Índex

Verb to be: singular statements ........................................................................................................................ 1

Possessive Nouns............................................................................................................................................... 2
Possessive Adjectives ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Be + from ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Where + from? .................................................................................................................................................. 4
What .................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Where ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Imperatives: ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
By to express means: ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Who ................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Adjectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Have/Has ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
How old.............................................................................................................................................................. 8
What time .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Prepositions of time .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Information Questions: time. ............................................................................................................................ 8
Demonstratives ................................................................................................................................................. 9
The Simple Present: Affirmative with like, want, need and have. .................................................................... 9
The Simple Present: Negatives and Yes and No questions. ............................................................................ 10
Adjectives ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
Information Questions .................................................................................................................................... 11
The Simple Present: Third person singular ...................................................................................................... 13
Information Time 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Information Questions 2.................................................................................................................................. 14
Frequency adverbs .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Time Expressions ............................................................................................................................................. 15
How often ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
Who as the subject .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Where .............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Prepositions: Place .......................................................................................................................................... 17
There is/There are ........................................................................................................................................... 17
How many........................................................................................................................................................ 18
Present Continuous ......................................................................................................................................... 19
Present Continuous: Spelling Rules ................................................................................................................. 19
Future Time Expressions.................................................................................................................................. 20
The Present Continuous .................................................................................................................................. 20
Plural Form Rules ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Remember: Irregular Plural ............................................................................................................................. 22
Write the plural forms of the following words:............................................................................................... 22
Extension: Any vs Some ................................................................................................................................... 23
Count Nouns/Non-count Nouns ...................................................................................................................... 23
How much........................................................................................................................................................ 24
The simple present vs the present continuous ............................................................................................... 25
Past Time Expressions ..................................................................................................................................... 27
The Simple Past of verb to be .......................................................................................................................... 28
Information Questions: past of verb to be. ..................................................................................................... 29
Simple Past of Regular Verbs ........................................................................................................................... 30
Irregular verbs ................................................................................................................................................. 31
The Simple Past ............................................................................................................................................... 32
Simple Past: questions..................................................................................................................................... 32
Describing People ............................................................................................................................................ 33
Should .............................................................................................................................................................. 34
Can ................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Adverbs ............................................................................................................................................................ 35
Negative........................................................................................................................................................... 36
Adjectives ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
Polite Request: “Could you” ............................................................................................................................ 37
Life; vocabulary................................................................................................................................................ 37
Be going to ....................................................................................................................................................... 38
Would like ........................................................................................................................................................ 39
 Verb to be: singular statements

Affirmative: Subject + verb to be + complement. → Complement (occupation/name/location/adjective)

Contractions: * Contractions:

I am a teacher. I’m a teacher. Contractions are very popular in spoken

You are a student. You’re a student. English and informal writing. Contractions

He is a doctor. He’s a doctor. are not formal. Don’t use contractions if

She is a pilot. She’s a pilot. you want to be formal.

It is a cat. It’s a cat.

They are students. They’re students.

We are doctors. We’re doctors.

You are pilots. You’re pilots.

Negative: Subject + verb to be + not + complement.

I am not a dentist. I’m not .

You are not a driver. You’re not/You aren’t.

He is not a butcher. He’s not/ He isn’t.

She is not a dancer. She’s not/She isn’t.

It is not a dog. It’s not/ It isn’t.

They are not teachers. They’re not/They aren’t.

We are not students. We’re not/We aren’t.

You are not dentist. You’re not/You aren’t.

Yes and No Questions: Verb to be + subject + complement?

*Never use contractions with affirmative answers.

Are you a teacher? +Yes, I am/-No, I am not.

Is she Daniela? +Yes, she is/-No, she isn’t.

Is he an actor? +Yes, he is/-No, he isn’t.

Are they happy? +Yes, they are/-No, they aren’t.

Are you musicians? +Yes, we are/-No, we aren’t.

Is it your dog? +Yes, it is/-No, it isn’t.

Am I a dentist? +Yes, you are/-No, you aren’t.

Is your mother a doctor? +Yes, she is/-No, she isn’t.

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 Possessive Nouns
Possessive Nouns express possession. To express possession, use all apostrophe (‘) plus “s” before the
object of possession.

Owner + ‘s + object

1.- With singular nouns use apostrophe (‘) and s before the before the object.

The car of my father. My father’s car. Jose’s problems.

The house of my mother. My mother’s house. Marco’s food.

The book of my teacher. The teacher’s book. Adriana’s friend.

The dress of Diana. Diana’s dress. Miriam’s book.

The dog of Miguel. Miguel’s dog. Jessica’s dog.

The cat of Sandra. Sandra’s cat. The student’s computer.

The trees of the city. The city’s trees. The teacher’s university.

2.- With regular plural nouns (regular nouns end in s) use apostrophe after the s.

*Irregular plural nouns don’t have an “s”, so add apostrophe and “s” to irregular plural nouns.

The house of my parents. My parents’ house. * Irregular plural nouns don’t have

The children of the neighbors. The neighbors’ children. an “s”, so add apostrophe and “s” to

The food of the dogs. The dogs’ food. irregular plural nouns.

The flowers of the plants. The plants’ flowers. woman-women tooth-teeth

The paint of the cars. The car’s paint. person-people man-men

The school of the students. The student’s school. foot-feet child-children

The cafeteria of the teachers. The teachers’ cafeteria. The children’s toys. Women’s shoes.

Sara is the teacher of Juan. Sara is Juan’s teacher.

The house of Melvin is beautiful. Melvin’s house is beautiful.

The dog of my brother is so big. My brother’s dog is so big.

Ariel is the teacher of Cristian. Ariel is Cristian’s teacher.

Cochabamba is the city of Jessica. Cochabamba is Jessica’s city.

The girlfriend of Diego is tall. Diego’s girlfriend is tall.

The bike of my sister is new. My sister’s bike is new.

The parents of the children are here. The children’s parents are here.

The books of the school are old. The school’s books are old.

The hair of Viviana is short. Viviana’s hair is short.

Maribel is the classmate of Jonathan. Maribel is Jonathan’s classmate.

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Gaby is the friend of Jeancarla. Gaby is Jeancarla’s friend.

The computer Orlando is very expensive. Orlando’s computer is very expensive.

The shoes of women are cheap. Women’s shoes are cheap.

The rights of the people are important. The people’s rights are important.

The water of Javier is dirty. Javier’s water is dirty.

Vanesa is the girlfriend of Mario. Vanesa is Mario’s girlfriend.

Jose is the teacher of Ismael. Jose is Ismael’s teacher.

Possessive Adjectives
Subject Pronouns Possessive Adjectives + object

I My

You Your

He His

She Her + object

It Its

They Their

We Our

Possessive Noun: Possessive Adjective:

Javier’s car. His car.

My parent’s book. Their book.

Lorena’s sister. Her sister.

The house’s door. Its door.

The dog’s food. Its food.

Jose and Mario’s brother. Their brother.

Jessica’s hair. Her hair.

Diego’s car is fantastic. His car is fantastic. What is Jessica’s favorite food?

Mirna is Maria’s cousin. Mirna is her cousin. What is her favorite food?

That house is Jose’s house. That house is his house. Is Juan’s sister happy?

Mr. Sanders is Gisela’s teacher. Mr. Sanders is her teacher. Is his sister happy?

My parents’ car is blue. Their car is blue. Are Karla’s parents here?

The teacher’s homework is bananas. His homework is bananas. Are her parents here?

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This practice is me and my classmate’s practice. This practice is our practice. Where is Brandon’s
girlfriend from?

That house is my dog’s house. That house is its house. Where is his girlfriend from?

Be + from
From: originates.

Affirmative: Subject + verb to be + from + location (city/country).

I am from Oruro. Ismael is from Cliza. Gaby is from Uyuni.

Where + from?
Use “where” to ask for locations.

Formula: Where + verb to be + subject + from?

Where is Pique Macho from? Where are your sisters from? Where is that car from?

Pique Macho is from Cochabamba. My sisters are from Virginia. Thar car is from China.

Where is this house from? Where are they from? Where are your sister’s friend from?

This house is from China. They are from Korea. My sister’s friends are from Cancun.

Yes and No: Verb to be + subject + from + location?

Is she from Oruro? Is Fricase from Cochabamba? Is Puchero from Potosi?

