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JWT Computer Science One Liners

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JAHANGIR'S World PUBLICATIONS FIND INSIDE + Exam-relevant, Updated Data * Repeated Questions from Past Papers * Infographics, Tables, Facts and Figures * One-stop Solution for Competitive Exams Compiled by Fatima Ali Raza es = Ml Scanned with CamScanner JAHANGIR'S iret PUBLICATIONS COMPUTER SCIENCE ONE-LINERS : ‘Compiled by Fatima Ali Raza Scanned with CamScanner © ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ‘No partof this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval sytem, electronic or mechanical, without the written ‘permission of Writer and Publisher. sggestioas and complaints please contact Fe i infojworkimes.com www jbdpress.com Legal Adviseis: (Chaudbary Riaz Akbtar (MA, LLB) ‘Rana Shahzad Khalid (Advoeate High Coun) Front Title Designed by: JBD Art Section. Price Rs, 399/- RESEARCH Is THE KEY TO SUCCESS Head Office: Quality Control Dept. | Lahore Outlet. ‘sham Steet, Unu Bez] + 121-D, Oulberg it | #2-AL-Kareem Market Labor, Ph:37314319 | Labor, Ph: 35757086 | Undu Bazaar Ph:37220879 Lahore: Jahangir Sons, Johar Town, Ph: 042-35290892-3 he Lahore: Jahangir Sons, ulber, Ph: (42-35771000 Rawalpindi : Ia Road, Commitee Chowk. Ph: 051-5539609 pats Hyderabad ; House No.1948, Near Ali Mantoa, Lajpat Road, Ph: 022-2780128 Karachi; Gewali Line #3, Near Muqadas Masjid, Urdu Bazaar, 021-32765086 “Computers heip us communicate quickly and efficiently with others throughout the world.” — Bradley Miller Scanned with CamScanner CONTENTS QBasic Information About Computer... © Introduction and Fundamentals to Computer Pees Computer is an electronic device which works on electricity. The word computer derived from Latin word “Computare” which means to calculate , to count or to sum up. =s-¢>-=s Generations of Computers... Types of Computers... Languages of Computer.. Input Devices.. Scanned with CamScanner 6 ‘Computer Science © Data Units in Computer Systems. (© Magnetic Tapes and Disks. © Opiical Diss © Memory Stange Devices. © Pons and Buses. © Bus Stuctures. A group of lines that serves a connecting path for several devices is called a bus ‘¢ Inaddition to the lines that carry the data, the bus must have lines for address and control purposes The simplest way to interconnect functional units is to single bus, 03 shown below. ph Operating Syste mn © Number Systems 0 Dept a Logic and Universal Gates, O Spreadsheet Package... computer Science 7 OoococoooooOoD © Graphics Package .. © Word Processing. (© Digital Image Proc (© Digital Logic and Computer Architecture (Computer Networks een Network fewer Soros ey tec Sed Database Systems. Management Information Systems. Software and Hardware. Asti Intelligence, Cloud Computing and IT. ‘Network Security, Encryption and Viruses Internet and Email Communications. Web Engineering, ‘System Analysis and Design Automation System... ‘The Firsts in Computer Science Famous Computer Scientists Inventors and Their Inventions. Scanned with CamScanner > | Computer Science ‘computer Sclence CHARLES BABBAGE 1791-1871 2 Google Chrome nn Microsoft Office J+ English inventor |. taught math at Cambridge ‘University |» invented a viab! mechanical computer equivalent to modern digital computers called the difference and analytical engine |- Called the Father of modern computer. Timelines. (© Timeline of thé Consumer Computer Revolution. | & & (© Timeline ofthe Theory of Computation and Electronic Digital Computers © Browser Timeline |G. Keyboard Shortcuts. © Microsoft Word | O Microsoft Excel © Other useful Shortcut Keys. © Microsoft PowerPoint. O Microsoit Word Microsoft Excel. © Microsoft Access. (© Miscellaneous. Solved Past Papers. Abbreviations (© Windows and Linux ( Microsoft PowerPoint Ho 10 13 MS Office comprises of: MS Word Skills include: page setup, text formatting, editing ee MS Excel Skills include: spreadsheets, workbooks, formulas | MS Powerpoint Skills include: presentation design, animation MS Outlook Skills include: navigation, archivization ua 14 ur 9 9 140 Scanned with CamScanner BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT ComPuTER INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTALS To Computer © Computer is derived from a Latin word ¢ i “ “to sum up” or “to think together”. rd Computare which means “to calculate”, “to count”, 9 Computer is an electronic machine which Process input into meaningful information. Keyboard Monitor tee) Printer Scanner [7 Data | Information Speaker Memory Other Input Other Output ‘The brain of the computer is central Processing unit. A computer mainly consists of electronic devices. The use of computer is attractive because of its accuracy, reliability and speed. Modem computers as compared to earlier computers are faster and smaller. Acomputer cannot do anything without programme. The display device on a computer, similar to a television screen is called monitor. The first computers were programmed using Machine language. Hybrid computer resembles both a digital and analogue computer. Analog computers works on the continuous electrical pulses and digital computers work on the discrete electrical pulses. Digital computers use discrete electrical signals for operation rather than continuous electrical signals.