ME340A: Prof.

Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Modes of Heat
Transfer – Part I
Sameer Khandekar

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

In this lecture…

◉ Heat Transfer Mechanisms

◉ Conduction
○ Fourier’s law of heat conduction
○ Thermal Conductivity
○ Thermal Diffusivity
◉ Convection
○ Newton’s law of cooling
Sameer Khandekar

○ Boundary layers: Internal and External flows

○ Boiling and Condensation
◉ Radiation will be dealt separately in Part II later
2

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 1
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

1 Introduction
Heat transfer in refrigeration systems
Sameer Khandekar

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Typical refrigerator heat exchangers

◉ For simple systems like window ACs or household

fridges, the, refrigerant flows in the tubes and air is
passed over it (forced flow or natural convection)
Sameer Khandekar

Typical refrigerant condenser

(for a household refrigerator)

Typical refrigerant evaporators 4

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 2
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Typical refrigerator heat exchangers

◉ For large systems, two separate
loops, i.e., primary and
secondary refrigerant circuits
are employed, with separate
heat exchangers of their own.
Sameer Khandekar

Primary and secondary refrigeration loops Primary and secondary refrigeration loops
(e.g. Ammonia and Carbondioxide) (e.g. R134a + Water) 5

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Basics: Heat
2 Transfer
Heat transfer vs Thermodynamics
Sameer Khandekar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 3
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Heat transfer and thermodynamics

◉ Heat: The form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another
as a result of temperature difference.
◉ Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a system
undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another.
◉ Heat Transfer deals with the determination of the rates of such energy
transfers as well as variation of temperature.
◉ The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-temperature
Sameer Khandekar

medium to the lower-temperature one. Heat transfer stops when the two
mediums reach the same temperature.
◉ Heat can be transferred in three different modes: conduction, convection,
and radiation 7

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Heat transfer vs thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
Global accounting of momentum, energy and mass
Feasibility of events under equilibrium conditions
No consideration of the mechanisms of species transport
Does not tell us how to compute the rate of species transport
output

input
Sameer Khandekar

COP
!! Heat transfer is inherently a
non-equilibrium process !! 8

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 4
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Engineering heat transfer

◉ Heat transfer equipment such as heat exchangers, boilers, condensers,
radiators, heaters, furnaces, refrigerators, and solar collectors are
designed primarily on the basis of heat transfer analysis.
◉ The heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be considered
in two groups: (1) rating and (2) sizing problems.
◉ The rating problems deal with the determination of the heat transfer
rate for an existing system at a specified temperature difference.
Sameer Khandekar

◉ The sizing problems deal with the determination of the size of a system
in order to transfer heat at a specified rate for a specified temperature
difference.
9

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Problem solving approach

◉ An engineering device or process can be studied either experimentally

(testing and taking measurements) or analytically (by analysis or
calculations).

◉ The experimental approach has the advantage that we deal with the
actual physical system, and the desired quantity is determined by
measurement, within the limits of experimental error. However, this
approach is expensive, time consuming, and often impractical.
Sameer Khandekar

◉ The analytical approach (including the numerical approach) has the

advantage that it is fast and inexpensive, but the results obtained are
subject to the accuracy of the assumptions, approximations, and
idealizations made in the analysis. 10

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 5
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

3 Conduction heat transfer

Fourier Law, thermal conductivity and its variation
Sameer Khandekar

11

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Conduction heat transfer

◉ Conduction: The transfer of energy from the more energetic particles

of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of
interactions between the particles.

◉ In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion

of the molecules during their random motion.

◉ In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in

a lattice and the energy transport by free electrons.
Sameer Khandekar

12

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 6
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Rate of conduction
◉ The rate of heat conduction through a
plane layer is proportional to the
temperature difference across the layer
and the heat transfer area, but is inversely
proportional to the thickness of the layer.
Sameer Khandekar

Heat conduction through a large plane

wall of thickness x and area A. 13

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Fourier law of heat conduction

◉ Thermal conductivity, k: A measure of the

ability of a material to conduct heat.

