Plagiarism

 Plagiarism is the presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds, or the creative expression of
others as your own.

 The word plagiarism comes from the Latin plagiarius meaning "kidnapper"
 Plagiarism is a form of fraud. 
 We all stand on the shoulders of others, and we must give credit to the creators of the works
that we incorporate into products that we call our own.  
 Some examples of plagiarism:
• a sequence of words incorporated without quotation marks
• an unacknowledged passage paraphrased from another's work
• the use of ideas, sound recordings, computer data or images created by others as  though it
were one’s own
 
 Types of plagarism: SID PRR MUVC
1. Secondary source: happens when a researcher uses a secondary sources of data like a
metadata, but sites only the primary source contained within secondary one.
2. Invalid source: invalid source attribution occurs when researchers reference either an
incorrect or non existent source
3. Duplication: happens when a researcher uses work from their own previous studies and
papers without attribution.
4. Paraphrasing: taking another person’s writngs and changing the words making ita ppear that
the work is original, but in truth it came from an uncited outside source.
5. Repetitive research: repeating of data or text from a similar study with similar methodology,
in a new study without proper attribution.
6. Replication: submission of a paper to multiple publications, resulting in same paper being
published more than once.
7. Misleading attribution: inaccurate list of authors contributed to a manuscript.two ways:
authors denied credit though significant contribution made, or when authors cited in paper
though no contributions have made.
8. Unethical collaboration: when people who are working together violates a code of conduct.
Work may be outcome of a collaboration. It is unethical to use that work without citing the
collaborative nature of study and participants.
9. Verbatim plagiarism: copying of another’s words and works without providing proper
attribution, indentation, and quotation marks.
10. Complete palgiarism: extreme scenario when a researcher takes on another person’ s work
or manuscript , simply resubmit it under his/her name.

 We should try to avoid plagiarism because researchers are expected to become independent
thinkers .
  to produce work of the highest quality.
 It is important to appreciate that mastery of the techniques of academic writing, that lends
both credibility and authority to your work, and demonstrates your commitment to the
principle of intellectual honesty in scholarship.
 Writing a research paper poses challenges in gathering literature , but these need to be done
with caution without falling into the trap of plagiarism.
 Plagiarism is the unethical practice of using words or ideas (either planned or accidental) of
another author/researcher or your own previous works without proper acknowledgment.
   plagiarism can result in highly negative consequences such as paper retractions and loss of
author credibility and reputation.
 So important for researchers to increase their understanding about plagiarism.

Citation and acknowledgement

 A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source.
 a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual
work.
 combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes citation.
  several important purposes:to uphold intellectual honesty
to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources
to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the
author's argument in the claimed way
to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
 A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item. 
  Citations should supply detail to identify the item uniquely.
  Different citation systems and styles are used in scientific citation, legal citation, prior
art, the arts, and the humanities.
 Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
Book: author(s), book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page
number(s) if appropriate.
Journal: author(s), article title, journal title, date of publication, and page number(s).

 Unique identifiers: Citations of books may include an International Standard Book

Number (ISBN).
 Electronic documents may have a digital object identifier (DOI).
 Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other people's
work without plagiarizing.
 citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and
where they came from
 citing sources shows the amount of research you've done
 citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas

How to Write Acknowledgements for Report or Thesis

 the basic purpose to include acknowledgement page is just to pay a thankful note for all those
people who have supported you in carrying out your research.
 It is advisable to include people in the proper order according to the importance of their help
they paid. 
  in your acknowledgement note you can address your supervisor, coordinator, academic
crew of your department, support staff, technical personnel of your branch, organizations or
institutions, friends and family.
 can use these as sample acknowledgment for your thesis or report.
“I would like to pay my regards to…”
“I would like to show my gratitude to…”
“I wish to present my special thanks to…”
“It is whole-heartedly expressed that your advices for my research proved to be a landmark effort
towards the success of my project.”
“I would like to thank all those whose assistance proved to be a milestone in the accomplishment of
my end goal.”
“Just wishing to recognize the valuable help of all provided during my research.”
 It is significant to note that your acknowledgement page should be as brief as possible
reflecting your professionalism.
 list with the names and contributions of the people who offered their support for your
project.
 Always prefer to list people according to their importance. For example your thesis
supervisor or advisor should definitely be the first person to acknowledge followed by other
teachers, staff members, lab technicians, assistants or other classmates directly involved in
your research.
 Including the Institution Which has Contributed Funding

 Reproducibility and accountability

 Reproducibility is regarded as one of the foundations of the entire scientific method, a
benchmark upon which the reliability of an experiment can be tested.
 The basic principle is that, for any research program, an independent researcher should be
able to replicate the experiment, under the same conditions, and achieve the same results.
 This gives a good guide to whether there were any inherent flaws within the experiment and
ensures that the researcher paid due diligence to the process of experimental design.
 Reproducibility is tested by a replication study, which must be completely independent and
generate identical findings known as commensurate results.
 the replication study should utilize slightly different instruments and approaches, to ensure
that there was no equipment malfunction.
 For most of the physical sciences, reproducibility is a simple process and it is easy to
replicate methods and equipment.
 An astronomer measuring the spectrum of a star notes down the instruments and
methodology used, and an independent researcher should be able to achieve exactly the
same results
  the social sciences, ecology and environmental science are a much more difficult case. 
 reproducibility is a process of attempting to make the experiment as reproducible as
possible, ensuring that the researcher can defend their position.
  Accountability in research or research accountability as general terms may thus refer to a
range of concerns and practices related to the philosophies, policies, systems, procedures,
and standards for analyzing and promoting ethical conduct in research.
 One type of accountability originates when groups concerned with the ethical and cultural
implications of particular lines of research put pressure on the government or researchers
themselves to stop or regulate this research or its diffusion.
 Types of accountability: ethical/philosophical,social,productive