+Yes, she is. -No, she isn’t. +Yes, it is. -No, it isn’t.

Are they from Cochabamba? Are Milena and Rocio from Beni? Is Caporales from Peru?

+Yes, they are. -No, they aren’t. -No, they aren’t. -No, it isn’t.

Is your mother from Cuba? Are Jose and Pepe from Chile? Are the from Peru?

Yes, she is. My mother is from Cuba. Yes, they are. Jose and Pepe are from Chile. No, they aren’t from
Peru.

What
Use “what” for things-occupations/names/fruits/foods/address/e-address/numbers.

Formula: What + verb to be + subject?

What is their last name? What is your occupation? What is your phone number?

Their last name is Lopez. She is a doctor. My phone number is 4375232.

What is Luis’s father’s address? What is Juana’s nickname? What is their first names?

Luis’s father’s address is 12 Lanza St. Juana’s nickname is lady. Their first names are Pepe and Luca.

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What is Silvia’s e-mail address? What is your student’s name? What is Jose’s phone number?

Silvia’s e-mail address is [email protected]. My student’s name is Luca. Jose’s phone number is 6782354.

the (tha) ( with consonants sounds)

the (thee) (with vowel sounds)

Where
For locations

Formula: Wh + verb to be + Subject?

Where is Mr. Perez? Where is Luigi’s restaurant? Where is the airport?

Mr. Perez is across the street. Luigi’s restaurant is down the street. The airport is next to river Rocha.

Simplification:

Where is Monica? Where is the bookstore?

Monica is in her house./She’s in her house. The bookstore is around the corner./It’s around the corner.

Where is the terminal? Where are Andrea, Vero and Adriana?

The terminal is between the bank and pharmacy. Andrea, Vero and Adriana are in the club.

It’s between the bank and pharmacy. They’re in the club.

Imperatives:
Imperatives are used to give instructions and directions. (Orders)

Affirmative: action verb (+) comp. Negative: Do not (don’t) + action verb + comp.

Drive. Don’t drive.

Walk. Don’t walk.

Take a taxi. Don’t take a taxi.

Take a bus. Don’t take a bus.

Wash your clothes. Don’t wash your clothes.

Leave this place. Don’t eat.

Come here. Don’t work.

Do your homework. Don’t do your homework.

Open the door. Don’t open the door.

Clean your bathroom. Don’t clean the bathroom.

Go to class. Don’t take a nap.

Drink milk. Don’t sit down.

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Can I walk to Quillacollo? Can I take a taxi to the stadium?

Don’t walk to Quillacollo. Take a bus. Don’t take a taxi. Walk, the stadium is near.

Can I take a taxi to Oruro?

Don’t take a taxi. Take a bus.

By to express means:
By + transportation

by car by taxi walk = by foot

by bicycle by bus

by moped by train

by motorcycle by subway

How do you go to + place?

How do you go to work? School/ the bank/the university/the airport/the hospital/the terminal.

Exception: home → How do you go home?

Sentence:

Formula: subject + go/goes + by phrase + place

I go by car to work. Or I go to work by car.

Subject + go/goes + place + by phrase

School/bus I go by bus to school./I go to school by bus.

Work/taxi I go by taxi to work./ I go to work by taxi.

Bicycle/the park I go by bicycle to the park/I go the park by bicycle.

Who
For people

Formula: Who + verb to be + subject

Who is your mother? Who are they? Who is he?

My mother is Margarita. They are my siblings. He is my boss.

Who is Jennifer? Who are they? Who are you?

Jennifer is my ex. They are my sister’s friends. I am Maria’s one and only.

Who is it? Who are Daniel and Juan? Who is Dilan’s mother?

It’s your boss. Daniel and Juan are new teachers. Dilan’s mother is Bianca.

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 Adjectives
beautiful angry nervous delighted boring smart/intelligent

tires handsome confused charming bored gorgeous

white dirty scary sick cute crazy

sad good scared horrible muscular cheap

happy soft strange pretty strong expensive

Describe people with a form verb to be and an adjective:

I am crazy. Food in Cochabamba is cheap. The movie the exorcist is scary.

Sucre is clean city. Gabby is pretty. Vivian is charismatic.

The adverbs “very” and “so” make adjectives stronger. Very! So!!! very/so + adjective

Selena Gomez is very pretty. Scarlet Johanson is so pretty. The movie “Titanic” is so boring.

Bolivian women are so strong. Chile is very far. China is so far. Chess is very difficult. The game Go
is so difficult.

The car is very cheap. The car is so cheap. The car is too cheap.

Too + adjective: negative meaning.

Have/Has
Use “have/has” to express possession.

Formula: Subject + verb (have/has) + object

I He

You have 3 brothers She has a house

We It

They

I have an old car. I have a pretty dog. I have a new bicycle. I have a dachshund dog.

Her dogs have a lot of food. She has a long dress. They have a nice house.

The computer has a virus. Cochabamba has many parks. My students have dogs.

My family has many members. Sheila and Maria have long hair. The bus has so many tourists.

a/an= any the= specific

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 How old
Use “how old” to ask about age.

Formula: How old + verb to be + subject?

How old are you? How old is she? How old is your dog? How old id Helen?

I am 21 years old. She is 18 years old. My dog is 6 months old. Helen is 34 years old.

How old is her car? How old are these dogs? How old is the stadium?

Her car is 3 years old. These dogs are 4 years old. The stadium is 56 years old.

What time
To ask for specific time

Formula: What time + verb to be + subject (+ in country/city)

What time is it? What time is in Peru? What time is the quiz? What time is the movie?

It’s noon (12:00 PM) It’s 3:15 in Peru. The quiz? It’s at one o’clock. The movie? It’s at 5:00.

What time is the soccer game? What time is the flight to La Paz? What time is the meeting?

The soccer game is at midnight (12:00 AM) The flight to La Paz is at 6:45 PM. The meeting is at 5 PM.

Prepositions of time
Centuries: 1900, 1980… Decades: 90’s, 80’s, 70’s. Years: 2020, 2001, 1995.

IN Months: September, May, July. Season: Winter, Fall, Spring, Summer.

Periods of time: 2 minutes, 3 hours, 3 days, 5 years… The afternoon, the morning, the evening.

ON Days: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday. Dates: September 5, May 27, August 6.

The weekend.

AT Specific time: 12:00, 5:15, 6:00

Some parts of the day: Night, noon, dawn (amanecer), dusk (atardecer)

Information Questions: time.

What time: for specific time. What day: for specific day. When: not specific time/open/multiple
information.

Formula: Wh + verb to be + subject?

What time is the meeting? What day is the meeting? When is the meeting?

The meeting is at 3:00. The meeting is on Monday. It’s next week. It’s at 3:00.

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It’s at 3:00. It’s on Monday. It’s on Monday. It’s next week on
Monday at 3:00.

When is the party? What day is the meeting? What time is Jessica’s graduation?

The party is at night. The meeting is on Wednesday. Jessica’s graduation is at noon.

What time is the trip? When is the final exam? When is the concert?

The trip is at midnight. The final exam is on Monday at 8:35 The concert is in the morning.

What day is the movie? When is Silvia’s dance? When is the festival?

The movie is on Thursday. Silvia’s dance is on Friday night. The festival is on May 30 at 5:00
PM.

Demonstratives
Singular: This → Near That →→ Far

Plural: These → Near Those →→ Far

Demonstratives + Objects

This hat is beautiful. → That hat is beautiful. →→

That house is old. That cat is so dirty. This pencil is new. That school is big.

I really like that car. I don’t know this girl. This tree is pretty. That book is expensive.

These shoes are son nice. That cat is on the roof. That is my cousin Michel.

Those children are happy. That woman is mean. Those cars are so cool.

The Simple Present: Affirmative with like, want, need and have.
Like (gustar) Want (querer) Need (necesitar) Have (tener)

I like trancapecho. I want money. I need a new car. I have an old car.

I like the United States. I want to rest. I need papers. I have a daughter.

I like the park. I want to travel. I need money. I have a computer.

Formula: Subject + verb (action) + object/complement.

I like likes

You want food. He wants food.

They need She needs

We have It has

X Maria want run. Maria wants to run.

My mother likes to cook Lawa. Her sister needs a house. My students want to party this weekend.

I like those shoes. Juan a Marcos have that shirt in green. Heather likes Juan.