- © Ifa computer has more than one processor then it is known as Multiprocessor. . All the files deleted from the computer are stored in the recycle bin, In computer system word ‘BOOT? is used for “To start a computer”. oeooo0o000g000 Scanned with CamScanner 2 Computer Seng, (© Acomputer programme that converts an ene programme into machine language atone tn, iscalled Compiler. © AConpiler is a computer progranne that translates code written in a high level language, ‘a lower level language, objec machine code. lo GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS ©. Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used © There area toll of five Generations of computer (© The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes asthe base components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). * acre eee Cd led ee er Rc Se Sd Oe ee etd See ae eg tad © The firs generation ofthe computer relied on the machine language, (© ENIAC and UNIVAC are examples ofthe first generation of the computer. © The first commercial computer was UNIVAC. (© Transistors were used in the second generation of the computer. © The second generation of computer moved to the symbolic or assembly language from cryptic binary machine language, ”. rc (© The first computer ofthe second generation was developed for the atomio energy industry. © The first-ever transistor was invented in bess was 1947 but could never be used in the computer until ‘2 Two significant developments during this phase include the development of FORTRAN or S le phase include the devel of FO! ~ Fonnula Transition and COBOL or Common Business 0 which. was : Business-oriented Language, Ds Moe rd arth senertion wed Integrated Circuits (IC) in place of transistors. ai ‘enemton, the usage of keyboards and monitors was started for the input va Bae Sane fom tis Generation of computer are PDP-, IBM 360, ICL. 2500, fourth generation used very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits, ist i purpose Measurement Measurement Pes, Example: Weather Example: Petrol pumps, forcasting Moder, speedometer, Simulation, FCG machines, jetplanes ee . 3 computer Science COMPARISON BETWEEN 3"? AND 4™ GENERATION LANGUAGES HIRD GENERATION ‘FOURTH GENERATION Used by professional 2. May be used by non: programmers programmers 35 wel, Require tsk performance 3. Require specications of what specications (how) task to perform (what) Al alternatives ae speofied 4. Defaut akematves ae builtin Require large number of 5. Require far few instructions Instructions Code dificult to read, and 7, Cade easy to read and lnderstand maintain, Originally developed for —&. Developed primal for on-tne. batch processing ‘Can be dificult to learn Dic to debug 10, Typical fle oientes. 10, Easy to team 11, Easier to debug 12. Typical database oriented ‘The first microprocessor, Intel 4004 chip was discoyered by Ted Hoff and was made commercially available in 1971 Graphical User Interface was developed during the fourth generation. ‘The computers which were introduced during this Generation include Apple I the first [BM ‘computer, STAR 1000, and many more. (© The fifth generation of the computer is based on artificial intelligence and development. TYPES OF COMPUTERS (© There are three types of computers basically on the basis of operation: “Analog, Digital and Hybrid. TYPES OF BASIC COMPUTER | Hybrid Computer toro ane output: ele ana Graph Bised on: Countopand 00 0 Digital Computer| Analog Computer Input: enor. | Input Messe input Output: n/a O7 ements | based: counting | Output: Graph picture amples Genel | Bateson: Continuous Scanned with CamScanner —_— ih “ Computer Seng Analog compute ia computing device tat works on continous range of values Oram computer uses iar number system n which tee ae only rw digs an © yi compute is mostly usd with automatic operation of complicated Physical proc, and the machines. © Personal Computer is a single user microprocessor. ith more powerful microprocessor. © Workstation isa single user computer system wil Mini Computer is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of us, simultaneously. © Main Frame is a imulti-user computer system, simultaneously. © Mainframe computers are mainly used in banks. © Supercomputer is an extremely fast compute, which can execute hundreds of millions ot instructions per second. © Supercomputers ae wsed with complex application like global weather forecasting, cenig gah images, engineering design and testing, space exploration, ete. © Eaample of supercomputers include the computers used by NASA to launch space shuttles LANGUAGES OF COMPUTER (© A machine language consists of the numeric cod computer can execute directly. “4 so le le ow Cuse PHP ‘computer system having moderately power capable of supporting hundreds of uses fes for the operations that a particular tog A Sic CON ATO) Cte “ae Op Ts ED i eo ' Sehene Cobol ne avaS ripe et ms Tee DavaS CHIDE fr = :Ruby © Assembly language uses short mnemonic codes for instruct c codes for instructions and allows the programme ° ‘0 introduce names for blocks of memory that hold data, sy ‘Algorithmic languages are designed to express mathematical or symbolic computations. © The first important algorithmic Bovey lpr slab lnguage was FORTRAN (Fora Translation), design! # (© Ada