◉ Temperature gradient dT/dx: The slope of

the temperature curve on a T-x diagram.
Sameer Khandekar

When x → 0 The rate of heat conduction through

a solid is directly proportional to its
thermal conductivity.
14

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 7
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fourier’s law of heat
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
conduction
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Fourier law of heat conduction

◉ Heat is conducted in the direction of
decreasing temperature, and the
temperature gradient becomes negative
when temperature decreases with
increasing x.

◉ The negative sign in the equation

ensures that heat transfer in the positive
x direction is a positive quantity.
Sameer Khandekar

In heat conduction analysis, A

represents the area normal to
the direction of heat transfer. 15

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Thermal conductivity, k

◉ The rate of heat transfer through a unit

thickness of the material per unit area
per unit temperature difference.

◉ The thermal conductivity of a material

is a measure of the ability of the
material to conduct heat.

◉ A high value for thermal conductivity

Sameer Khandekar

indicates that the material is a good

heat conductor, and a low value
indicates that the material is a poor A simple experimental setup to determine
heat conductor or insulator. the thermal conductivity of a material.
16

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 8
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Thermal conductivity
Sameer Khandekar

The range of thermal conductivity of

various materials at room temperature. 17

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Thermal insulation in refrigeration industry

◉ Thermal insulation plays a pivotal

role in the refrigeration industry.

◉ Several different types of insulating

materials are available.

◉ Chosen as per economy, operating

temperature, humidity conditions,
volatile discharges, flammability,
Sameer Khandekar

ease of application, availability

environmental degradation, etc. Typical pipe insulation

18

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 9
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Thermal insulation in refrigeration industry

Common insulating materials

• Nitrile
• Polyurethane foam
• Rubber foam
Sameer Khandekar

• Fibre glass
• Mineral Wool (Slag/rock/ Basalt)
• Cellulose.
• Polystyrene
• Aerogel/ Pyrogel
19

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Hot and Cold insulation materials

◉ Materials used in hot insulation covers does not require a water vapor
barrier that a cold insulation system needs to properly function. The
water vapor barrier helps prevent metal degradation that can occur
overtime.

◉ Closed cell structure is needed in cold insulation to help avoid wicking.

The material in high temperature insulations allows water to enter
because the heat will cause the moisture to evaporate. However, in a
cold insulation system the water will not evaporate. Closed cell
Sameer Khandekar

structure of the cold insulation material helps prevent this problem.

20

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 10
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Heat conduction mechanism

◉ The thermal conductivities
of gases such as air vary
by a factor of 104 from
those of pure metals such
as copper.

◉ Pure crystals and metals

have the highest thermal
conductivities, and gases
Sameer Khandekar

and insulating materials

the lowest.
The mechanisms of heat conduction
in different phases of a substance.
21

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Thermal conductivity = fn(T)

Sameer Khandekar

Variation of the thermal conductivity of various

solids, liquids, and gases with temperature.
22

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 11
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Examples: Conduction heat transfer

Heat conduction through

cylinder wall and fins
Sameer Khandekar

Heat conduction through

electronic chips 23

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

1 Convection heat transfer

Boundary layers, Newtons law of cooling, Nusselt number
Sameer Khandekar

24

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 12
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

The convection problem

Sameer Khandekar

25

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Convective heat transfer

◉ Convection: The mode of energy

transfer between a solid surface and
the adjacent liquid or gas that is in
motion, and it involves the combined
effects of conduction and fluid motion.

◉ The faster the fluid motion, the greater

the convection heat transfer.
Sameer Khandekar

◉ In the absence of any bulk fluid

motion, heat transfer between a solid
surface and the adjacent fluid is by Heat transfer from a hot
pure conduction. surface to air by convection. 26

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 13
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Types of convection
◉ Forced convection: If the fluid is
forced to flow over the surface
by external means such as a fan,
pump, or the wind.
◉ Natural (or free) convection: If
the fluid motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are
induced by density differences
Sameer Khandekar

due to the variation of

temperature in the fluid. The cooling of a boiled egg by
forced and natural convection.