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Diego needs a friend. He is so lonely. Cochabamba needs more trashcans. Ramiro and his sister need
more time with the exam.

The Simple Present: Negatives and Yes and No questions.

Negative: Subject + do/does not (don’t/doesn’t) + verb base form + object/comp.

I like He like

You don’t want money. She doesn’t want money.

We need It need

They have have

Like Want Need Have

I don’t like tripitas. I don’t want a lot of pets. I don’t need drama. I don’t have a moped.

I don’t like fights. I don’t want a lot of work. I don’t need a bike. I don’t have a car.

Paco doesn’t like to sing. Maya and Luis don’t need to go to parties. Lucas doesn’t want a bike.

Pepe doesn’t need more problems. Bolivia doesn’t need more problems. Juan doesn’t like fish.

Diego’s parents don’t have a house. Helen’s father doesn’t like to work.

My sisters don’t have pets. My teacher doesn’t need to ger married. He is a baby.

Yes and No Questions: Do/Does + subject + verb base form + object/complement?

Do you like trancapecho? Does your mother want pets?

Yes, I do. I like trancapecho. No, she doesn’t. My mother doesn’t want pets.

Does Hector need a tie for the party? Do we need more milk?

Yes, he does. Hector needs a tie for the party. No, we don’t. We don’t more milk.

Do we like El Prado? Does your dog like cats?

Yes, we do. We like El Prado. No, it doesn’t. My dog doesn’t like cats.

Do they like to go the Cine Center? Do the cats need food?

Yes, they do. They like to go the Cine Center. Yes, they do. The cats need food.

Do I need a new dress? Does Maria have a car?

Yes, you do. You need a new dress. No, she doesn’t. Maria doesn’t have a car.

Do you like that restaurant? Does your mother need more soap operas?

No, I don’t. I don’t like that restaurant. Yes, she does. My mother needs more soap operas.

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 Adjectives
beautiful old fantastic tired dirty

pretty new perfect cheap tight

cute tall long expensive loose

handsome short angry nervous big

attractive bad well suspicious deep

good looking good happy clean shy

1.- Use adjectives after verb to be. (subject + verb to be + adjective)

The girl is tall. The suit is expensive. The children are happy.

The dog is angry. The woman is nervous. It is a black shirt.

The students are tired. The man is suspicious. The exam is easy.

2.- Use adjectives before the noun they describe or modify. (adjective + nouns)

She is a tall girl. It is an expensive suit. They are happy children.

It is an angry dog. She is a nervous woman. It is a black shirt.

They are tired students. He is a suspicious man. It is an easy exam.

Information Questions
What: for things. What color: for specific color. What size: for specific size.

Why: for explanations/reasons. *Answer with “because” Which: for selection/choice. *Answer with
“one/ones”.

comer= to eat cantar= to sing

What: Wh + do/does + subject + verb base form (+ obj/comp)?

What does she want? What do they like? What does Juan need?

She wants shoes. They like fish. Juan needs a tie.

What color _____: Wh _____ + do/does + subject + verb base form (+ obj/comp)?

What color shoes does she need? What color jeans do they like? What color hat do you want?

She needs black shoes. They like blue jeans. I want a black hat.

What size _____: Wh _____ + do/does + subject + verb base form (+ obj/comp)?

What size t-shirt does Helen need? What size shoes does Michael want?

Helen needs a large t-shirt. Michael wants a size 9.5 shoes.

What size jackets do Diego and her sister like?

Diego and her sister like XL jackets.

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Why: Wh + do/does + subject + verb base (+ obj/comp)?

Why does she need a blue dress? Why do you want a jacket?

She needs a blue dress because she has a party tonight. I want a jacket because it’s so cold right now.

Which: _____: Wh _____+ do/does + subject + verb base form (+ obj/comp)?

a blue shirt= a blue one red shoes= red ones

Which t-shirt do you want? Which shoes does she have? Use one or ones with which

I want the black one please. She has the green ones. one: replaces singular objects.

Which boots do you love? Which blouse does Maria need? ones: replaces plural objects.

OMG. I love the brown ones. Maria needs the small one.

What does she like? What size shoes do they need? What color jacket do you want?

She likes food. They need size 12 shoes. We want a pink jacket.

What color sweater does he need? Why does she need shoes?

He needs a black sweater. She needs shoes because her shoes are old.

Which dress do you want? Which suits do they have? What do they need?

We want the green one. They have the black ones. They need a car.

Why does Juan need a suit? What color clothes do Miriam and Jose like?

Juan needs a suit because he has a wedding this weekend. Miriam and Jose like red clothes.

Why does Adriana like blue shirts? What color suits do Javier and Waldo have?

Adrian likes blue shirts because it’s her favorite color. Javier and Waldo have black suits.

What does Jennifer need? Which color jacket do you want? What size clothes do they like?

Jennifer needs a house. The black one, please. They like XL clothes.

What color tie do you need? What size T-shirt does Diego need? Why does she want the pink jacket?

I need the blue one. Diego needs a T-shirt size M. She wants the pink jacket, because
it’s the color of her school.

Why are you happy? What size jeans does Daniel need? What color shirt do they like?

I am happy because today is Friday. Daniel needs size 32 jeans. They like the blue shirt.

Which jacket do they like? What does Juan want? Why does she want the blue car?

They like the purple one. Juan wants a ticket to Jamaica. She wants the blue car because she
is tired of her old car.

What size does Jennifer like? Which pants does she want? What do they like?

Jennifer likes size 10 shoes. She wants the orange ones. They like movies.

Why does Jennifer want tickets to Bolivia?

Jennifer wants tickets to Bolivia because my teacher gave her second opportunity.

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 The Simple Present: Third person singular
• We add -s to the verb to form the third person singular (he, she, it)
drink → drinks drive → drives run → runs clean → cleans BUT

• We add -es to verbs that end in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o.
watch → watches kiss → kisses go → goes fix → fixes
catch → catches wash → washes

• With verbs ending in consonant +y, we change the -y to -ies.

cry → cries study → studies worry → worries

• But with verbs ending in vowel +y, we just add -s as usual.

play → plays enjoy → enjoys say → says

Verbs
See → sees worry → worries talk → talks change → changes

Drive → drives jump → jumps miss → misses ride → rides

Brush → brushes scrub → scrubs dress → dresses contemplate → contemplates

Look → looks wait → waits hate → hates love → loves

Think → thinks cook → cooks write → writes read → reads

Practice → practices swim → swims jog → jogs draw → draws

Paint → paints ride → rides buy → buys negotiate → negotiates

Wonder → wonders type → types shop → shops investigate → investigates

Pay → pays decorate → decorates

Information Time 2
What time: for specific time. When: not specific time/open/ multiple information.

I eat breakfast at 8:00 PM. I eat breakfast early in the morning. In the morning.

At 8:00. Before 8:00. After 8:00. I eat breakfast in the morning at 8:00.

What time do you go to bed? When does she go to school? When do they take a shower?

I go to bed at midnight. She goes to school in the afternoon. The take a shower in the evening.

What time does Juan brush his teeth? What time does Silvia make dinner?

Juan brushes his teeth at 7:00. Silvia makes dinner at 5:00 PM.

What time do you play video games? When do they like to go shopping?

I like to play video games at 11:00 PM. They like to go shopping on the weekend.

What time does he need to go to class? When hoes Sheyla like to dance?

He needs to go to class at 3:00. Sheyla likes to dance at night.

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 Information Questions 2
What time: information about specific time. Why: explanation/reason.

When: not specific time/open/multiple information. Who: information about people.

What day: information about day. Which: for selection/choice.

What color _____: specific color. Where: information about location.

What size _____: specific size. What: for things.

Formula: Wh + do/does + subject + verb base form (+ obj/comp)?

Who does she like? Who do they know?

She likes Jose. They know Mr. Lopez

What do they like? What time does Mr. Lopez drive to work?

They like pizza. Mr. Lopez drives to work at noon.

What color dress does Maria need? When does Maria travel?

Maria needs a red dress. Maria travels in the winter.

What color car do they want? When do they come to visit you?

They want a black car. They come to visit me on Monday.

Who does he talk with? What does Daniela play?

He talks with Martha. Daniela plays soccer.

Where does she work? Which shoes does the school need?

She works in Quillacollo. The school needs the red ones.

