POWER TRANSMISSION

DRIVE
by

Engr. Alexis T. Belonio

Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Environmental Management
College of Agriculture
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City
[email protected]
 Learning Objectives
 To know the different power transmission
systems used in agricultural machinery
 To enumerate the advantages and
disadvantages of the different power
transmission systems
 To identify the various components of the
power transmission system
 To know how to compute the sizes of the
various power transmission systems
 Classifications
 Flat Belt and pulley
 V-Belt and sheave
 Sprocket and chain
 Gears
 Coupler and flexible shafting
 Universal Joint
Some Applications of Belt and
Pulley Drive
Some Applications of Sprocket
and Chain Drive
Classifications of Belt and Pulley
Drive
 Flat Belt – It is a flexible material
which are band on two or more
pulleys where power is transmitted
from driver to the driven pulley
 V Belt – It is a transmission system
that consists of an endless flexible
belt that transmit power by
contacting and gripping the
sheaves which are keyed to the
shaft of a driving and the driven
machine.
 Characteristics Flat Belt and Pulley Drive

 Suitable for high speed drives.

 Adaptable to dusty and abrasive
environment.
 Transmit power on a long
distance shaft.
 Longer life, high efficiency, low
cost, and low maintenance.
 Also applicable for short distance
drive by using pivoted or spring
actuated motor bases.
 Characteristics of V-Belt and Sheave Drive

 Suitable for long center distance

drive.
 Ability to transfer heavy tensile
load.
 Usually used to transmit power
between parallel shaft. In some
cases they can also be used for
non-parallel drive.
 Applicable for single or in multiple
sheaves.
 Belt Materials

 Leather
 Rubberized Fabric
 Rubberized Chord
 Reinforced Rubber or
Plastic
 Fabric
Flat Belt Size and Number of
Plies for Rubber Belting
Width (mm) Minimum Maximum
51 3 4
76 3 4
102 3 5
152 4 6
203 4 6
254 4 6
305 4 6
406 5 8
508 5 8
762 6 10
 V-Belt Specifications
Type of Cross Width Height Power Range
Section (mm) (mm) (watts)
A 13 8 186 – 1,457
B 16 10 746 – 18, 642
C 22 13 11,186 – 74,570
D 32 19 37,285 –
186,425
E 38 25 74,570 and
above
Width

Pitch Line
Height

40 deg
 Ordering Belts
 Flat belts are ordered
according to the material,
width and number of plies.
Example, canvas type flat belt
4 inches wide, 4 plies.
 V-belts are ordered according
to brand, type, (A, B, C, D, E, Brand
etc) and length. Example, Length
Mitsubishi B-52 belt means
type B with circumferential
length of 52 inches.

Type
 Pulleys and Sheaves
 Pulleys and sheaves are used to transmit the
power from the belt to the shaft.
 They are generally made of cast iron.
However, there are steel pulleys that are also
available and are made in various sizes and
combinations.
 Pulley and sheaves should be carefully
selected to fit the need and requirement of a
drive.
 Pulley and Sheaves

Flat Pulley Sheaves

Suitable for flat belt Suitable for V-belt

drive drive
Classifications of Pulley and Sheave
Hubs

Split Solid Spokes

 Classifications of Belt Drive
According to Type of Drive

 Open Belt Drive

– Pulley shafts are parallel with each other
– Pulleys have the same direction
– Shorter belt length
– Smaller arc of contact of belt on two pulleys
– Suitable for v-belt and flat belt drives
 Cross Belt Drive
– Pulley shafts are parallel with each other
– Pulleys direction are opposite
– Requires longer belt length
– Higher arc of contact of belt on pulleys
– Suitable for flat belt drive or special type of
v-belt
 Quarter Turn Drive
– Pulley shafts are perpendicular with each other
– Requires longer belt than open belt drive
– Relatively higher arc of contact between belt and
pulley
– Suitable for flat belt or special type of v-belt
 According to Number of Pulleys

Drive with Two Pulleys

Drive with More Than

Two Pulleys
 Formula
Pulley Speed and Diameters

N1 D1 = N2 D2

where:
N1 - speed of driver pulley, rpm
D1 - diameter of driver pulley, in
N2 - speed of the driven pulley, rpm
D2 - diameter of driven pulley, in.

