Series Circuits READ @ Ina seties circuit, current follows only one path from the positive end of the battery toward the negative end. The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual resistances. The amount of energy used by a series circuit must equal the energy supplied by the battery. In this way, electrical circuits follow the law of conservation of energy. Understanding these facts will help you solve problems that deal with series circuits Name Date: EA 14.1 ‘To answer the questions in the practice section, you will have to use Ohm's law. Remember that Current (amps) = Voltage (volts) Resistance (ohms) ‘Some-questions ask you to calculate a voltage drop. We often say that each resistor (or light bulb) creates a separate voltage drop. As current flows along a series circuit, each resistor uses up some energy. As a result, the voltage gets lower after each resistor. If you know the current in the circuit and the resistance of a particular resistor, you can calculate the voltage drop using Ohm’s law. Voltage drop across resistor (volts) = Current through resistor (amps) x Resistance of one resistor (ohms) PRACTICE | >—2—~ 1. Use the series circuit pictured to the right to answer questions (a)-(e). 1Q 1Q ‘a, What is the total voltage across the bulbs? GV b. What is the total resistance of the circuit? 25% 3A += > Ve c. What is the current in the circuit? 3A 6V +—— \ J d.. Whats the voltage drop across each light bulb? 3V ev (Remember.that voltage drop is calculated by "multiplying current in the circuit by the resistance of a particular resistor: V= IR.) wv Zn e. Draw the path of the current on the diagram. 2. Use the series circuit pictured to the right to answer questions (a)-(e). 12 12 1Q ‘a, What is the total voltage across the bulbs? @V" What is the total resistance of the circuit? 35 2a b. ¢. What is the current in the cireuit?. 2 ev +O ee a. ~ yT What is the voltage drop across each light bulb? 2V e, Draw the path of the current on the diagram. 3. What happens to the curent in a sri cigult as more light bulbs are added? Why? oY an CMAAAT DECAASES WITH MORE MGS:SIHUCE, THEY RUE WEASEL AELATE 4. What happens to the brightness of each bulb in a series circuit as additional bulbs are Mae Why? 2a Tih BW Cér Teak WHA MILE BULBS KE NTOLD P my cteviT, Mort BILGS CALATE WORE LESISTINCK, AYO MONE LESS CLEANS CESS Cundtar, AUD LESS Cunt Wanns LESS Power /eigur/elear.Page 2 of 2 5. Use the series circuit pictured to the right to answer questions (a), (b), and (c). 10 22 a, Whats the total resistance of the circuit? $5 & Y= EES 24 b. What is the current in the circuit? 2A 6v +1. “tt c. What is the voltage drop across each resistor? cata In Ryle Aye2 6. Use the series circuit pictured to the right to answer questions (a)-(e). 22 22 a. Whats the total voltage of the circuit? 42¥7 @® @® 3A b. Whatis the total resistance of the circuit? 72 Cm Fov= FOV What is the current in the circuit? 34 moo t= q € d. What isthe voltage drop across each light bulb@y L6V + ¢. Draw the path of the current on the diagram. $¢¢ ¢pyni 7. Use the series circuit pictured right to answer questions (@), (b), and (c). Consider each resistor equal to all others. a, Whatis the resistance of each resistor? 2 Su. b. What is the voltage drop across each resistor? IW 1.5V + ©. Onthe diagram, show the amount of voltage inthe 4.5 + circuit before and after each resistor. - 8. Use the series circuit pictured right to answer questions (a) - 22 (d). 154 3Q 12 a. What is the total resistance of the circuit? @2 vst + ee wus AS b. What is the current in the circuit? 4S wt |W oa c. What is the voltage drop across each resistor? 84 %8Y AV 4d. Whats the sum of the voltage drops across the three resistors? What do you notice about this sum? 7% Zres THe te aang 45 HE BATEAY'S VOTRE. 