Frequency adverbs
Adverbs of frequency tell how often something happens.

Always Usually Sometimes Never

100% 60-90% 40-50% 0%
Listen to music. Eat breakfast. Watch the news. Eat tripitas.

Go to work. Go to the market. Drink soda. Eat onions.

Eat breakfast. Read articles. Eat pork. Play soccer.

Sweep the floor. Exercises. Jog. Eat avocado.

1.- Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb if the main verb is not “to be”.

Formula: Subject + frequency adverb + verb + obj/comp.

I eat tripitas. I never eat tripitas.

Gaby plays soccer. Gaby never plays soccer.

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Ismael eats avocado. Ismael never eats avocado.

Adriana reads articles. Adriana usually reads articles.

2.- Adverbs of frequency come after the verb “to be”. (am, is, are, was, were)

Formula: (verb to be): Subject + verb to be + frequency adverb + complement.

I am happy. I am always happy.

She is late. She is sometimes late.

They are tired. They are usually tired.

He is nervous in class. He is sometimes nervous in class.

I am shy. I am never shy.

She is sad. She is usually sad.

Time Expressions
M-T-W-T-F-S-S

Every day x-x-x-x-x-x-x Every Wednesday= On Wednesdays

Every Saturday x Once a week= Four times a month

Every Tuesday and Friday x x Every weekday

On Mondays x Every weekend

On Tuesday and Sundays x x

M-T-W-T-F-S-S

Once a week x

Twice a week x x

Three times a week x x x

Month Year

Three times a month x x x once a year x

Twice a month x x

How often
Use “how often” to ask how frequently someone does an activity.

Formula: Wh + do/does + subject + verb base form (+ obj/comp)?

How often do you go to work? How often does she go shopping?

I go to work once a week. She goes shopping three times a month.

How often do they cook at home? How often do we go out for dinner?

They cook at home every Saturday. We go out for dinner once a month.
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How often does Javier go swimming? How often do you brush your teeth?

Javier hoes swimming three times a week. I brush my teeth three times a day.

How often do they to travel to La Paz? How often we meet in the park?

They travel to La Paz once a year. We meet in the park five times a week.

How often do they go dancing? How often does Jennifer call your teacher?

They go dancing every Friday. Jennifer calls my teacher every hour.

How often does Nelson walk his dog? How often does she take out the garbage?

Nelson walks his dog once a week. She takes out the garbage twice a week.

How often do we have English class?

We have English class five times a week.

Where do you live? What does Adriana do? How often do Viviana and Maribel clean their house?

Where do they work? Why does Ismael need new shoes? How often does Jeancarla come to class?

Who as the subject

In questions with “who as the subject” we don’t have a subject in our questions.

What happens if you don’t have the subject? What happens if you want to know who the subject is? What
happens if you have an activity in mind but don’t know who does the activity?

Formula: Who + verb in the third person + obj/complement?

Who eats ice cream? Who travels to Oruro once a week? Who eats Llajua?

I do. She does. He does. Juan and Pedro do. I do. Lucas does. Ana does.

They do. We do. Maria does.

It does.

Who does the homework? Who works in Cochabamba? Who drives to Colcaphirua?

Mario does. He travels to La Paz. They do. They work in Cochabamba. We do.

Final AIT-0A

Where
For location/place

Formula: Wh + do/does + subject + verb base form (+ obj/comp)?

Where does your mother live? Where does Martha’s sister work?

My mother lives in Barcelona. Martha’s sister works in Potosi.

Where do Javier and Ana play? Where do your parents study?

Javier and Ana play at Lincoln Park. Our parent’s study at San Simon University.
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Where do Linda’s grandparents live? Where does she study English?

Linda’s grandparents live in London. She studies English at the CBA.

Where do they like to go? Where does she shop?

They like to go to the beach. She shops at Hipermaxi.

Where do you eat lunch?

I eat lunch at home.

Prepositions: Place

Countries: Bolivia, Peru, Jamaica. Cities: Cochabamba, Sucre, New York.

IN Neighborhoods: Chimba, Sarco. Enclosed spaces: The living room,

Small transportation: the car, the taxi.

ON Streets: 25 de Mayo, San Martin. Avenues: Juan de la Rosa, Blanco Galindo.

Surfaces: The 1st floor, the wall, the table. Means of transportation: the bus, the train.

AT Addresses: 560 Beni St. Specific locations: the hospital, the terminal.

There is/There are

There is + singular noun + complement (location) There are + plural noun + complement (location)

There is a star. There are three stars.

There is a heart. There are five check marks.

There is a question mark in the box/square. There are three stars, two hearts and one circle.

There is a heart in the box.

Affirmative: There is + singular + complement. There are+ plural + complement.

There is a computer in my room. There are four bathrooms in my house.

There is a big kitchen in the house. There are three dogs in the patio.

There is a lemon tree in the patio. There are two cats in my sister’s room.

Negatives: There is + not + singular + complement. There are + not + plural + complement.

There isn’t a pool in my house. There aren’t two cars in my house.

There isn’t a balcony in my house. There aren’t butterflies in the garden.

There isn’t a table in my room. There aren’t people in the patio.

* Alternative: There is + no + singular +complement. There are + no + plural + complement.

There is no pool in my house. There are no cars in my house.

There is no balcony in my house. There are no butterflies in the garden.

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There is no table in my room. There are no people in the patio.

Yes and No: Verb to be + there + noun + complement?

Is there a computer in your room? Are there four bathrooms in your house?

Is there a big kitchen in the house? Are there three dogs in the patio?

Is there a lemon three in the patio? Are there two cats in my sister’s room?

* Response:

Is there a chair in your room? Are there children in the park?

+Yes, there is. -No, there isn’t. +Yes, there are. -No, there aren’t.

Is there a park near your house? Are there dogs in your room?

+Yes, there is. -No, there aren’t.

How many
Many: with countables only. Many people Much water

A lot: with countables and non-countables. Many apples Many students

Much: with non-countables only. Much salt Much soda

Formula: How many + plural noun + are there + complement?

How many bedrooms are there in the house? How many dogs are there outside?

There are three bedrooms in the house. There is one dog outside.

How many bathrooms are there downstairs? How many chairs are there in the living room?

There is one bathroom downstairs. There are two chairs in the living room.

How many fruits trees are there in the garden? How many cats are there in Lucia’s house?

There is one fruit tree in the garden. There are 6 cats in Lucia’s house.

How many fridges are there in the kitchen? How many eggs are there for the cake?

There is a fridge in the kitchen. There are 6 eggs for the cake.

How many rooms are there in the house? How many cars are there on the street?

There are 5 rooms in the house. There is one car on the street.

How many + plural + do/does + subject + verb base form (+ complement)?

How many eggs do you need for the pancakes? How many oranges does she want for the juice?

I need three eggs for the pancakes. She wants 5 oranges for the juice.

How many bottles of milk are there? How many dogs are there in the park?

There is one bottle of milk. There is a dog in the park.

How many houses are there in the neighborhood?

There are 4 houses in the neighborhood.

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 Present Continuous
Use “present continuous” to express actions in progress now.

Affirmative: Subject + verb to be + present participle (verb-ing) + obj/complement.

I am talking to my students.

I am teaching English.

My students learning English.

My mother is cooking. Adriana is talking. My dog is running in the yard.

My brother is sleeping. I am sitting on a chair. My internet is working.

You are watching the screen. My dog is running. I am typing.

I am drinking water. I am running I the park.

We can present continuous for this moment. We can present continuous for actions right now.

I am running right now. I am running at this moment.

Present Continuous: Spelling Rules

1.- To form the present participle (verb-ing), add “ing” to the base form of a verb:

Jump → Jumping Talk → Talking

Cook → Cooking Walk → Walking

2.- If the base form has a silent “e” removed the “e” and add “ing”:

Leave → Leaving Take → Taking

Come → Coming Write → Writing

* If the verb has a voiced “e” add “ing” after the “e”:

Be → Being See → Seeing

3.- If the verb is one syllable and ends in consonant-vowel-consonant sequence, double the last
consonant before adding, “ing”.

Sit → Sitting Run → Running Swim → Swimming

* If the verb end in w, x, or y, don’t double, add “ing”:

Blow → Blowing Fix → Fixing Say → Saying

Eat eating pay paying close closing

Read reading buy buying draw drawing

Think thinking stop stopping turn turning

Help helping do doing sing singing

Go going mix mixing use using Box boxing

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Affirmative: Subject + verb to be + present participle + obj/comp.