language was developed in the eati, 1980s for the US Depart computer Science 1s (© ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) was designed by a committee of American and European Computer scientists during 1958-60 for publishing algorithms, es well as for doing computations. LISP (list processing) was developed about 1960 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and was founded on the mathematical theory of recursive functions. ‘The C programming language was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kemighan at the AT&T Corporation for programming computer operating systems. ‘There are 5 basic datatypes in C language: int, char, oat, double, void. ‘COBOL (common business-oriented language) has been heavily used by businesses since its inception in 1959. ‘SQL (structured query language) is a language for specifying the organization of databases (collections of records). BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was designed at Dartmouth College in the mid-1960s by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz. ‘About 1970 Niklaus Wirth of Switzerland designed Pascal to teach structured programming, ‘rhich emphasized the orderly use of conditional and loop control structures without GOTO statements. ‘Logo originated in the late 1960s asa simplified LISP dialect for education, Hypertalk was designed as “programming forthe rest of us" by Bill Atkinson for Apple's Macintos’, erence Tow_tevel anguage ) (‘Middle evel tanguage (Machine Language) _){_ (@ssembly Language Use 15 80's t0 Use mnemonics to create instructions create instructions x Binary Language © Object-oriented languages help manage gomplexity in large programmes © The C++ language, developed by Bjame Stroustrup at ATT in the mid-1980s, extended C by adding objects to it while preserving the efficiency of C programmes © GF (pronounced C sharp like the musical note) was developed by Anders Hejlsberg ot ‘Microsoft in 2000, © 0 0 00 oo High Level Language Similar to human language COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC EGov, JAVA ‘Assembly Language tment of Defense for large- ‘scale programming, Scanned with CamScanner —E_ Computer Science 1“ ava was designed by Sun aan © ta the ely a roping neue fr weed Niguosens esr esescalnauakte st he Wor Wy developed by Microsoft wo extend | rubber ball that rls as the mouse is (© Visual Basi was do oFC by acing objects and_| moved, Sensors inside the mouse be apis of BAS ecmoeear a senna cues language Python Was translate it into command that the © Be creer Gado wan Rosa in 991+ | computer interprets ‘easy-to-use language, Optical mouse: It uses an LED sensor indentation instead of to detect movement and then sends that information to the computer to ‘operate as per movement. (© Python was designed as an vei features such as using i ‘brackets to group statements jral or Decaratve languages, also called nonprocedura ONS bigh level, are progamming languages in Naa eal) a program specifics what is to be | Infrared (IR) or radio frequency cordless mouse: With beth these Yona thn tow dit swam . ‘pmpening in logis) ste a progam | types the mou rely eatin a pate atin wired tote Tact are used as research tols | computer's mouse pot. The © LISP, Ml 8 Hagen in aonated | cordless mouse requires power, 1a EEE aeorem proves, and in some | which requires btteres, ‘commercial projects. (© Scrigting languages are sometimes called litle Scripting | cognges intended to solve relatively | f i are intended to solve | ° ‘small programming problems that do not require the overhead of daia declarations and other features needed to make large programs manageable. © TeX was developed during 1977-86 as a text formatting language by Donald Knuth, a Stanford Univerity professor, to improve the quality of ‘mathematical notation in his books. ‘© PostScript is a page-description language developed in the exly 1980s by Adobe Systems Incorporated ‘on the basis of work at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center). © SGML (standard generalized markup language) is am international standard for the definition of "ho languages, © HTML (hypertext markup language) is the markup -Tanguage for encoding Web pages. ‘A nysusé with many buttons: The. | extra buttons on mouse can be: - ° “computer Selence - 0. XML (extensible markup language) isa simplified form of SGML intended for documents © that are published on the Web. CGI (common gateway interface) transmits requests and responses between the reader's Web browser and the Web server that provides the page. “[npuT DEVICES Input devices accept data from outside the cormptr and transfer it into the CPU. ‘A device which encodes characters by the depression of key is known as keyboard. Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer. ‘Arrangement of keys on keyboard is called Querty arangemest. “Mouse isthe most popular pointing device. Joysticks are similar to mice in that they transmit X-¥ hand coordinates to the com position a cursor on the screen. {A light penis light-sensitive pointing input device commonly used 19 selector otherwise modify text or data ona screen “Track ball isan input device that is mostly ued in notebook or laptop computer instead of amouse. ‘Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. Digitizers a device that changes information into digital form. Microphone isan input device to input sound that is then stored ina digital frm. Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR) input device is generally used in banks bocause of 2 la ‘number of cheques to be processed everyday. (Optical Character Reader (OCR) i an input device used to read a printed text. Bar Code Readers a device use for reading bar coded data Optical Mark Reader (OMR) is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of ‘mark made by pen or pencil. Output Devices © Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDUD, are the main output devise of a computer. ‘The Flat-Panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volum« and power requirement compare to CRT. Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper. Laser Printer is a type of printer that utilizes a laser beam to produce an image on a drum, tnetal or plastic head against ° e000 000 ° 000 ‘An impact printer is a type of printer that operates by striking an ink ribbon, A device that prints once character at time is known as Character printer. Scanned with CamScanner beam ; — om PAE Sceey ———aqaputer Sclence 19 © Thecontal unit of CPU controls the operations ofl pa ofthe computer out does nea Toe tal data procesting operations © eid pa of CPUiskrown as Arithmetic Logie Unit On arithmetic logie unit (ALU) isa gia cet used © perform anthmetc and oes perton. pauses gives contol ofthe CPU tothe proses selected bythe shorter shat Brainy sehedlng layin, CPU lloeted othe process with ihe pr OCA feces the insrcnon rom memory zcxtg tthe vale of progam count. © Theadavess generated the CPU isa logical addres Othe cent processor of moder digi computer consists of contol unit and primary memory REGISTERS Fan instruction is any task which is tobe prfomed by the proceso. eet rinters prints characters by spraying pattems of ink on the paper ftom a nozzle oe. © nmretions are stored inthe register. © 3D printers are ‘the most recent development in the printing process and creates a three. (© Every instruction has an opcode. ebjea fom CAD or compulenade Sign model ° Facet ‘of a register is called word size. STORAGE DEVICES (0 MBR holds the contents of the accessed (read/written) memory word. ‘Storage devices are the computer hardware used to remember/store data. MAR orthe memory address register is not a visible register. Hard disk drives are non-volatile magnetic storage devices capable of remembering vas, (© The instruction STA 16-bit address isa data transfer instruction, amounts of data © The IMP instruction is used to move toa panicular location. 0° (© Sold sat dives are non-volatile storage devices capable of holding large amounts of dat > Sign fag isa typeof status register othe fag register. ° very fast solid state:storage medium that is > There is only 1 sign bit in all the standards. olen nv aimisahee cast i oe, pe called backward compatible since it contains the instruction set of its © ROM isa non-volatile memory chip whose contents cannot be altered. A 2 fetcpengaataneee nasa eet ae (RORY ave: ‘© The area inside a computer frame and auxiliary where data and instructions are stored 1s called memory. ‘A memory page containing a heavily used variable that was initialized very early and is in © constant ies removed and then the page easement algorithm used is FIFO. , The two major types of computer chips are primary memory chip and microprocessor chip “Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU: memory is implemented using the SRAM chips. ever the data is found in the cache memory, itis ealled as Cache HIT LU is a type of replacement policy used by the eache memory cache is said to be inconsistent CPU ‘© CPU is considered as the brain ofthe computer. © CPU performs all types of data processing operations. ‘© Itcontrols the operation ofall parts of the computer. CPU consists of three parts. | © The first partis known as memory unit, | O The memory unit of CPU can. ore instruc : 2 Mesa pata nt, nt inemeitere Scanned with CamScanner ___ ~~ - Comte sag, ‘computer Sclence a » mnsfer rate measurement units bytes/second ; ss toca! o Tm bps), ° sooopy wee iste ficient method for oe ics a whe 8S ey (9. Magnetic disk isa direct access secondary storage device. (© Primary memory holds ‘only those data and inst urea, G_The disk’s surface is divided into a numberof invisible concentric circles called tracks. watiag : son pucsnaneatly: (© Each track of disk is subdivided into sectors ° Sern menor tl or rig alr © There are 8 of more sectors per track. ° ‘wo ype of memories RAM snd ROM ar PT nt ef 3 THOME a (©. Asector typically contains 512 bytes. (© RAM (Random-access Memory) is the B day _pisk drives are designed to read/write only whole sectors at atime. programme, and a til the machine is working, (© The interval between the instant a computer makes a request forthe transfer of data from a ‘© RAMs areadtwrite memory which stores data un disk system to the primary storage and the instance this operation is completed is called the | disk arrival time. © ROM (Read Only Memory isthe memory frm which we can only read but cannot wre The disk access time depends on the seek ime, latency and transfer rate par (© The time required to spin the desired sector under the read/write