A It has 3 more protons and 3 more electrons.

B It has 3 more protons, but no more electrons.

C It has 3 more neutrons and 3 more electrons.
D It has 3 more neutrons, but no more electrons.
Atomic structure 8. Which graph shows the number of electrons in the outer
shell of an atom, plotted against the proton (atomic)
Assignment .1 number for the first ten elements in the Periodic Table?

1. Which statement about an atom is true?

A All the elements have only one nucleon (mass) number.

B The nucleon (mass) number can be less than the proton
(atomic) number.
C The nucleon (mass) number can be equal the proton
(atomic) number.
D The number of neutrons never equals the number of elec-
trons. 9.The formulae of the ions of four elements are shown below.
O2– F– Li+ Mg2+
2. What is the definition of nucleon (mass) number?
A The mass in grams of an atom Which statement about these ions is correct?
B The number of electrons in an atom They all have
C The number of nuclei in a molecule
D The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
A the same number of electrons in their outer shells.
3. The atoms 3115P and 3216S have the same B the same electronic structure as a noble gas.
A nucleon number.
B number of electrons. C the same number of protons in their nuclei.
C number of neutrons. D more electrons than protons.
D number of protons.
4. An element X has two isotopes, 238X and 235X. 10. Which of the following contains the same
number of electrons as an atom of neon?
How does 238X differ from 235X?
[ANS] A Cl– B Li C
A It has 3 more protons and 3 more electrons. Li+ D O2–
11. Which ion has the most shells that contain electrons?
B It has 3 more protons, but no more electrons. A Al3+
C It has 3 more neutrons and 3 more electrons. B Be2+
C N3–
D It has 3 more neutrons, but no more electrons. D S2–
5. An atom of element X is represented by 73X. 12.The diagram shows the arrangement of electrons in a particle.
Which statement about an atom of X is correct?
A It is in Group III of the Periodic Table.
B It is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
C The total number of protons and electrons is 6.
D The total number of protons and neutrons is 10.
6. The letters X, Y and Z represent different atoms.

What can be deduced from the proton numbers and nucleon num- What is the symbol for the particle?
bers of X, Y and Z? A N3– B O2–
A. X and Y are the same element. C F– D Ne
B. X and Z are the same element.
13. A researcher notices that atoms of an element X are re
C.X has more protons than Y. leasing energy.
Why does this happen?
D. Z has more neutrons than Y.
A The atoms are affected by light.
7. An element X has two isotopes, which may be represented B The atoms are radioactive.
as 238X and 235X.
C The atoms react with argon in the air.
How does 238X differ from 235X?
1
 D The atoms are evaporating
Number a. Explain why helium does not react with other
Number
of Number of
of elements to form compounds?
14. Isotope Symbol
Which pair of substancesprotons
are isotopes? neutrons
electrons
per per atom …………………………………………………………
per atom
atom
Carbon- 12
6C 6 6 6 …………………………………………………………
12 …………………………………………………… [1]
13
Carbon- 6C A2.
13 (a) Complete the table.
A 12 14
6C and 6C
Numbe Numbe Numbe
B carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide Formul r of r of r of
Ion
C diamond and graphite a proton neutro electro
D C2H4 and C3H6 s ns ns
39
THEORY Potassiu 19 K+
m
16
A1. Helium-6 and Helium-7 are isotopes. The nucleon (mass) Oxide 8 O2–
number of helium-6 is 6 and of helium-7 is 7.
(a) What is the meaning of the term isotope? (b) In a sample of 100 atoms of potassium there are 94
atoms of 39K and 6 atoms of 41K.
………………………………………………………………… i) Explain why these two forms of potassium
………………………………………………………………… are isotopes.
…………………………………………... [1] …………………………………………………
(b) Compare the number of electrons, neutrons and …………………………………………………
protons in one atom of 2He6 and one atom of 2He7.
…………………………………………………
i) Electrons …………….
………………………………………………… ii) Find the total mass of the 100 atoms of
………………… potassium. Hence find the average mass of
one atom.
ii) Protons
………………………………………………… A3. Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen.

………………….. An ion of tritium has the following structure.

iii) Neutrons
…………………………………………………
…………………[3]
(c) Complete the following table to show the names and
charges of the particles in this tritium ion.