9. Use the diagram to the right to answer questions (a), (b), and (c). a. How much current would be measured in each citcuit if each light bulb has a resistance of 6 ohms? Za ©0.SA 6v = 08 b. How much current woul be hncasured in each circuit if each light bulb has a resistance of 12 ohms? Za * 0264 Te se.SA cc. What happens to the amount of current a ina series circuit as the number of batteries increases? Cuaaeatt (Accesses Waited INCAGHIING VocTGe: THEY Hee Dikectey CATED,Name: Date: Parallel Circuits oh READ (Ea) A parallel circuit has at least one point where the circuit divides, creating more than one path for current. Each path is called a branch. The current through a branch is called branch current, If current flows into a branch in a circuit, the same amount of current must flow out again, This rule is known as Kirehoff’s current law. Because each branch in a parallel circuit has its own path to the battery, the voltage across each branch is equal to the battery’s voltage. If you know the resistance and voltage of a branch you can calculate the current with Ohm’s Law (I=V/R). PRACTICE4| >—2—~ 1. Use the parallel circuit pictured right to answer sa questions (a) - (d). ~ $04 yee at is the voltage lb? a * + a, What is the voltage across each bulb’ ww 12V4 +. « (S)2 a 20 2 © o 7 b, What is the current in each branch: ‘lea aa c. What is the total current provided by the battery? (2A — *e~ rw rr on 4. Use the total current and the total voltage toy, 12V aj," rs calculate the total resistance of the circuit. &*E* 12a —_ Ly 2. Use the parallel circuit pictured right to answer oA questions (a) - (d). 44a 44a a, What is the voltage across each bulb? 12V 42vV+ — + “ — v(S)3 AMS) 3a b. What is the current in each branch? VA 7 eA yee =” c. What is the total current provided by the battery? Bf — v ise a A ta 4. Use the total current and the total voltage toy calculate the total resistance of the circuit. xX xi = LS 3. Use the parallel circuit pictured right to answer soa questions (a) - (d). [er 4|4e a. What is the voltage across each resistor? 42V 12V+ 4 wS)2 an) 3Q . What s the current in each branch? ts = 6 ie. eA ¢. What isthe total current provided by the <— batteries? “Tq lod Tea ag . Use the total current and the total voltage to calculate the total resistance of the circ 4, Use the parallel circuit pictured right to answer Ral questions (a) - (c). — Won tBA yu ov+—l &, Whats the voltage across each resistor2gy, °Y T= gy Sag wE30 we19 Whats thy eurept in egeh brane = 7 7 ra 234 Bi be fox | c. What's the em ee ‘current provided by the — <_ battery? De = 454 ZS) av oFtnPage 2 of 2 [eal Uy % 14.2 In part (d) of problems 1, 2, and 3, you calculated the total resistance of each circuit. This required you to first find the current in each branch. Then you found the total current and used Ohm's law to calculate the total resistance. Another way to find the total resistance of two parallel resistors is to use the formula shown below. Rx Ry tol = RRS ExamPLe’ [J Calculate the total resistance of a circuit containing two 6 ohm resistors. Given ‘Solution ~ The circuit contains two 6 resistors in parallel. k 62x62 ‘Looking for wet 6462 The total resistance of the circuit, Rear = 3.2 Relationships The total resistance is 3 ohms. RXR Regs = RXR sont = ER PRACTICE 2) >—2—~ 1. Calculate the total resistance of a circuit containing each of the following combinations of resistors. 1 = 42 a, Two 8 Qresistors in parallel tH Ee von jb. Two 12 2 resistors in parallel fe tte ¢. A4Qresistor and an 8 Qresistorin parallel = + BBO 4. A12.Qresistor and a3 Q resistor in parallel ste 2 24 + tits 2. To find the total resistance of three resistors A, B, and C in parallel, first use the formula to find the total of resistors A and B. Then use the formula again to combine resistor C with the total of A and B. Use this method to find the total resistance of a circuit containing each of the following combinations of resistors a. Three 8 © resistors in parallel per = 202 ne b. Two 6 Qresistors and a 2 @ resistor in parallel Oo a7 cE ane |. A1Q,a2Q,anda3 Q resistor in parallel * iSName: Date: Electrical Power How do you calculate electrical power? In this skill sheet you will review the relationship between electrical power and Ohm’s law. As you work through the problems, you will practice calculating the power used by common appliances in your home. During everyday life we hear the word watt mentioned in reference to things like light bulbs and electric bills. ‘The watt is the unit that describes the rate at which energy is used by an electrical device. Energy is never created or destroyed, so “used” means it is converted from electrical energy into another form such as light or heat. And since energy is measured in joules, power is measured in joules per second. One joule per second is equal to one watt. We can calculate the amount of electrical power by an appliance or other electrical component by multiplying the voltage by the current. Current x Voltage = Power, or P= IV A kilowatt (kWh) is 1,000 watts or 1,000 joules of energy per second. On an electric bill you may have noticed the term kilowatt-hour. A kilowatt-hour means that one kilowatt of power has been used for one hour. To determine the kilowatt-hours of electricity used, multiply the number of kilowatts by the time in hours. exampce [J You use a 1500 watt hair heater for 3 hours. How many kilowatt-hours of electricity did you use? Given Solution The power of the heater is 1500 watts. 