Pulley Diameter – outside diameter of pulley

Pulley Speed – number of rotations of pulley per unit time
 Determine the speed of a hammer
mill that is driven by an electric
motor at a speed of 1740 rpm. The
motor pulley is 4 inches while the
milling machine pulley is 3 inches.
Assume that there is no slip on the
drive system.

Given: Motor pulley- 4 in.; Motor speed - 1740 rpm

Machine pulley - 3 in.
Required: Machine speed

Solution: N1 D1 = N2 D2
N1 = (1740 rpm x 4 in.) / (3 in.)
= 2320 rpm
 Speed Ratio

Nr = N1 / N2

where: Nr - speed ratio, dmls

N1 - speed of driver pulley, rpm
N2 - speed of driven pulley, rpm

Speed Ratio – It is the ratio of the angular

speed of two pulleys making no allowance for
slip and creep
Belt Length (Open Drive)

L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + [D – d]2 / 4C

where:
L - belt length, in
C - center distance between pulley shaft, in.
D - diameter of large pulley, in.
d - diameter of smaller pulley, in.

Belt Length – It is the stretched-out length of the belt

Find the length of belt required for a v-
belt drive whose driver pulley diameter is
4 inches and driven pulley diameter is 12
inches. The center distance between
pulley is 36 inches.

D2 = 12 in.
D1 = 4 in.

C = 36 in.

Given: D1 - 4 in; D2 – 12 in; C – 36 in.

Required: Length of belt
Solution:
L = 2 C + 1.57 (D1+D2) + (D1-D2)2 /4C
= 2 (36 in) + 1.57 (12 in + 4 in)
+ (12 in – 4 in)2 / 4 (36 in.)
= 72 in. + 25.12 in. + 0.44 in.
= 97.6 in use 98 in
Belt Length (Crossed Drive)

L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + [D + d]2 / 4C

where:
L - belt length, in
C - center distance between pulley shaft, in.
D - diameter of large pulley, in.
d - diameter of smaller pulley, in.
The main shaft of an engine that drives the
rice mill line shaft drives a 24 inches flat
pulley on a crossed drive assembly. The main
shaft pulley has a diameter of 6 inches. The
distance between pulleys measured from the
center of the shaft is 20 ft. What would be the
length of the flat belt needed for the drive.
Add 1 ft from the computed belt length for
splicing purposes.
D2 = 24 in
D1 = 6 in

C = 20 ft

Given: D1 – 6 in.; D2 – 24 in.; C = 20 ft

Required: Length of belt
Solution:
L = 2 C + 1.57 (D1+D2) + (D1 + D2) 2 / 4C
= 2 x 20 ft x 12 in./ft + 1.57 (24 in. + 6 in.)
+ (24 in. + 6 in. ) 2 / (4 x 20 ft x 12 in./ft)
= 480 in. + 47.1 in. + 0.94 in.
= 528.04 in. + 12 in. allowance
= 540.04 in. or 45 ft
Belt Length (Quarter Turn Drive)

L = 1.57 (D + d) + (C2 + D2) + (C2 + d2)

where:
L - belt length, in
C - center distance between pulley shaft, in.
D - diameter of large pulley, in.
d - diameter of smaller pulley, in.
 Width of Flat Belt

W = (HxS)/(KxC)

where:
W - belt width, mm
H - actual power transmitted or nameplate rating, W
S - service factor, dmls
K - power rating of belt, Watts/mm
C - arc of contact factor, dmls
 Chain Characteristics
 Shaft distances are unrestricted, i.e. the drive is well
suited for long and short-center distances.
 It do not creep or slip. They maintain a positive
speed ratio between the driver and the driven shafts
 They are more physically more compact than belt
drive
 They require more accurate alignment of the shaft
and the sprockets.
 Arc of contact is smaller for chains than for belts.
 They are more practical for low speed.
 The Roller Chain