27

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Types of forced convection

◉ Internal forced convection: If the

fluid flow is bounded inside a
pipe, duct, channel, tube,
capillary etc, it is categorized as
an internal flow situation.
◉ External forced convection: If
the fluid flows on a solid wall,
object, bluff body, etc.
Sameer Khandekar

externally, then the situation is

categorized as an external flow.

Internal and external flow situations 28

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 14
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

The boundary layer concept

◉ Boundary layer refers to the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a
bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant.
Sameer Khandekar

29

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

The velocity boundary layer (external flow)

Sameer Khandekar

30

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 15
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Implications of the boundary layers

Velocity boundary layer ► velocity gradients ►shear stress

Thermal boundary layer ►temperature gradients ►heat flux
Concentration boundary layer ►concentration gradients ►molar flux

For practical engineering design and applications the direct implications are:

Momentum transfer ► ► Friction Factor (non-dimensional shear stress)

Sameer Khandekar

Energy transfer ► ► Nusselt Number (heat transfer coefficient )

Mass Transfer ► ► Sherwood Number (mass transfer coefficient)

31

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Laminar Transitional and turbulent flows

Sameer Khandekar

32

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 16
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Turbulent flow characteristics

◉ The velocity gradients at
the wall, and thus the wall
shear stress, are much
larger for turbulent flow
than they are for laminar
flow, even though the
turbulent layer is thicker
than the laminar one for
Sameer Khandekar

the same value of free

stream velocity

33

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Development of BL in internal flows (pipe)

◉ The development of velocity profile in a circular pipe, V = V(r, z) and

thus the flow is two-dimensional in the entrance region, and becomes
one-dimensional downstream when the velocity profile fully develops
and remains unchanged in the flow direction V = V(r)

Laminar to turbulent
transition inside a pipe
Sameer Khandekar

Laminar boundary layer

development inside a pipe

34

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 17
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Newton’s law of cooling

◉ The convection heat transfer coefficient
h is not a property of the fluid.
◉ It is an experimentally determined
parameter whose value depends on all
the variables influencing convection
such as
- the surface geometry
-
Sameer Khandekar

the nature of fluid motion h : convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2·°C

- the properties of the fluid As : the surface area through which convection takes place
Ts : the surface temperature
- the bulk fluid velocity T : temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.

35

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Boiling and condensation

◉ Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a fluid are

also considered to be convection because of the fluid motion
induced during the process, such as the rise of the vapor bubbles
during boiling or the fall of the liquid droplets during condensation.
Sameer Khandekar

Pool boiling Flow boiling Dropwise condensation

36

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 18
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Typical values of HTC

Sameer Khandekar

37

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Engine/Automobile cooling

◉ IC engines in automobiles are cooled

by circulating water.
◉ The water cools the engine and the
atmospheric air cools the water.
Sameer Khandekar

38

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 19
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Microprocessor/PC cooling

Phase-change technology is
most effective, which is usually
coupled with air cooling

Air cooling is frequently employed

Sameer Khandekar

in PCs and instruments

39

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

The nuclear power plant (BWR)

Sameer Khandekar

40

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 20
ME340A: Prof. Sameer Khandekar
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Summary (Conduction and Convection)

◉ Conduction and Convection are important processes for heat
exchanger design.

◉ Estimation of convective heat transfer coefficient is one of the

main tasks in designing a refrigeration system (external as well
as internal flow situations; single-phase as well as phase-
change situations).

◉ Convective heat transfer coefficients can vary in a wide range

Sameer Khandekar

depending on the type of flow processes used.

◉ Improvement in convective heat transfer is also generally

associated with enhanced penalty in terms of frictional head.
41

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Tel: 7038; e-mail: [email protected] Kanpur 208016 India

Thanks!
Any questions ?
(End of Part-I of the lecture)

You can write to me at

Sameer Khandekar

◉ [email protected]

42

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
208016 Kanpur India 21