1 kilowatt The heater was used for 3 hours. 1500 watts x ——TOMAT _1 5 kilowatts a 1000 watts Looking for The number of kilowatt-hours, 1.5 kilowatts x 3 hours = 4.5 kilowatt-hours Relationships You used 4.5 kilowatt-hours of electricity. kilowatt-hours = kilowatts x hours PRACTICE [>—2— 1. Your oven has a power rating of 5000 watts. ny a. How many kilowatts is this? S020 (EEG) = Thee Guede) = seks. te, 'b. If the oven is used for 2 hours to bake cookies, how many kilowatt-hours (kWh) are used? c. If your town charges $0.15/kWh, what isthe cost to use the oven to bake the cookies? (0 hive: bie HOSE ra) Wl SD You use a 1200-watt hair dryer for 10 minutes each day. a. How many minutes do you use the hair dryer in a month? (Assum there arg 30 days in the month.) er Da Bye Pron b. How many hours do you use the hair dryer in a month? emasyay 7 +) = 94,10? Ro wy What isthe power ofthe hairdryer in kilowatts /20°™ ({8ime)= sak le 4d. How many kilowatt-hours of electricity does the hairdryer use in a month? (22k 720 dls) » Bet iuo- e. If your town charges $0.15/kWh, what is the cost to use the hair dryer for a mogth? 24s). 8/2900 Gye ey BAS )= 4/24Page 2 of 2 3. Calculate the power rating of a home appliance (in kilowatts) that uses 8 amps of current when, plugged into a 120-volt outlet. = Poy = (20vXe a) > Foow 4. Calculate the power of a motor that draws a current of 2 A when connected to a 12 volt battery. P=VI = Gavl2a = dw 5. Your alarm clock is connected to a 120 volt circuit and draws 0.5 A of current. Calculate the power ofthe alarm clock in watts. “Pe VI = ((2ov¥e.6n) = GoW Convert the power to kilowatts. P= Gow CEA. 2 O06 kW Calculate the number of kilowatt-hours of electrigity used by al clock if itis left, on for one year. = O.OCLW lates Je $2: ees «cata econ ctuang eae PERERA e ge BL F240 Kwa (Hei = BF884 6. Using the formula for power, calculate the amount of curtent tfroush 75-watt ight bulb tha toa 120-volt circuit in yourhome. D2 P= FSW, y Vo pe? ees connected 7. The following questions refer to the diagram. a, What is the total voltage of the cirouit? 3Y av b. What isthe current in the circuit?) 2H 5 Hy = 1A «. What i the power ofthe light bulb? P= VI = (BVXia) = 3 8. A toaster is plugged into a 120-volt household circuit. It draws 5 amps of current. v a, Whatis the resistance of the toaster? R= ¥ et. 24 b. What is the power of the toaster in watts? 2 VL <= (12evX 5a) = Goow ¢.Whatis the power in kilowats? Pa Geow(iKw-\ 2 0.6 kW 9. Aclothes dryer in a home has a power of 4,500 watts and runs on a special 220-volt household circuit. What is the current through the dryer? = P= ¥eeow 2 2045 A What isthe resistance ofthe dryer? = Yes ZROY » OREN How many kilowatt-hours of electricity are used by the dryer if itis used for 4 hours in one week? How much does it cost to ryp the dryer fog one veg i iv isused for 4 hours cach week ata cost of $0.15/KWh? E = Soro YER Vala) = (BK le YEZWREK/ Hous \ 10. A circuit contains a 12-volt battery and two 3-ohm bulbs in series. Bae week A | Kae. Bucy Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. Mp = M+, = 3rt 3n262 a b, Calculate the current in the circuit. te yy =v. 2a w c. Calculate the power of each bulb, RP wR = Tit= GA (Gr) 12 4. Calculate the power supplied by the battery. Py = VIL =(2v Yea) = 240 11. A circuit contains a 12-volt battery and two 3-ohm bulbs in parallel waa ahh a. What is the voltage across each branch? © V = I2V aan dao ohne Veer b. Calculate the current in each branch. Bj-Ti= & * ae =44 c. Calculate the power of each bulb. P=R=-T*: ayn). few ‘ cl 4. Caloulate the total current in the circuit. ggg, 70 Ftom garrecy iW AWD «6 ane ls Calculate the power supplied by the battery. Pye VIE 2(2vXBA)= ow 20r,