 This is the most important type

for agricultural use. It is
available either single- or
multiple-strand type.
 Roller chain composed of roller,
links, and pin links, alternately
spaced throughout the length of
the chain. The roller link consists
of two sets of rollers and
bushing, and two link plates, and
the pin links consists of two pins
and two link plates.
 Sprockets
 Types
– A - plain plate
– B - with hub on one side only
– C - with hub on both sides
– D - detachable hub
 Roller Chain and Sprocket
Drive
Large
Sprocket
Chain

Small
Sprocket
 Useful Terms
 Chain Pitch – It is the distance between adjacent
joint members.
 Pitch Diameter - It is the diameter of the pitch circle
that passes through the centers of the link pins as
the chain wrapped on the sprocket.

Chain and Sprocket Size

 The size of chain and sprocket drive is designated as RC
Number. The higher the chain number, the larger is the
loading capacity of the drive.
 Bicycle chain usually used RC 10 while RC 40 to 60 are
commonly used for power tiller transmission box
 Formula
Sprocket Speed

Nr Tr = Nn Tn

where:
Nr - speed of driver sprocket, rpm
Tr - number of teeth of driver sprocket, dmls
Nn - speed of driven sprocket, rpm
Tr - number of teeth of driven sprocket, dmls
 Speed Ratio

R = Nr/Nn

where:
R - Speed ratio, dmls
Nr - speed of driver sprocket, rpm
Nn - speed of driven sprocket, rpm
 Length of Chain

L = 2 C + [(Tl – Ts)/2] + [(Tl-Ts)/ 4 2 C]

where:
L - length of chain, pitches
C - center distance between shafts, pitches
Tl - number of teeth of large sprocket, dmls
Ts - number of teeth of small sprocket, dmls
A chain and sprocket drive is Mixer Driven
designed to drive a Sprocket
horizontal mixer at a speed
of 100 rpm. The power
source from a smaller
sprocket has a speed of 400
rpm. What is the size of the
smaller sprocket needed if Driver Sprocket
the large sprocket has a teeth
of 45 T. Also compute for the Given:
speed ratio of the drive and
the length of chain if the Nr-100 rpm; Nn-400 rpm; Tn –
center distance between shaft 45; C – 48 in. ; chain pitch –
is 48 inches. Assume a chain 0.5 in.
pitch of 0.5 in. per pitch. Required:
Tr, R, L
Solution:
Nr Tr = NnTn
Tr = 100 rpm ( 45 T) / 400 rpm
= 11 T
R = Nr/Nn
= 400 rpm/100 rpm
=4
L = 2C + (Tn-Tr)/2 + (Tn-Tr)/ 4  C
= 2 (48 in)pitch/0.5 in. + (45T-11T) + (45T-
11T)/4  48 in. x pitch/0.5 in.
= 192 + 17 + 34/3789.93
= 209 pitches or 104.5 inches
 GEARS
 Gears are tooth wheels used to transmit power
and motion at a constant ratio from one
rotating shaft to another by means of a
positive contact of successively engaging teeth.
 Compared with V-belts and chain drives, gear
drives are more compact and can operate at a
higher speed. It also provides precise timing
of motion.
 In agricultural machineries gears are
commonly used in transmission drives for
tractors, self propelled combines, power tiller,
and many others.
Gear Drive for Transmission Boxes
 Gear Characteristics
 They are the most durable and rugged of all the
mechanical drives.
 They are usually used for transmission in
compact drive system.
 They transmit high power at efficiencies up to
98%.
 They are expensive and requires high
replacement cost.
 They requires better lubrication and cleanliness.
 They easily affected by shaft misalignment
 Gear Classifications
 Gear wit Parallel Shaft
– Spur Gear
– Helical Gear
– Harmonic Gear
– Planocentric
 Gears with Intersecting or Skewed Shaft
– Worm
– Beveloid
– Hypoid
– Face
– Helicon
– Straight Bevel
– Spiral Bevel
– Zerol
– Crossed Helical
– Spiroid
– Cavex Worm
– Cone Drive
 Spur Gear
 It is the most common type
of gear.
 Teeth are straight and
parallel to shaft taxis.
 It advantages are simple,
low cost, and easy to
maintain.
 Drawbacks are have less
capacity and are noisier
than other types.
 Helical Gear
 It can carry more load
than the equivalent size
spur gear.
 Operates more smoothly
and quietly.
 More costly than spur
gears.
 Herringbone is similar to
double helical gear.
 Worm Gear