head, once the read site Sate head is positioned on the desired track is called latency. Tenporary storage place for infomation na computer is called buss OrmicaL Disks fer Ned access time: ce a (© Optica disks are highly reflective ‘Optical disks can be used to store extremely large amounts of data in a limited space. ch integrated circuits are fabricated iscalledeby, (© Laser beam technology is used in optical disks for recording or reading of data on the disk. ° ° ° (©. Time required for a computer to locate: (©. Anextremely small piece of silicon on whit DATA UNITS IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS n UNIT ‘SHORTENED CAPACITY psi aes we» cons ar vey og ee fen refered 1 ate Bit » 1or0 (ener of) © The tracks in an optical disk are divided into equal size sectors, “Bye B sbi Pee ric ccs enc of optical disks are typically in the range of 100 9 300 milliseconds Kilby xB 1024 byes that ofhard disks aren the range of 10 30 iliseconds. Nagi MB 1024 kilobytes © The Winchester disk is not atype of optical disk. Gigabyte B 41024 mepabes Memory STORAGE DEVICES Teabyte 2 1024 gigabytes ‘© Bemoulli disks are a type of magnetic hard disks. Reabyte i 1024 terabytes © A flash drive often called as a pen drive enables easy transport of data from one computer Exabyte EB 1024 petabytes to another. Zetabyte ZB 1024 exabytes. © Memory card serves a similar purpose as that of fash drive. verte] ¥B 1024 ztabytes © Ast ofa dk ves wit ei ttn i forming le ae Naa Storage nit called disk ray. o = ares ;AND Diss © The proces in which a file is paritoned ito smaller pars and diferent pars are stored in Magnetic: are sequential access devices. different disks is stripping. ‘© Ironoxide and chromium dioxide is generally used in magnetic tapes, © Disk packs use a number of hard disk platters. | haveiinhdraase NEG keel ren Cor tig mt et oleh nd the a carding dey Nig Soiled hile ponent oo ‘can be stored on & given length of the tape: B Scanned with CamScanner hen n . ——— the processor to other componens a ft devices . input cies onto signals om he proses 10 other components 2 Tsong Bus or USB Por ca COMES 2 kinds of external USB devices sy. © eral hard ik es or ane ome RPO AE 9 pszisatype of por used by older computer: for connecting input devices oA pt omecs mostorto computers Vie cd © A FireWire Port allows user comet digital video camcorders and, petipheal devices. , oer cand ade ia ana evo th connect OPW roe trosdband nework " © AaEtheret port aso called a jack or socket) i an opening on compute, network eau that Ethernet cables plug into. (© Game port connects a joystick to PC. i Bus STRUCTURES (© The main vine for using single Bus structure is cost.¢ ataching peripheral devices. Buffer registers are used to overcome the devices. “To extend the connestivity of the processor bus we use PCI bus. IBM developed a bus standard for ther line of computers ‘PC AT" called ISA. “The bus used to connect the monitor tothe CPU is SCSI bus. fective connectivity and ease ¢f ° difference in data transfer speeds of variow °° Cesar eens ae ara Control bus Conese un) EEE components a= 23 computer Science ° ° ° OPERATING SYSTEM ° © 000 00 00 00 00 a) tn multiple Bus organization, the registers are collectively placed and referred as register fie ‘The main advantage of multiple bus organization over a single bus is the reduction in the number of eycles for execution. ‘The ISA standard Buses are used to connect hard disk and processor. Application ‘An operating system (OS) can be defined asa set of programs as Aa oPeniols, supervises and supports a computer system's hardware and application packages. Oracle is not an operating system. Linux is an operating system of open source, Unix-based systems offer both a command line interface and a grophical user interface. Memory Management keeps track ofthe primary memory. Operating system helps in deallocating CPU when the processor is no longer required for process execution. Device Management keeps track of all the devices. Device Management is also called VO controller that decides which process gets the device, when, and for how much time. ‘Job Accounting keeps track of time and resources used by various jabs and/or users. ‘Control over System Performance records delays between the request for a service and from the system. ‘To access services ofthe Operating System an interfce is provided by the System Calls. ‘The main function of command interpreter is to get and execute the next user-specified ‘command. Ia process fails, most operating systems write the eror information to logfile ‘A facility that dynamically ads probes to a running system, both in user process and in the kemel is called DTrace (08 X has a hybrid kemel Hybrid kernel is a combination of two different kernels ‘Those systems which allows more than one process execution at a time, are called ‘multiprogramming systems. ‘When process is unable to run until some task as been completed, the process is in blockest sate and if process i using the CPU, its in running state ‘A Process Control Block (PCB) does not contain bootstrap programune “The number of processes completed per uit ime is known as throughput Operating system Hardware Scanned with CamScanner u ‘0 The address ofthe nest instruction 10 be executed by the eurent process is provided