(a) Complete the following table to show the names and

charges of the particles in this tritium ion.
[2]

(d) Complete the table about atoms of carbon-12 and carbon-

13.
[2]
[2]
(b) Using the symbol T to represent tritium, give the
formulae of

2
 i) the ion shown above b. What is the meaning of the term isotope?
…............................................................................ …………………………………………………………
ii) the compound formed between tritium and ………………………………..
sodium. [1]
…………………………………................................. c. Complete the table about atoms of carbon-12
[2] and carbon-13.
(c) Would you expect the oxide of tritium to be a solid, Number
Number of
Symb of Number of neutrons
a liquid or a gas? Isotope electrons
ol protons per atom
per atom
Explain your reasoning. per atom
12
......................................................................................... Carbon-12 6 C 6 6 6

......................................................................................... Carbon-13
......................................................................................... [2]
.........................................................................................
................
[1]

A4. Two isotopes of carbon are carbon-12 and carbon-13. The

proportion of these isotopes in ivory elephant tusks can be
used to determine where in the world the tusks come from.

A4 In recent years scientists have made tube-shaped structures of carbon called nanotubes.

3
(a) State two differences between the structure of a carbon nanotube and the structure of diamond.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Carbon nanotubes are fifty times stronger than steel.
Use ideas about structure and bonding to suggest why these nanotubes are so strong.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Carbon nanotubes are good electrical conductors.
(i) State the name of another form of carbon which can conduct electricity.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Carbon nanotubes conduct electricity nearly as well as copper.
Explain why copper is a good conductor of electricity.
............................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Another form of carbon is buckminsterfullerene.

4
 STUCTURE AND PROPERTY OF MATERIALS(BONDING)

Revision Test

1. Which of the following is a compound?

A Air C Oxygen
B Carbon D Steam
2. In which pair of substances is each substance a mixture?
A Air; water
B Limewater; water
C Quicklime; limewater
D Sea water; air
3. Substance X has a melting point higher than 500 oC. It is insoluble both in water and in organic solvents. It conducts electricity when
both solid and molten.
What is X?
[ANS]
A Copper C poly(ethane)
B Mercury D sodium chloride
4. Which substance does not have a macromolecular structure?
A Diamond
B Graphite
C Silicon dioxide
D Sodium chloride

5. In which pair of substances, does each have a giant molecular structure?

A diamond, iodine
B diamond, silica (sand)
C iodine, methane
D methane, silica (sand)

6. Which of the following describes the structure of diamond?

A A giant structure of atoms bonded covalently
B A regular arrangement of oppositely charged ions
C Layers of rings of atoms
D Positively charged ions surrounded by a ‘sea of electrons’

7. Which diagram represents the structure of quartz, SiO 2?

5
9. Which of the following is composed of silicon dioxide?
A Glass
B Mica
C Silicone plastic
D Quartz

10. In which substance is each carbon atom covalently bonded to only three other atoms?
A carbon dioxide
B diamond
C graphite
D methane

11. The diagrams show the structures of two forms of carbon. Which set of data is correct for these two structures?

conducts electricity very hard material can be used as lubricant

A T T S
B S T S
C S S T
D T S T

12. For which of the following can graphite be used?

A A as an abrasive only
B B as an abrasive and as an electrode
C C as an electrode and as a lubricant
D D as a lubricant only

13. Which substance contains covalent bonds, but also conducts electricity?
A Brass
B Graphite
C Iodine

6
 D Steel
14. Graphite is used to make
A Glass C Electrical wiring
B Cutting tools D Electrodes
15. Four substances have the following electrical properties.
Substance Property
W does not conduct under any conditions
X conducts only in aqueous solution
Y conducts in both the molten and solid states
Z conducts in both the molten and aqueous states

What are these four substances?

W X Y Z
A HCl S NaCl Pb
B Pb HCl NaCl S
C S HCl Pb NaCl
D S NaCl HCl Pb

16. Which compound has both ionic and covalent bonds?

A ammonium chloride
B carbon dioxide
C ethyl ethanoate
D sodium chloride
17. Which diagram represents the structure of sand, SiO2?

18. The table gives information about the ability of four substances to conduct electricity.

What could these four substances be?

7
19. Which compound has both ionic and covalent bonds?

A ammonium chloride
B carbon dioxide
C ethyl ethanoate
D sodium chloride
20. The equation shows the reaction between element X and dilute hydrochloric acid.
X(s) + 2HCl(aq) → XCl2(aq) + H2(g)
What types of bonding are present in element X and in compound XCl2?
Type of bonding
In element X In compound XCl2
A Covalent Covalent
B Covalent Ionic
C Metallic Covalent
D Metallic Ionic

21. Which compound has both ionic and covalent bonds?

A Ammonium chloride
B Carbon dioxide
C Ethyl ethanoate
D Sodium chloride
THEORY TEST

A1. Choose from the following substances to answer the questions below.
aluminium Oxide ammonia barium sulphate calcium carbonate
carbon monoxide lead(II) iodide nitrogen dioxide silicon dioxide
Each substance can be used once, more than once or not at all. Name a substance which
(a) is a gas that causes acid rain, .........................................................[1]
(b) has a giant molecular structure,.......................................................[1]
(c) is amphoteric,...................................................................................[1]
(d) is an insoluble yellow solid...............................................................[1]
A2. The table shows the atomic structure of six particles, represented by the letters L to Q. The particles are atoms or ions. The letters are
not the symbols of the elements.