I am typing. I am sitting. Adriana is writing. He is crying.

We are listening. She is studying. I am watching TV. You are typing.

Negative: Subject + verb to be + not + present participle + obj/comp.

It’s not raining My cat is not playing. I am not dancing. You are not writing.

Marla is not sleeping. He is not smiling. Adriana is not eating. Orlando is not drinking.

Yes and No: Verb to be + subject + present participle + obj/comp.

Are you typing? +Yes, I am. -No, I am not. Are you sitting? +Yes, we are. -No, we aren’t.

Is Adriana writing? +Yes, she is. -No, she isn’t. Is he crying? +Yes, he is. -No, he isn’t.

Are we listening? +Yes, we are. -No, we aren’t. Are you typing? +Yes, we are. -No, we aren’t.

Is Jamy dancing? Are you typing in your room?

No, she isn’t. Jamy is not dancing. No, I am not. I am not typing in my room.

Are Juan and Mirna getting married? Are they playing in the park?

Yes, they are. Juan and Mirna are getting married. Yes, they are. They are playing in the park.

Is your sister coming? Is Marco singing in his school?

No, she isn’t. My sister is not coming. No, he isn’t. Marco is not singing in his school.

Is Miguel texting to his girlfriend? Is it raining right now?

Yes, he is. Miguel is texting to his girlfriend. No, it isn’t. It’s not raining right now.

Future Time Expressions

This morning today tomorrow the day after tomorrow

This afternoon Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Today: this evening next Monday next Tuesday next month next year

At night next week next weekend

After + _____? (time) Needs sequence Later (doesn’t need a time, because it’s not specific)

The Present Continuous

1. Use present continuous for actions in progress now: 2. Use present continuous for future plans:

I am talking. I am talking tomorrow.

I am talking right now. I am dancing the day after tomorrow.

I am talking at this moment. I am writing a book today.

I am talking in this very second. I am cooking Silpancho this evening.

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Formula: subject + verb to be + verb-ing + obj/complement Subject + verb to be +verb-ing + object +
(time expression for now). future time expression.

I am drinking Coca Cola. I am drinking juice at noon.

She is eating a snack. She is eating a snack in the afternoon.

They are thinking about time expression right now. They are thinking about the exam next week.

2. Use the present continuous for future plans:

I am taking a vacation next month. I am going shopping on Saturday.

Estefany is swimming this Sunday. Gaby is exercising at night.

Adriana is speaking good English by the end of year. Ismael is going for a walk on the weekend.

Adriana is watching Narco series this weekend. Michelle is traveling next month.

Michelle is going to her high school in the afternoon. Orlando is eating Charke tomorrow.

Hugo is getting a new job next year. Orlando is doing the laundry next weekend.

Information Questions: Wh + verb to be + subject + verb-ing (+obj/comp)?

Where are you drinking a pina colada? Who is Orlando playing Chess with?

I am drinking a pina colada in Jamaica. Orlando is playing chess with his uncle.

Why are you relaxing in Jamaica? What is she studying for?

I am relaxing in Jamaica because it’s my vacation. She is studying for her university exam.

When is Adriana traveling for her vacation? What is Adriana reading?

Adriana is traveling for her vacation this year. Adriana is reading her memoirs.

Who is Jennifer Lawrence thinking about right now? What is she dancing to?

Jennifer Lawrence is thinking about me right now. She is dancing to the music of Mana.

What is Estefany studying for? What are you doing at this moment?

Maria is studying for her medical specialty exam in Germany. We are studying at this moment.

What is she doing in the park? What are Lucia and Emilio doing?

She is running in the park. Lucia and Emilio are getting married.

What are they eating in El Prado? What are you watching this evening?

They are eating Pique in El Prado. I am watching “Terminator 2” this evening.

Why are you going to work? Where are they dancing Salsa?

I am going to work because my vacation is over. They are dancing Salsa in the square.

Why are Julio and Mario moving to Toronto? What time is Javier meeting Juan?

Julio and Mario are moving to Toronto because they have a new job. Javier is meeting Juan at 3:00.

Why is your teacher not getting married? Who is Silvia dancing with?

My teacher is not getting married because he is allergic. Silvia is dancing with Mario.

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* Where is she running? When are you watching “Terminator 2”?

She is running in the park. I am watching “Terminator 2” this evening.

Where are they eating Pique?

They are eating Pique in El Prado.

Plural Form Rules

1.- To make regular nouns plural, add -s to the end.

Cat → cats house → houses ball → balls car → cars

2.- If the singular noun ends in -s,-ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add -es to the end to make it plural.

Bus → buses lunch → lunches tax → taxes box → boxes

Church → churches bush → bushes

3.- In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require that you double the -s or -z prior to adding the
-es for pluralization.

Fez → fezzes gas → gasses

4.- If the noun ends with -f or -fe, the f is often changed to -ve before adding the -s to form the plural
version.

Wife → wives wolf → wolves

* Exception: roof → roofs belief → beliefs chef → chefs chief → chiefs

5.- If a singular noun end in -y and the letter before the -y is consonant, change the ending to -ies to
make the noun plural.

City → cities puppy → puppies

6.- If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel, simply add an -s to make it
plural.

Ray → rays boy → boys

Remember: Irregular Plural

Man - men woman – women foot – feet tooth – teeth mouse – mice

Child – children fish – fish sheep – sheep salmon – salmon deer – deer

Write the plural forms of the following words:

Egg – eggs tomato – tomatoes child – children box – boxes

Tooth – teeth lady – ladies book – books leaf – leaves

Foot – feet toy – toys man – men fish – fish

Mouse – mice sheep – sheep knife – knives salmon – salmon

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House – houses wolf – wolves horse – horses star – stars

Church - churches bus – buses dress – dresses day – days

Potato – potatoes brush – brushes

Are there + plural nouns + complement?

Are there tomatoes in the house?

Are there oranges in your house? +Yes, there are. -No there aren’t.

Are there eggs in the fridge?

Are there people in your house right now?

Are there any + plural nouns + complement? (Any shows urgency-Any is not specific amount)

Are there any carrots? +Yes, there are. -No there aren’t.

Are there any oranges for the juice? Would you like some food? Do you want some water?

Are there any potatoes for the fries? Do you want some juice? Do you want some food?

Are there any peas for lunch?

Extension: Any vs Some

Any: in yes and no questions: Some: in yes and no questions:

Are there any bananas? Are there some bananas?

Do you have any bananas? Do you have some bananas?

Any: with negative sentences. Some: with affirmatives sentences.

There aren’t any potatoes at home. There are some potatoes at home.

Are there any potatoes? Are there potatoes?

No, there aren’t any. Yes, there are some.

I don’t want any cheese. I want some cheese. She has some dogs. There aren’t any pets.

I want some juice. I don’t want any juice. She doesn’t need any salt. There are some dogs.

Count Nouns/Non-count Nouns

Count Nouns: name things you can count.

Banana 2 bananas 3 bananas

Count nouns can be singular or plural.

I have one banana. She has 10 bananas.

You can use “a” or “an” with count nouns.

He is a student. She is an engineer.

Uncountable Non-count Nouns: name things you cannot count.

Rice sugar salt

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Non-count nouns cannot be singular or plural. They are simply “non-count”.

I have rice. She likes coffee.

You cannot use “a” or “an” with non-count nouns.

She wants cheese. I need salt.

* Always use singular verb form with non-count nouns:

There is water on the floor. Cheese is delicious.

Children c money n chicken n TV c

Sofa c house c house c car c

Bread n Pique n radio c ketchup n

Onion c tomato c black pepper n orange c

Watermelon c turkey n

Chicken (the meat)= N Chicken (the animal)= C

I want to eat chicken. I want to buy two chickens.

Pieces I want 3 pieces of bread please.

Non-count nouns: very small things, gases, liquids, creams, etc.

Abstract ideas: love, education, justice, democracy, honesty.

How much
Ask questions about quantity with “how much”

Formula: How much + non-count noun + do/does + subject + base form + obj/comp?

How much cheese do you want? How much water do you need? How much do you love me?

I want 2 bars of cheese. I need three buckets of water. I love a lot.

