• f1 = 60Hz, fsw = 600Hz, ma = 0.696, Ts = 1.1ms

• No switching for a 120° period per cycle.
• Low switching frequency but high harmonic distortion
15-Apr-20 54
 Generalized Formula for SVM
The space vector for three phase VSI is given as
2
=
VS Vd (Sa + aSb + a 2
Sc )
3
2π
j
3
where a=e

Hence the phase A, B and C voltages can be obtained as,

1
=
Va Vd (2Sa − Sb − Sc )
3
1
=
Vb Vd (2Sb − Sa − Sc )
3
1
=
Vc Vd (2Sc − Sa − Sb )
3
15-Apr-20 55
 Switch Utilization Ratio of Three-phase Inverters

To compare the utilisation of switches in three-phase inverters,we

will assume that there is sufficient inductance assoiated with the
load to yield a pure sinusoidal output current with an rms value
of Io.max (both in PWM and square wave mode) at maximum loading

VT = Vd.max ; IT = 2Io.max
If VLL1 is the rms value of the fundamental frequency line
to line voltage component, then
(VA)3-phase = 3VLL1Io.max
15-Apr-20 56
 Switch Utilization Ratio of Three-phase Inverters
Therefore, the total utilization ratio of all
six switches combined isSwitch Utilization Ratio
(VA)3-phase 3VLL1Io max 1 VLL1
= = =
6VT IT 6Vd max 2Io max 2 6 Vd max
In the PWM linear region (m a ≤ 1) and noting
that maximum switch utilization occurs at
Vd = Vdmax
Maximum Switch Utilization Ratio (PWM)
1 3 1
= = ma m a for (m a ≤ 1)
2 6 2 2 8

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 Summary of Modulation Techniques

Modulation Type Normalized Phase Normalized Line Output

Voltage Vp/Vs Voltage VL/Vs Waveform
Sinusoidal PWM 0.5 0.5*√3 =0.866 Sinusoidal
600 PWM 1/√3 = 0.577 1 Sinusoidal
Third-harmonic PWM 1/√3 = 0.577 1 Sinusoidal
SVM 1/√3 = 0.577 1 Sinusoidal
Overmodulation Higher than the Higher than the Nonsinusoidal
value for M=1 value for M=1
Six-step √2/3 = 0.4714 √2/√3 = 0.81645 Nonsinusoidal

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Example : A Single phase voltage source converter feeds a RL load of 5 ohms 0.8 pf
lagging. The fundamental voltage output is 220 V rms. Calculate the current THD.

Given: Q1 Q3
V1 = 220 V
Z = 4+3j (5 ohms impedance) 0.8 pf Lag Vd Load
Now the fundamental current will be given as,
V1 220 Q2 Q4
=
I1 = = 44A
Z1 5
The harmonic current is given as,
Vn V1 1 V1
=
In = =
Zn n (R + jX n ) n (R 2 + X n 2 )
From this equation the 3rd harmonic is calculated as
V3 V3 1 220
=
I3 = = = 7.44A
Z3 3 (R + jX 3 ) 3 (4 + (3*3) )
2 2

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Similarly 5th and other dominating harmonics are calculate as
V5 V5 1 220
=
I5 = = = 2.83A
Z5 5 (R + jX 5 ) 5 (42 + (5*3) 2 )
V7 V7 1 220
=
I7 = = = 1.47A
Z7 7 (R + jX 7 ) 7 (4 + (7 *3) )
2 2

V11 V11 1 220

=
I11 = = = 0.6016A
Z11 11 (R + jX11 ) 11 (4 + (11*3) 2 )
2

V13 V13 1 220

I13 = = = 0.4
Z13 13 (R + jX13 ) 13 (42 + (13*3) 2 )

Now the harmonic current I h is calcultated as,

I h= (I32 + I5 2 + I7 2 + I112 + I132 )= 8.12A
I h 8.12
=
Now current THD = = 18.47%
I1 44

and voltage THD for single phase inverter = 48%

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 Example : A Three phase voltage source converter feeds a RL load of 5 ohms 0.8 pf
lagging. The fundamental voltage output is 220 V rms per phase. Calculate the current
THD.
T1 T3 T5
Given:
V = 220 V Id a
Z = 4+3j (5 ohms impedance) 0.8 pf lag b R
c
Vdc
Now the fundamental current will be given as, Load
T4 T6 T2
V1 220
=
I1 = = 44A
Z1 5