 It provides a maximum reduction ratio

for a given center distance.
 They are quiet and smooth action.
 They are used only for speed
reduction.
 Cannot back-drive at ratios greater
than 20:1.
 Contact area is large hence load
capacity is high.
 Shaft are almost always at right
angles.
 Straight Bevel Gear
 This is the simplest type of gear
for intersecting shaft.
 It is commonly used for shaft
intersecting at right angle but can
also be used for shaft mating at
any angle.
 Gears are designed in pairs thus
are not always interchangeable.
 Supporting shaft and bearings
must be rigid to maintain proper
tooth contact.
 Gear Ratio
 It is the ratio between the number of
teeth of the driver and the driven gear.

Gear Ratio = Number of teeth of Driver Gear/

Number of teeth of Driven Gear
 Gear Tooth Load

Ft = T / [D/2] or
= 19.1 x 106 kW / [ D x N ]

where: Ft - transmitted load, N

D - pitch diameter, mm
kW - power, kW
N - speed of shaft, rpm
 Design Power

This is a required power which is a

function of the type of load and lubrication

Design Power = Power to be Transmitted x

Service Factor
 Service Factor for Type of
Load
Hours of Uniform Light Shock Heavy
Operation Loading Shock
8-10 1.0 1.2 1.4
11-16 1.1 1.3 1.5
17-24 1.2 1.4 1.6
 Service Factor for Type of
Lubrication
Type of Lubrication Service Factor

Intermittent 0.7

Grease 0.4

Oil, Drip 0.2

Oil, Bath 0
 References
 AMTEC. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards. Volume 1.
Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center. UPLB,
Laguna.
 Creamer, R. H. 1984. Machine Design. Addison-Wesley Publishing
Co., Reading Massachusetts. 645pp.
 Krutz, G. Thompson, L. and P. Claar. 1984. Design of Agricultural
machinery. John Wiley and sons. New York. 472pp.
 Levenson, I. J. 1978. Machine Design. Reston Publishing
Company, Inc. Rreston. 512pp.
 Miller, W. S. (ed). Gears and Gear Drives. Mechanical Drive
References Issue. Penton IPC. USA. Vol 55 No. 15. June 30,
1983.
 Penton/IPC. Machine Design. Mechanical Drives. Vol. 55 No. 15.
Penton Press, 1111 Chester Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44114. June
30, 1983. 240pp.
 Spotts, M. F. 1984. Design of Machine elements. Second Edition.
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 504pp.
 Problem Exercises

1. An axial flow biomass shredder is equipped with a 5

inch diameter double groove v-belt at its cylinder axle.
The engine that drives the machine is rated at 2400 rpm
at optimum engine throttle opening. If the engine pulley
is 4 inches, what is the speed of the shredder axle? What
is the speed ratio of the engine and the shredder pulleys?

2. Two pulleys of a rice mill, one at the main shaft and

the other is at the engine, are running at opposite
direction. The pulleys were measured to have a center
distance of 6 meters from each other. If the main shaft
pulley is 8 inches while the engine pulley is 6 inches,
what would be the total length of the belt is drive
system?