How much milk do you need for the cake? How much meat do we have? How much time do we have?

I need three glasses of milk. We need three pounds of meat. You have one hour.

How much milk does Jessica want? How much time does Mirna have?

Jessica wants 2 glasses of milk. Mirna has three minutes.

How much oil does she need for the month? How much water do they want?

She needs 3 bottles of oil for the month. They want 4 bottles of water.

How much salt do you have? How much cream does Diego like?

I have a lot of salt. Diego likes a lot of cream.

How much sugar does she want? How much beer do you need for tonight?

She wants 3 pounds of sugar. I need six cans of beer for tonight.

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Formula: Is there any + non-count + complements?

Is there any cheese in your house? Is there any ice in the fridge? Is there any oil left?

+Yes, there is. -No, there isn’t any.

Is there any food to eat? Is there any meat for lunch? Is there any toothpaste?

Formula: How much + non-count + is there + complement?

How much water is there on the floor? How much bread is there for breakfast?

There is a lot water on the floor. There are 5 pieces of bread for breakfast.

How much cheese is there on the table? How much milk is there for her?

There are three bars of cheese on the table. There is one glass of milk for her.

The simple present vs the present continuous

The simple present: The present continuous:

Subject + verb + object/complement. Subject + verb to be + verb-ing + obj/complement.

- For habits and routines: - For actions in progress now:

I work every morning. I am writing.

She goes to school every day. She is cooking right now.

They go shopping on Sundays. He is listening to me.

- With frequency adverbs: - Don’t use the present continuous for habits,
routines, or with frequency adverbs:

I never eat mangoes. I am teaching every day.

We sometimes play soccer. She is always learning English.

- Use the simple present, not the present continuous,

with verbs: like, want, need, and *have: - For future plans:

I like this city now. I am shopping tomorrow.

Orlando needs money right now. You are swimming on Saturday.

They have a house. My students are taking the exam next week.

She wants a dog for tomorrow.

Dynamic verbs Stative verbs

Verbs with an action Verbs without an action

Run need

Drive want

Eat have

Play like
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Work hate

Jump contemplate

Jog love

Renovate know

Believe

Posses

Present simple: do/does Present continuous: is/are

1.- check the verb

2.- check the time expression or frequency adverb

Maria always gets up at 10:00. Is Silvia coming tonight? They don’t want more food.

Juan likes that car so much. Does Miguel love that girl? Do they want to go out later?

She is running around the city on Monday. I run every day. We don’t like this fish.

Janeth needs a car for Tuesday. Does he like me? We aren’t reading the book right now.

Is Juan moving to Oruro on Monday? She’s not playing outside. Juan never goes shopping on Fridays.

I do not cook in the afternoons. He reads novels every week.

Where does she work? How many chairs are there in the living room?

She works in Sacaba. There is one chair in the living room.

Where do they work? How many eggs do you need for breakfast?

They work in Comteco. I need 3 eggs for breakfast.

Where does Juan study? How many children does she want?

Juan studies in Cliza. She wants 5 children.

Where does Mariana work? How many shirts do they love from that store?

Mariana works in Quillacollo. They love three shirts form that store.

Where do you buy your clothes? How many bedrooms are there in the green house?

I buy my clothes in La Cancha. There are 5 bedrooms in the green house.

Where does she buy food? How many dogs are there outside?

She buys food at Ingavi Market. There is one dog outside.

Where do you play soccer? How many students are there in the classroom?

We play soccer at the stadium. There are 9 students in the classroom.

Where does she go running? How many cars do you have?

She goes running in the park. We have two cars.

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Where do they work? How many siblings do Silvia’s parents have in Sucre?

They work on Blanco Galindo Ave. Silvia’s parents have 4 siblings in Sucre.

Where does he relax? How many children are there in the park?

He relaxes on his bed. There are 12 children in the park.

How many dogs do they need?

There are 12 children in the park.

Silvia’s parents her parents Miguel’s dog his dog

Mario’s sister his sister Selena’s address her address

Jose and Maria’s father their father Anna’s pendrive her pendrive

Where do Silvia’s parents live? Where do her parents live?

What are their last names? What are Jose and Mario’s last names?

What is their last name? What is Rebeca and Yolanda’s last name?

Past Time Expressions

The day before yesterday Yesterday Today

Sunday Monday Tuesday

Last Monday (Days) Today

Last week Tuesday

Last month July

Last year 2021

(number) 2 days (days) ago Today

3 weeks (weeks) Tuesday

5 months (months) July

10 years (years) 2021

6 months ago was December. What day was 5 days ago?

One day ago= yesterday= last Monday

Last Sunday= the day before yesterday= 2 days ago

I graduated from high school in 1997. I almost got married 2010. I went the university in 1998.

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 The Simple Past of verb to be
Use the simple past of verb to be for description in the past.

Is/am= was are= were

Affirmative: Subject + was/were +complement (adjectives/prepositional/phrases/nouns “occupations”)

I You (singular) were a doctor in Bolivia.

He was happy yesterday. They were in the mall two days ago.

She We were in the mall two days ago.

It You were teachers five years ago.

Affirmative: Subject + was/were + complement.

I was in Virginia 5 years ago. He was an engineer 8 years ago. He was in Italy 5 months ago.

She was a teacher last year. I was in Sucre last month. I was a good athlete in high school.

They were very happy together. I was in Bolivia 5 years old. They were in the supermarket 3 days ago.

Negative: Subject + was/were + not + complement.

I wasn’t a good salsa dancer in high school. I wasn’t on shift two days ago. I wasn’t good at math.

My parents weren’t at work last week. I wasn’t so heavy 5 years ago. I wasn’t good in chemistry.

They weren’t good friends last year. Ariel wasn’t good at dancing. They weren’t so bored at the party.

Yes and No: Was/were + subject + complement?

Were you in Peru 5 years ago? Where they very happy together? Were you a good athlete in high school?

+Yes, I was. -No, I wasn’t. +Yes, they were. +Yes, I was.

Was he a doctor 8 years ago? Was she a teacher last year? Were they good friends last year?

+Yes, he was. -No, he wasn’t. -No, she wasn’t. -No, they weren’t.

Was JLaw your teacher’s girlfriend? Were they married?

Yes, she was. Jennifer Lawrence was my teacher’s girlfriend. No, they weren’t. They were not married.

Information Questions: Wh + was/were + subject (+ complement)?

Where were you? When was that? Why were you there?

I was in Oruro. That was yesterday. I was there because I love Sucre.

How was she? What time was the meeting? Who was she at home with?

She was very happy. The meeting was at 3:15. She was at home with her sister.

Where was your dog? Where was your car? How was the weather?

It was in the garden/My dog It was outside. It was windy.

Where was your family yesterday?

They were at home/It was at home.

* Who/Whom Whom do you love? → I love Jessica. Who do you love?

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What do you have? How many cars do you have? Are there 4 houses in the neighborhood?

I have a car. I have one car. Yes, there are. There are 4 houses in the neigh……

How many brothers does she have? Where does Paco live? How many children are there in the patio?

She has 5 brothers. Paco lives next to my house. There are 3 children in the patio.

How much water do you have? What does she have? Where do you study?

I have 3 cups of water. She has a house and a dog. I study in the living room.

Time Expression for Simple Present: Time Expression for Present Continuous:

Every day on Mondays right now this moment

Every week sometimes now this second

Every month never tomorrow in two weeks

Every year always on Saturday in five days

Every time usually next week next month

1. Check the verb. 2. Check the time expression.

Information Questions: past of verb to be.

How were you last night? Where were they?

I was very tired last night. They were at home.

How was she yesterday in the morning? Why was he sad?

She was very busy yesterday in the morning. He was sad because he lost his dog.

Where was Hugo last night? Where were they?

Hugo was at work last night. They were at school.

Where was Orlando? Where were you last year?

Orlando was in the park. I was there last year.

Who was Sheila with? Which avocado was the best?

Sheila was with her boyfriend. The green one. The green one was the best.

How was she yesterday? What time was the party?

She was sad yesterday. The party was at 8:00.

Where was he in the afternoon? What day was the meeting?

He was at home in the afternoon. The meeting was on Monday.

Who were you with last night? Why were the dogs happy?

I was with friends last night. The dogs were happy because I made them soup.

What was the dinner? How was the restaurant?