The harmonic current is given as,

V1 V1 1 V1
=
In = =
Zn n (R + jX n ) n (R 2 + X n 2 )

From this equation the dominant 5th harmonicis calculated as

V5 V5 1 220
=
I5 = = = 2.83A
Z5 5 (R + jX 5 ) 5 (4 + (5*3) )
2 2

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Similarly 7th and other harmonics are calculate as
V7 V7 1 220
=
I7 = = = 1.47A
Z7 7 (R + jX 7 ) 7 (42 + (7 *3) 2 )
V11 V11 1 220
=
I11 = = = 0.6016A
Z11 11 (R + jX11 ) 11 (42 + (11*3) 2 )
V13 V13 1 220
=
I13 = = = 0.4316A
Z13 13 (R + jX13 ) 13 (4 + (13*3) 2 )
2

Now the harmonic current I h is calcultated as,

I h= (I5 2 + I7 2 + I112 + I132 )= 3.273A

I h 3.273
=
Now current THD = = 7.44%
I1 44

and voltage THD for 6 − pulse =

31.08%
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 Example : A 3-phase PWM voltage source converter feeds a power of 25 kW to
415V (L-L) rms, 50Hz, 3-phase ac mains from 720V DC bus. The switching
frequency is 10 kHz and ac inductor is 7.50mH. The power-factor is corrected
close to unity. Determine (a) PWM modulation index, (b) rms ac current, (c) the
converter fundamental voltage, and (d) phase shift in fundamental component of
VSC voltage and supply voltage.

S1 S3 S5
Lia Lsa Vsa
Vdc Lib Lsb Vsb
Lic Lsc Vsc
S4 S6 S2

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Solution:
P = 25kW, 415 V, 50 Hz, fs = 10kHz, Ls = 7.5 mH, p.f = 1
Is1 = 25k/3*(415/√3)*1 = 34.78 A
XL = 314*7.5X10-3 = 2.355 Ω Vcon1 = √V2s +(Is*Xc)2 =
√239.62+(34.78*2.355)2 = 253.2 V
Vdc = 2√2*Vc/m
m = (2√2*253.2)/720 = 0.995
Is = 34.78 A
δ = sin-1(P*Xc/3*Vs*Vc) = sin-1(25k*2.355/3*253.2*239.6) = 18.87°

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 Example : A 3-phase PWM voltage source converter feeds 10 kW from a battery
to 250V per phase, 50Hz mains. The switching frequency is 5 kHz and ac inductor
current ripple is 5% of the rated current. The power-factor is corrected close to
unity and PWM modulation index is 0.9. Determine (a) the fundamental phase
current, (b) the converter fundamental voltage, (c) the optimum value of an ac
inductor, and (d) phase shift in fundamental component of PWM voltage and
supply voltage.

Solution : P = 10k, 250V/ph, 50 Hz, fs = 5kHz, ∆I = 5% of Is1, m=0.9, p.f = 1

Is1 = 10000/250*3*1 = 13.33 A
∆I = 0.05*13.33 = 0.66 A
Vdc = 2√2*Vc/m
Vcon1 = √V2s +(Is*Xc)2 = √2502+(13.33*XL)2
Vdc = (2√2*√2502+(13.33*XL)2)/0.9
Ls = (√3/2)*(Vdc*m/6a*fs*∆I)
XL/314 = (√3/2)*(2√2√2502+(13.33*XL)2/0.9)*0.9/(6*1.2*5k*0.667)
XL = 8.85 Ω, Ls = 8.85/314 = 28.18 mH
Vcon = √2502+ (13.33*8.85)2= 276.5 V
δ = sin-1(P*Xc/3*Vs*Vc) = sin-1(10k*8.85/3*250*276.5) = 25.26°
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