by the programme counter. (© Aprocess stack does (© Asetof processes is deadlock if each NUMBER SYSTEMS : (© There are wo main ype of number systems: Positional and 'Non-positional. ‘© Positional System uses digits forthe representation. (© Now-positinal number systems use certain symbols fr the representation ‘of numbers. © tna nomposkional manber system, 1 is represented as 2 05 Ih 3 at UL 4 and 5 jg represented as IHL. not contain PID of child process. process is blocked and will remain so forever. (Hexadecimal (ease x0105)} (ss22(021] (oeaa0-n) a (© Inapositional number system, base i the numberof digits the system comprises, (© Abacus was used to doing arithmetic calculations around 2500 years ago. © BCDisthe binary coded decimal form of representation of numbers in 4 bits. (© A decimal number system consists of 10 digits from 0t0 9. (© Another name for base is radix. (© The Roman number system isn't a positional number system since it uses symbols to represent numbers. © Inabinary number system, the value of base or radix is 2. (© Machine Language is writen in binary codes ony. | © Tnamumber syste, every digit is denoted by a specific power of base. A, B, C, D, E and F represent 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and oes Computer Science | Science oo DATA TYPES “© Datatypes are of tree basic types: Numeric, Alphabetic and Alphanumeric. “Numeric Data consists of only numbers “@ Alphabetic Data consists of only ltrs and a blank character. “Alphanumeric data consists of symbols. Altec i data maybe alate, ceri uppacas or wecase or some special sable ‘Variables are the data entities whose values can be changed ‘Tokens are the words which ae easily identified by the compiler. ion is for giving logial value. It returns either true or false. fa result {© A Boolean represen ‘a truth valu, i is called tautology whereas if it retusa false term, itis refered to as ioc. “The programme written by the programmer i called a source programme. ‘The program generated by the compiler after compilation is called an object programme. “The object programme isin machine language. © Attributes can determine how any location canbe used Logic Gates Universal Logic Gates | _[ Other Logic Gates rol : EX-NOR, NoT OR NANO NOR EX.OR Gsle Gate Gale Gae Gate Gate different types of logic gates are AND, OR, NOT, etc. Boolean algebra can be applied to the logic gates. pgic Gates are the building blocks ofall circuits in a compute, ‘AND gate gives a 1 only if all the input signals are 1. "Boolean expression for evaluating an AND signal is: Y= A.B. Scanned with CamScanner SSS 6 : eof the inputs is one. OR signal is A*B. ‘oth ofits inputs are 1 or any one ofthe input is the result as any 0” OR gate gives! eee jon for evaluating 2 (0 The Boolean express : S TaeNAND gate gives Os the output when ot © ANAND gate nan AND gate followed Y © sat ° RAND pate canbe wed implement any Boolean Sx1S80% ° rr pas wed wo reves the ouput rom 010 | and vise vers i (eis A'BYAB’. (©. The expression foran EXOR ga © Theeare only 2msin universal gates: NAND and NOR, © tneaeofa NAND gate the outputs LOW ifany one ofthe inputs is HIGH. ‘SPREADSHEET PACKAGE Tany spreadsheet, te letters are used to represent columns In any spreadsheet, the numbers are used to represent rows ‘A combination ofthe row number and column leter gives us the ell address, ‘A spreadsheet package isthe numeric data analysis tool, 11 is useful for any numerical analysis problem whose columns. “There are no column numbers in a spreadsheet. Spreadsheets are not meant to create graphics. (Charts in spreadsheets give usa picture of our data. Functions make it easier to set up complicated calculations. “The ctl that is in use is called ative cel. ‘The address ofthe active cell is shown in the formula bar. “The placement of information within a cell atthe left edge, right edge, or centred is known as alignment. (© Formatting isthe term used whenever there are changes in the appearance ofa value or label GRAPHICS PACKAGE (© InCAD, objects are displayed in wireframe outline form. © The presentation graphics are used to produce illustrations for reports or generation of slides. ‘© Morphing is a graphics method in which one object is transformed into another. (© Scientific Visualization isthe term used for producing graphical representations for scientific, engineering, and medical datasets. ‘© Image processing is used in medical applications for picture enhancements, tomography, ct © Tomography slows cross sectional views of physiological systems to be displayed ‘© Tomography can be computed X-Ray or position emission tomography. 20000 0000000 data can be organized as rows and” | computer Selence “Asset of libraries that provide programratical ‘Gomes under the graphics package. WORD PROCESSING “Application software comprises of all 0 a ‘9 The major component of GUL isthe window manage. 