The dinner was Pique. The restaurant was fantastic.

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 Simple Past of Regular Verbs
1. The simple past is formed by adding -ed to the base form of the verb.

Base form silent +ed Simple past

Walk d t id walked → t

Push vowels/n p/k/ch t-d pushed → t

Greet greeted → id

Watch watched → t

2. For regular verbs ending in the vowel -e, add -d.

Base form +d Simple past

Hate hated → id

Love loved → t

Hope hoped → t

Tie tied → d

Free freed → d

3. For the very few English verbs that end in a vowel other than -e, add -ed.

Base form +ed Simple past

Ski skied → d

Echo echoed → d

* Exceptions: do and go. These verbs are irregular.

4. For regular verbs that end in a vowel +y, add -ed.

Base form +ed Simple past

Play played → d

Survey surveyed → d

Enjoy enjoyed → d

* Exceptions: say and buy. These verbs are irregular.

5. For regular verbs that end in a consonant +y, change the -y to -i and add -ed.

Base form -y, +ied Simple past

Cry cried → d

Study studied → d

Worry worried → d

6. For regular verbs ending in a consonant + vowel + consonant, double the final consonant before adding
-ed.
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Base form +ed Simple past

Dam dammed → d

Beg begged → t

Plan planned → d

Flip flipped → t

Practice
Answer answered miss missed shop shopped

Push pushed arrive arrived remember remembered

Jump jumped save saved cook cooked

Search searched open opened stay stayed

Listen listened smell smelled wash washed

Stop stopped dance danced survive survived

Irregular verbs
Drive drove I drove to work yesterday. See saw

Buy bought She bought me clothes. Sit sat

Drink drank I drank Coke. Sleep slept

Eat ate We ate pizza last night. Spend spent

Come came She came to my house. Swim swam

Find found I found money in the park. Take took

Catch caught I caught the ball during the game. Meet met

Fly flew She flew to Panama. Fall fell

Get got I got food for lunch. Fight fought

Go went We went to the cinema. Teach taught

Have had She had a boyfriend. Understand understood

Leave left I left the accident. Put put

Hit hit read read

cut cut write wrote

Quit quit

My brother loved to dance last night. Mi sister loved to swim last week.

My brother loved dancing last night. My sister loved swimming last week.

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 The Simple Past
Use the simple past for finished actions in the past.

Affirmative: Subject + verb (past) + object/complement.

I listened to music last night. Orlando played chess last weekend.

My mother watched her soap operas yesterday. She cried in the afternoon.

I went to the clinic yesterday in the afternoon. My sister painted walls in the afternoon.

She danced last night. I read Pedro Paramo with my son last night.

She brought my food. I played fronton last night.

Negative: Subject + did not + base form + object/complement.

I didn’t listen to music last night. Orlando didn’t play chess last weekend.

My mother didn’t watch her soap operas yesterday. She didn’t cry in the afternoon.

I didn’t go to the clinic yesterday in the afternoon. My sister didn’t paint walls in the afternoon.

She didn’t dance last night. I didn’t read Pedro Paramo with my son last night.

She didn’t bring my food. I didn’t play fronton last night.

Yes and No: Did + subject + base form + obj/complement?

Did you eat breakfast? Did she dance with Kevin? Did they go out last night?

+Yes, I did. -No, I didn’t. +Yes, she did. -No, she didn’t. +Yes, they did. -No, they didn’t.

Did you call your family? Did you cook lunch? Did Jennifer text you?

+Yes, I did. -No, I didn’t. -No, she didn’t.

Information: Wh + did + subject + base form (+ obj/complement)?

Who did you dance with? What did they eat for lunch? What time did you star work?

I dance with Scarlet. They ate a sandwich for lunch. I stared work at 8:35.

Where did she visit? What did he take? When did she work there?

She visited Uyuni. He took the car. She worked there last month.

Where did she work last month? Where did she work there?

She worked there last month. She worked there last month.

Simple Past: questions

Yes and No: Did + subject + verb base form + obj/complement?

Did he go to school? Did you drive to work? Did they come?

Yes, he did. He went to school. Yes, I did. I drove to work. No, they didn’t. They didn’t come.

Did they eat breakfast? Did Sheila buy a car? Did we/you go home?

No, they didn’t. They didn’t eat breakfast. Yes, she did. Sheila bought a car Yes, we did. We went home.
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Did Bolivia win something in the Olympics? Did you practice the verbs in past form this weekend?

No, it didn’t. No, I didn’t.

Information Questions: Wh + did + subject + base form (+ obj/complement)?

Who did you talk to? What did your mother cook? When did she take her dog for a walk?

I talked to Jennifer. My mother cooked Silpancho. She took her dog for a walk on Saturday.

Where did Sandra go? What time did you watch a movie? Who did he dance with?

Sandra went to the park. I watched a movie at 3:00 PM. He danced with Sonia.

How often did she cook? What did Mirna buy? Why did they go to the stadium?

She cooked once a week. Mirna bought a new TV. They went to the stadium because they love
live games.

* Who as the subject: Who + verb in simple past form + obj/complement?

Who listened to music yesterday? Who cooked this weekend? Who took a shower yesterday?

I did. We did. They did. She did. Jose. I did. Maria did. Maria. I did. We did. The dog did. The dog.

Who went to work on Sunday? Who cleaned the house? Who played soccer?

Ali did. Ali went to work on Sunday. She did. She cleaned the house. They did. They played soccer.

Describing People
With verb to be: With have/has

Object + verb to be + adjective Subject + have/has + adjective + object

My eyes are black. I have black eyes.

My mother’s hair long and wavy. She has long and wavy hair.

Her eyelashes are long and dark. She has long and dark eyelashes.

His lips are thin. He has thin lips.

Their hair is curly. They have curly hair.

Javier’s nose is small. He has a small nose.

Sonia’s skin is light brown. She has light brown skin

Jessica’s mouth is small. She has a small mouth.

My hair is long and wavy. I long and wavy hair.

My aunt’s hair is short and white. Sha has short and white hair.

My fingers are long. I have long fingers.

My eyes are brown. I have brown eyes.

My brother’s hair is black. He has black hair.

My eyes are big. I have big eyes.

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My arms are strong. I have strong arms.

My legs are skinny. I have skinny legs.

His nose is big. He has a big nose.

Should
Use “Should” to give suggestions.

Affirmative: Subject + should + base form + obj/complement.

Situation one: I am sad. You should go out with your friends.

You should rest.

You should call your friends.

Situation two: I have a fever. You should take your temperature and take paracetamol.

You should go to the doctor

You should rest.

Situation three: I don’t have money. You should get a job. Lend: →

You should wait for pay-day. Borrow: ←

You should borrow.

The bank lent me money. My mother lent my sister money.

I borrowed money from the bank. My sister borrowed money from my mother.

Negative: Subject + should not (shouldn’t) + base form + obj/complement.

Situation four: I didn’t pass the exam. You shouldn’t play video games so much.

You shouldn’t go out with your friends.

You shouldn’t be lazy.

Situation five: I can’t sleep. You shouldn’t drink coffee at night.

You shouldn’t too much so late.

Situation six: I am sick. You shouldn’t go out last night until late.

You shouldn’t get out of bed.

You shouldn’t go to work.

My girlfriend has another boyfriend. You should finish with her.

You should talk to her.

You should do the same.

You should have another girlfriend too.

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 Can
Use “can” to express ability

Affirmative: Subject + can + base form + obj/complement.

I can draw. Adriana can tell stories. Maribel can swim.

I can drive. Orlando can type really fast. Michelle can cook.

I can speak English. Estefany can dance bachata. Estefany can heal people.

I can use an industrial dishwasher. Ismael can do many push-ups. Adriana can listen to people.

Negative: Subject + can not + base form + obj/complement. (can’t-cannot)

I can’t dance cumbia. Adriana can’t sing and play soccer. Estefany can’t ride motorcycles.

I can’t cook. Orlando can’t climb. Maribel can’t ride bicycles.

I can’t swim. Michelle can’t fly. Estefany can’t be a bad girl.

I can’t do bungee jumping. Ismael can’t play soccer. Adriana can’t swim.

Yes and No: Can subject + verb base form + obj/complement.?

Can you cook puchero? Can you swim in a pool with sharks? Can you dance on the street?