Particle Electrons Protons Neutrons

L 6 6 6
M 2 2 2
N 12 12 12
O 10 12 12
P 6 6 8
Q 10 13 14
Use the letters L to Q to answer the following questions.
(a) Which two particles are ions?
………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(b) Which particle is an atom of a noble gas?
8
 ………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(c) Which two particles are an atom and an ion of the same element?

……………………………………………………………………..... [1]
(d) Which two particles are isotopes of the same element?
………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(e) Which particle has the highest atomic mass?
……………………………………………………………………….. [1]

A1. Choose from the following substances to answer the questions below.
Aluminium ammonia iron lithium
Magnesium oxide potassium hydroxide silicon sulphur dioxide
Each substance can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Name a substance which
d. is an acidic gas
……………………………………………………………………………………[1]

9
 e. is a compound with a very high melting point and can be used in the lining of
furnaces………………………………………………[1]
f. is a metal with a high melting point and a high density.
………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
g. Is a solid at room temperature and dissolves in water to form an alkaline solution
…………………………………………………………………………………….[1] k. Is an element which is soft with a low
density
………………………………………………………………………………………….

A2 . Diamond and silicon carbide are both macromolecules. Part of the structure of silicon carbide is shown below:

(a) (i) State one difference between the structures of silicon carbide and diamond.

(ii) State one similarity between the structures of silicon carbide and diamond.
[2]

(b) Suggest two physical properties of silicon carbide.

[2]
(c) Silicon carbide is manufactured by the reduction of silicon dioxide with carbon.
SiO2 + 3C → 2CO + SiC
i) State one source of silicon dioxide.

ii) What mass of carbon is needed to make 20 tonnes of silicon carbide?

[4]
(d) Silicones are polymers that contain the elements silicon, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen.
Suggest the names of three combustion products of a silicon polymer.

A4. The structures of diamond and graphite are drawn below.

10
 [ANS]
(a) Name the type of strong bond shown on the diagram
.................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Diamond has a melting point of about 3700 °C and graphite has a melting point of about 3300 °C.
(i) Explain why both diamond and graphite have very high melting
points………………..............................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................
Suggest why the melting point of graphite is lower than that of diamon-
d .............................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................[3]
(c) Compare the electrical conductivity of diamond and graphite.Explain your an-
swer………………………………..............................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................[2]

A3 Diamond and graphite allotropes of carbon. They are both composed of macromolecules.

(d) Explain the meaning of the following terms.

(i) Allotropes

11
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
(ii) Macromolecule
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
[2]
(e) Graphite is used to make lubricants for engines. Explain, in terms of its structure, why graphite can act as a lubricant.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………
[2]
(f) Give one use of diamond which depends on its hardness.
………………………………………………………………………………

A6. Use the substances named in the table to answer the following questions.

[ANS]
(a) Name the substances that are not solids at room temperature and pressure.

[1]
(b) Which substance is a liquid over the largest temperature range?

[1]
(c) Name the substances that are non-metallic elements.

[1]
(d) Which two substances conduct electricity when molten?

[1]
(e) Explain, using ideas about structure, why methane and silicon dioxide have different melting points.

[2]
(f) Describe a method for making lead from lead(II) bromide.

[2]
12
A7. Choose from the following elements to answer the questions below.
argon bromine carbon hydrogen
iodine iron neon sulphur
Each element can be use used once, more than once, or not at all.
Name an element which
(a) forms a basic oxide,
......................................................................................................................[1]
(b) is a liquid at room temperature and pressure,
......................................................................................................................[1]
(c) reacts with aqueous copper(II) sulphate to give a pink solid,
......................................................................................................................[1]
(d) is formed during the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride,
......................................................................................................................[1]
(e) has a giant molecular structure
......................................................................................................................[1]
A3 Iodine forms a diatomic molecule, I2.
It has a simple molecular structure.
The diagram shows the structure of the simple molecular lattice of iodine.

Each iodine molecule is held in place by weak intermolecular forces.

Within each iodine molecule the atoms are covalently bonded.
(a) Explain why solid iodine does not conduct electricity.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) When heated, solid iodine turns directly into iodine gas.
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain this change of state.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in an iodine molecule.
Show only the outer shell electrons.

13