'y access to some kind of graphics 2D functions these things like graphics, database, word processing softwares, et. 5 There are two structures in text documents — logical and physical. © A logical structure stays the same no ‘matter hw the document is represented. “software. A word processor software is an fication that allows the user to Cr = err Crete (wi Word Processing ro Saye < ‘compose and edit all simple documents. the document. Outlook is an example of email utility, ‘The information in a document and the order in document's logical structure. ‘The spatial coordinates ofa digital image (x.y) are proportional to brightness. : Digital image processing is more flexible and gle techniques as itis fast, accurate and reliable. image is considered to be a function of a (x), represents amplitude of image. el isthe element ofa digital image valued spanned in gray scale image are ited using dynamic range values. colour attribute of an image refers to the of colours, which can be controlled using the Hue values, © Formatting can change the physical structure. I includes indentation, text colour, syle et. of ‘The physical structure of a document is system-dependent. Which itis presented is referred 10 a3 the Steps in image processing Image acqusition-> image ‘enhancement-> Image restoration-> Color image processing-> Wavelets and multiresolution processing:> Compression-> Morphological rocessing-> Segmentation> Representation and description-> Object recognition ion is colour recognizing capability of the human eye Scanned with CamScanner a [a pormal TV have 512x S12 elution © Ano TY re aeetd asthe power of uber of ol iter the first process in image processing. 1S Were ar the foundation fr representing mages in various de sperts Group. stands for Joint Photographic Experts : re eng es ith tl for exacingimage compan at wes oe Tepresenaton and description of shape. © Recognition is the process that assigns a label (eg, “vehicle") to an descriptors. ©. Segmentation procedures partion an image into its constituent parts or objects DIGITAL LOGIC AND COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE (© Thetime required fora gate or inverter to change its state is called propagation time. © The time required fora pulse to change from 10 to 90 percent ofits maximum value is san be applied to gate is called operating © Thepaywahesse © image squsonis grees of resoluti ‘object based on its called rise time. (© The maximum frequency at which digital data ¢ speed. © The minimum number of two-input NAND gates used to perform the function of 2-input OR gate are 3, (© Oda parity of word can be conveniently tested by XOR gate. (Three bit counter will give the sum of full adders as outpt. Tie | inaction t+ output b+ (© The number of full and half-adders required to add 16-bit numbers is 1 half-adder and 15 full ‘en, respectively 000000 computer Science . ° 20000 0° 0000000000000 ° ° The time required for 8 pulse to decrease from 90 10 percent ofits maximum value i Farin ofa gat is not always equal to fan-out ofthe same gate. ‘The EXCLUSIVE NOR gate is equivalent to XOR gate followed by an inverter. [NAND function is produced by adding an invener othe output of an AND gate. AND gate is known as coincidence detector. un bbl shows te logcalsat fg iru eu fr every possible combiation of A positive AND gate is aso a negative OR gate, ‘A demultiplexer is used to route the data from single input to one of many outputs and perform serial to parallel conversion aa = ‘An OR gate can be imagined as switches connected in parallel Parallel adders are combinational logic circuit. For the addition of large integers most ofthe systems make use of cary look-ahead adders. Ina normal mbit adder, to find out if an overflow as occurred we make use of XOR eae. Inthe implementation of a Multiplier circuit inthe system we make use of shift epster. ‘The NAND gate output will below ifthe two inputs are 1. : ECL isthe fastest logic. ‘The digital logic family which has the lowest propagation delay time is ECL. (CMOS circuits consume power which is less than TT. The commercially available 8-input multiplexer integrated circuit in the TTL family is 74153. A fall adder logic circuit will have three inputs and two outputs, NAND and NOR are known as universal gates. Feo in which connections to both AND and OR arrays can be programmed is called PAL circuit consists of Fixed OR and programmable AND logic. | ‘The circuit used to store one bit of data is known as flip flop. The circuit converting binary data into decimal i code converter. Canonical LR isthe most powerful parser. ‘A Variable on its own or in its complemented form is known as a literal ‘A Kamaugh map (K-map) is an abstract form of Venn diagram, organized a5 2 matrix of squares, | SSOP expressions can be implemented using either (I) 2-evel AND-OR logic eres, or 2) level NAND logic circuit Logic gates are widely used in digital design, and therefore are availabe in IC form, Scanned with CamScanner Computer Networks “elena a eblesion of epi ol devo oomieted HERS. Comming ° isa devices and transmission media. wot server isa comput system, whi © A nneregrames tha ae shared By Sen ich is used as the central repository of data ay ‘a network © Two devices are in network process in another device. © Communication channe!is shared by all the machines on the network in broadcast network © A router is a device that forwards packets between the processing the rout {information included inthe packet, metre py pereees © Ais of protocols used bya system, one protocol pef layer is alle protocol stack. © Anunauthorzed user isa network performance issue. 