+Yes, I can, -No, I can’t.

Can you hold your breath for 2 minutes? Can you eat hot pepper? Can you run 2 Km?

Can you sing on stage? Can you drink coffee without sugar? Can you cheat on your English exam?

Adverbs
Well and badly

Well: good. Badly: bad

Adverbs describe the action. Verb + adverb

I swim well. I swim badly.

I swim very well. I swim very badly.

Can + verb + adverb

I can cook well. I can cook badly.

I can cook very well.

Can she dance cumbia? They cook well.

Yes, she can. She can dance cumbia well. She runs badly.

Can they paint? Juan paints very well.

No, they can’t. They can’t paint. Marco and Maria can swim badly.

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Can Maria cook? I draw very well.

Yes, she can. Maria can cook well. He moves badly.

Can Jose work here? Jessica can sing badly.

No, he can’t. Jose can’t work here.

Can we /you run to Quillacollo? Can I do anything?

Yes, we can. We can run to Quillacollo. Yes, you can. You can do anything.

Can you eat spicy food? Can your sister speak Chinese?

No, I can’t. I can’t eat spicy food. Yes, she can. My sister can speak Chinese.

* I believe I can fly. If I can see then I can do it.

I believe I can touch the sky. If I can see it, I can do it.

Negative Adjectives

Expensive angry bored cheap ugly bad

Sick short loose tired skinny small

Too
Use “too” to express that something is more than what you like or need.

Too + adjective has a negative tone.

Too + negative adjective.

That car is too expensive. I am too tired. Jose’s cat is too skinny.

This woman is too angry. This motorcycle is too cheap. I am too bored to play soccer.

This shirt is too loose. That house is too small. The movie is too short.

This apartment is too small. My friend is too angry. I am too tired.

My computer is too expensive. I am too young to get married. My dog is too small and skinny.

My car is too old. My jacket is too cheap. I am too hungry.

Your story is too boring. Her car is too expensive. You are too quiet.

My apartment is too small. My brother is too skinny. The center of Cochabamba is too dirty.

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 Polite Request: “Could you”
Ask questions with “could you” to make a polite request. (A favor)

Formula: Could you + base form + obj/complement?

Could you help me? Could you open the door? Could you give me some money?

Could you turn on the TV? Could you call me? Could you cook?

Could you lend me your car? Could you take me on a trip? Could you lend me your lawn mower?

Could you give me a glass of water?

To make more polite: ADD please. Could you + please + base form…?

Could you please help me? Could you please take me to work? Could you please help to cook?

Could you please lend me some money? Could you please take me to work? Could you please give me a
ride to work?

Could you + base form + obj/complement + please?

Could you help me, please? Could you take me to work, please? Could you lend me some money,
please?

Life; vocabulary
Be born

+ on + date: I was born on September 25, 1980. I have studied at San Simon

+ in + location: I was born in Oruro. University. It’s a great.

+ at + time: I was born at 3:00. University. I continue to visit.

+at + specific location: I was born at Viedma Hospital. That place. It’s special for me.

Grow up

+ in + city: I was born in Oruro, but I grew up in Cochabamba.

Go to school

in + location: I went to school in Los Angeles.

+ at + the school: I went to school at Kenmore. * I went to Kenmore School.

Move

+ to + place: I moved to Sucre in 2010.

+ in + date: I moved in August 2010.

Study

+ at + the school: I studied at San Simon University.

+ in + place/location: I studied in Cochabamba. I studied in the living room.

+ for + the reason: I studied for the exam. I studied medicine for my family.

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Graduate

+ from + the school: I graduated from Haynesville Community College.

+ in + the year: I graduated in 1998.

+ on + day: I graduated on Monday. * I graduate next month.

Be going to
Use “be going to” to express future plans and intentions.

Affirmative: Subject + be going to + verb base form + obj/complement.

I am going to relax this weekend. Adriana is going to watch a series on Netflix this weekend.

I am going to go shopping on Friday. Ismael is going to travel with his cousin this weekend.

I am going to watch G.O.T. this month. Michelle is going to eat with her family on Wednesday.

Hugo is going to move this month. Maribel is going to go shopping for books tomorrow.

Orlando is going to travel next Friday. Estefany is going to study for the exam on Wednesday.

Present Continuous: Be going to:

I am drinking soda tomorrow. I am going to drink soda tomorrow.

She is driving to work on Sunday. She is going to drive to work on Sunday.

Javier is studying for the exam. Javier is going to study for the exam.

Milenka is going to the market Milenka is going to go to the market.

I am going home PC She is going to eat. BGT

They are going to the cinema. PC He is going to run. BGT

We are going to the market for food. PC We are going to go the market for food. BGT

* I am going to be what I want. I’m gonna be what I want.

I am going to travel tomorrow. I’m gonna travel tomorrow.

She is going to be here in the morning. She’s gonna be here in the morning.

I am eating ice cream with my sister this Sunday. I am going to eat ice cream with my sister this Sunday.

They are visiting tomorrow. They are going to visit tomorrow.

We are taking the exam in two days. We are going to take the exam in two days.

She is running on Monday. She is going to run on Monday.

We are traveling to Bolivia. We are going to travel to Bolivia.

He is going to Los Angeles. He is going to go to Los Angeles.

We are cooking soup. We are going to cook soup.

They are writing a letter. They are going to write a letter.

Ana is dancing with her boyfriend this weekend. Ana is going to dance with her boyfriend this weekend.

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I am watching a fantastic movie tonight. I am going to watch a fantastic movie tonight.

He is going shopping with his family in the night. He is going to go shopping with his family in the night.

Helen is going to Oruro on the weekend. Helen is going to go to Oruro on the weekend.

I am creating the final exam. I am going to create the final exam.

Negative: Subject + be + not + going to + base form + obj/complement.

I am not going to check exam this weekend. Adriana is not going to go to La Cancha this week.

I am not going to travel this month. Orlando is not going to go swimming this month.

I am not going to go dancing this weekend. Michelle is not going to go dance class tomorrow.

Ana is not going to wash the dishes on Monday. Maria is not going to work at the hospital on Sunday.

Ismael is not going to wash his shoes. Hugo is not going to buy at “best buy” this weekend.

I am not going to move from Cochabamba. I love it. I am not going to call her back.

I am not going to make hamburgers at home anymore. I am not going to buy a house soon.

I am not going to travel to Oruro anymore. I am not going to eat monkey ear anymore.

Yes and No: Be + subject + going to + base form + obj/complement?

Are you going to travel this month? Is she going to eat fish tomorrow? Are they going to come?

+Yes, I am. -No, I am not. -No, she isn’t. +Yes, they are.

Is Ismael going to travel Corani? Is Maribel going to wash to dishes on Sunday?

+Yes, he is. -No, he isn’t. +Yes, she is.

Is Michelle going to eat monkey ear in Mayaya? Is Adriana going to move to a different city?

-No, she isn’t. +Yes, she is.

Is Hugo going to keep in touch with the class? Are my students going to be friends after this month?

+Yes, he is. +Yes, they are.

Is Orlando going to sleep for more than 10 hours soon?

+Yes, he is.

Would like
Use “would like” to express things that you want in your future.

Affirmative: Subject + would like to + base form + obj/complement.

I I’d like

You You’d like

He would like to eat Pique. He’d like to eat Pique.

She She’d like

They They’d like

We We’d like
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I’d like to buy a house in five years. I’d like to sleep for a moment. I’d like to change my job in one year.

I’d like to change careers in two years. I’d like to eat Saltena. I’d like to see my family soon.

I’d like to buy a new car one day. I’d like to earn my own money. I’d like to travel this year.

I’d like to move back to Virginia in 10 years. I’d like to eat Charque. I’d like to buy a new car soon.

I’d like to study for your masters next year. I’d like to eat Tacos. I’d like to buy a lot of books.

I’d like to win the lottery. I’d like to travel to Mexico. I’d like to hang out with my friend
on the weekend.

Affirmative: Subject + would like + object.

I’d like a lot of money. I’d like a new car.

I’d like real love. I’d like a new cellphone.

I’d like a good career. I’d like a new stethoscope.

I’d like a best friend. I’d like a new fish-tank.

I’d like children. I’d like a vacation soon.

I’d like a job. I’d like new shoes.

I’d like a house. I’d like a more advanced computer.

I’d like more time.

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