9 AMAC address is 6 bytes (48 bits) long address in the binary numbers. process in one device is able to exchange information with yy ‘computer Science a (© A personal arca network, or PAN, is a computer network that enables communication between computer devices near a person, Virtual private network extends a private network across public network. ° (©. A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area (© LAN card is not necessary for standalone computer. © A metropolitan area network (MAN) is computer network tht interconnects user with ‘computer resources in a geographic region ofthe size of a metropolitan area. ©. WAN network covers state, province, county ain whole word (© Intemet is example of wide area network Fe Nework: computer devices tha erignte, rst and terete the dea ae called network odes © A device which connects multiple nods tothe networks ab. The viua circuit network cach paket consis fll source and destination adres. ie Scanned with CamScanner DATABASE SYSTEMS nantes management sytem is sft2 PEC for creating and managing database, ° 2 © Databases typically ave one of 10 A fiat file dbase stores date ins one record. — © A meational database contains multiple. | f oles of data with rows and columns asic forms. plain ext file, with each line of text sypially og | iL. esate to each other through special — ey fils. SS ea © Four types of relationships exist in | | _j ‘relational database design. a omms t-& © One to one relationship is the one where aE table record relates to another record. | 7— 1 caaat a inanother table. Z computer (© Ope to many is the one where one table record relates to multiple records in another table. (© Many to ones the one where more than one eT table reoord relates to another table record fealty © Many to many isthe one where muliple treo rele to mere than one recordin toater ble © Hicraebicl database model resemble a tee see, snilar to a folder srhtsein the compte sytem, © In bjecorened databases, the information is rpreseted as obj, with differen types of eletinshipe posible betwern vo or more objets The DBMS ac as an inerce : repentance beeen datas aplication and the databese of © An application where : n where only one user accesses the d Pace oft single dabacesplcane the database at a given time is an example on }DMS implemented the CODASYL DBTG model, ‘computer Science a3 fo An Enterprise Resource Planning application is an example of a multiuser database application. 9. ADBMS that combines a DBMS and an application generator is Microsoft's Access © ‘The DBMS that is most dificult to use is Oracle Corporations Oracle. (The relational database model was created by EF. Codd, ‘o Adatabase is called "self ition syter ‘ppation Documentation ad Taiing Waal (© An Algorithm isthe step by step instruction that solve a problem, © Teapot intop do is an desist : Jey toplevel funtion Grates hier flowerleel modules and component? fv neon ans © The two classifications of inputs are maintenancé and signal, = lence ster Si st 19 A desxion table feclists conditions tobe rated ations wyelopment Life Cycle is an outline of 9 sem Des lpm ye tutine of process that keeps developing successful 69 Third generation language snot tol of pissin proxatypig An example ofhierarchal data structure stree. 6 inthe system concerts tem integration refers tothe holism of systems (Indexed Sequential organization stores records sequentially but uses an index to locale records. : t's decision to rent a computer system may be based upon tax advantages, desire “Management ys © fo avoid a large one-time payment and operational flexibility in changing hardware 6 system test data i not used for system analysis, © 6 Back-up procedure helps in restoring the operation whenever there isa disk failure, restoring poth application and system software, whenever there is disk convption and restoring the ata files, whenever there isa system crash ‘© The records ina file or magnetic tape can only be accessed serially ‘o Acceptance testing is running the system with line data bythe acta! user, (© The InpuOutput symbol is used in flowchart to represent a sep that gets information from the user. ‘© The process symbol is used in flowchart to represent a calculation task (© System prototyping helps the designer in communicating to the user, quickly, how the system, when developed, will look like and get feedback. (© Main character of “ring” in data structure is last record points to the first record. (© Series testing is checking the logic of one or more programe inthe candidate system. (©. Structured programming involves functional modularizatioa. ‘© The conditions immediately outside a system is called the environment. © A group of related fields is known as tuple. Scanned with CamScanner mnputel ye of process found in industry is discrete ceneral type of Pl industry is discrete pans, continuous and batch. jence sel 3 ‘The st The iterative design metod sequel used, especialy inthe ery ages f desig. fxsean colour monitors, colour can be intensified by having each electron gun AUTOMATION SYSTEM 0 1g a TM990 microcomput ‘sings is available on the sandad CPU board and can Ti ta 1 board ad can be ; process isthe same asa contin = heemotte ton: fo A discrete Patt uous proces except a difcetcctoller mst © Aprogamme languge defines 4 Dimension and Alph pe i ae Di amnesic my]

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