engineFoam tutorial

engineFoam tutorial with different flame-wrinkling (Xi)

model

Sandip Wadekar

Mechanics and Maritime Sciences,

Chalmers University of Technology,
Gothenburg, Sweden

2018-11-29

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A Brief tutorial for engineFoam in OpenFOAM

A brief introduction of premixed turbulent combustion.

engineFoam solver:
engineFoam.C file
src/engine/engineTime/engineTime.C file
bEqn.H file
bEqn.H : new flame wrinkling models
Setup a case:
thermophysical and combustion properties
Initial and boundary conditions
run the case
Results

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Premixed combustion
Fuel and oxidizer are mixed prior to the ignition.
Reaction occurs at the surface of the flame.
Flame front propagates from burnt mixture to un-burnt mixture.
Flame propagation can be defined by the progress variable c
T − Tu
c= (1)
Tb − Tu
For the burnt gas c = 1, and for un-burnt gases c = 0.

But in engineFoam solver, the flame front propagation is modeled by

regression variable b, with the relation b = c − 1.
Flame propagation is modeled by solving transport equation of
regression variable.
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engineFoam solver
The engineFoam solver involves:
Compressible
Transient
Heat transfer
Chemistry
Turbulence
Combustion
Premixed fuel-oxidizer
Partially-premixed fuel-oxidizer
moving mesh
time defined in crank-angle degree (CAD)

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closure problem

Fluid flow:
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of energy
Equation of state

Combustion:
progress/regress variable
species/mass-fraction equation

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create new engineFoam solver

Copy and rename the solver

cd $WM_PROJECT_USER_DIR
cp -r $FOAM_APP/solvers/combustion/engineFoam myengineFoam
cd myengineFoam

Now, we also need to modify the files in Make directory,

sed -i s/"engineFoam"/"myengineFoam"/g Make/files

sed -i s/"FOAM_APPBIN"/"FOAM_USER_APPBIN"/g Make/files

Check: engineFoam.C
EXE = $(FOAM_USER_APPBIN)/myengineFoam
Then compile the solver: wmake

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engineFoam.C
#include "fvCFD.H"
#include "engineTime.H"
#include "engineMesh.H"
#include "psiuReactionThermo.H"
#include "turbulenceModel.H"
#include "laminarFlameSpeed.H"
#include "ignition.H"
#include "Switch.H"
#include "OFstream.H"
#include "mathematicalConstants.H"
#include "pimpleControl.H"
#include "fvIOoptionList.H"
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
#include "setRootCase.H"
#include "createEngineTime.H"
#include "createEngineMesh.H"
#include "readCombustionProperties.H"
#include "createFields.H"
#include "createFvOptions.H"
#include "initContinuityErrs.H"
#include "readEngineTimeControls.H"
#include "compressibleCourantNo.H"
#include "setInitialDeltaT.H"
#include "startSummary.H"

pimpleControl pimple(mesh);
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //

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engineFoam.C

Info<< "\nStarting time loop\n" << endl;

while (runTime.run())
{
#include "readEngineTimeControls.H"
#include "compressibleCourantNo.H"
#include "setDeltaT.H"

runTime++;
Info<< "Crank angle = " << runTime.theta() << " CA-deg" << endl;
Info<< "This is myengineFoam " << endl;

mesh.move();

#include "rhoEqn.H"
// --- Pressure-velocity PIMPLE corrector loop
while (pimple.loop())
{
#include "UEqn.H"
#include "ftEqn.H"
#include "bEqn.H"
#include "EauEqn.H"
#include "EaEqn.H"
...
...
}

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src/engine/engineTime/engineTime.C file
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * Private Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * //
void Foam::engineTime::timeAdjustment()
{
deltaT_ = degToTime(deltaT_);
endTime_ = degToTime(endTime_);

if
(
writeControl_ == wcRunTime
|| writeControl_ == wcAdjustableRunTime
)
{
writeInterval_ = degToTime(writeInterval_);
}
}
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
//- Construct from objectRegistry arguments
Foam::engineTime::engineTime
(
const word& name,
const fileName& rootPath,
const fileName& caseName,
const fileName& systemName,
const fileName& constantName,
const fileName& dictName
)
:

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src/engine/engineTime/engineTime.C file
Time
(
name,
rootPath,
caseName,
systemName,
constantName
),
dict_
(
IOobject
(
"engineGeometry",
constant(),
*this,
IOobject::MUST_READ_IF_MODIFIED,
IOobject::NO_WRITE,
false
)
),
rpm_(dict_.lookup("rpm")),
conRodLength_(dimensionedScalar("conRodLength", dimLength, 0)),
bore_(dimensionedScalar("bore", dimLength, 0)),
stroke_(dimensionedScalar("stroke", dimLength, 0)),
clearance_(dimensionedScalar("clearance", dimLength, 0))
{
// geometric parameters are not strictly required for Time
dict_.readIfPresent("conRodLength", conRodLength_);
dict_.readIfPresent("bore", bore_);
dict_.readIfPresent("stroke", stroke_);
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src/engine/engineTime/engineTime.C file
dict_.readIfPresent("clearance", clearance_);

timeAdjustment();

startTime_ = degToTime(startTime_);
value() = degToTime(value());
deltaTSave_ = deltaT_;
deltaT0_ = deltaT_;

// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
Foam::scalar Foam::engineTime::degToTime(const scalar theta) const
{
// 6 * rpm => deg/s
return theta/(6.0*rpm_.value());
}
Foam::scalar Foam::engineTime::timeToDeg(const scalar t) const
{
// 6 * rpm => deg/s
return t*(6.0*rpm_.value());
}
Foam::scalar Foam::engineTime::pistonPosition(const scalar theta) const
{
return
(
conRodLength_.value()
+ stroke_.value()/2.0
+ clearance_.value()
)

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src/engine/engineTime/engineTime.C file
- (
stroke_.value()*::cos(degToRad(theta))/2.0
+ ::sqrt
(
sqr(conRodLength_.value())
- sqr(stroke_.value()*::sin(degToRad(theta))/2.0)
)
);
}
Foam::dimensionedScalar Foam::engineTime::pistonDisplacement() const
{
return dimensionedScalar
(
"pistonDisplacement",
dimLength,
pistonPosition(theta() - deltaTheta()) - pistonPosition().value()
);
}
Foam::dimensionedScalar Foam::engineTime::pistonSpeed() const
{
return dimensionedScalar
(
"pistonSpeed",
dimVelocity,
pistonDisplacement().value()/(deltaTValue() + VSMALL)
);
}

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bEqn.H file
This file contains:
Transport equation of regression variable
Reaction source term
Models for laminar flame speed
unstrained
equilibrium
transport
Models for flame wrinkling:
fixed
algebraic (or weller model)
transport

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bEqn.H: Implementation
Transport equation of regression variable:
∂ µt
(ρb) + ∇.(ρũb) − ∇.( ∇b) = −ρu Su Ξ|∇b| (2)
∂t Sct

This equation is implemented as follow:

fvScalarMatrix bEqn
(
fvm::ddt(rho, b)
+ mvConvection->fvmDiv(phi, b)
+ fvm::div(phiSt, b, "div(phiSt,b)")
- fvm::Sp(fvc::div(phiSt), b)
- fvm::laplacian(turbulence->alphaEff(), b)
==
fvOptions(rho, b)
);
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bEqn.H: Laminar flame speed

The laminar flame speed can be calculated based on three different

models:
unstrained
equilibrium
transport

Implementation of the these models you can be found in to the line

111-161 of bEqn.H

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bEqn.H: Flame wrinkling factor

The flame wrinkling factor can be calculated based on three different

models:
fixed: Do nothing Xi is fixed
algebraic (weller model)
s
u0
Ξ∗eq = 1 + 0.62 Rη , (3)
Su
Ξ = 1 + 2(1 − b)(Ξ∗eq − 1) (4)

Xi == scalar(1) +
(scalar(1) + (2*XiShapeCoef)*(scalar(0.5)-b))
*XiCoef*sqrt(up/(Su + SuMin))*Reta;

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bEqn.H: Flame wrinkling factor

transport : Xi transport equation is solved
fvScalarMatrix XiEqn
(
fvm::ddt(rho, Xi)
+ fvm::div(phi + phiXi, Xi, "div(phiXi,Xi)")
- fvm::Sp(fvc::div(phiXi), Xi)
==
rho*R
- fvm::Sp(rho*(R - G), Xi)
- fvm::Sp
( rho*max
(
sigmat - sigmas,
dimensionedScalar(sigmat.dimensions(), Zero)
),
Xi
)
+ fvOptions(rho, Xi)
);
XiEqn.relax();
fvOptions.constrain(XiEqn);
XiEqn.solve();
fvOptions.correct(Xi);
// Correct boundedness of Xi
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Xi.max(1.0);
Info<< "max(Xi) = " << max(Xi).value() << endl;
Info<< "max(XiEq) = " << max(XiEq).value() << endl;
}
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bEqn.H: New flame wrinkling models

muppala
0.46 u0 ∆ 0.3 p 0.2
Ξ=1+ Re∆ 0.25 ( ) ( ) (5)
Le SL p0

else if (XiModel == "muppala")

{
volScalarField delta = pow(cellVolu,1.0/3.0);
volScalarField up(uPrimeCoef*sqrt((2.0/3.0)*turbulence->k()));
volScalarField Ret((rho * up* delta)/(turbulence->mu()));
dimensionedScalar pref
(dimensionedScalar("pref", p.dimensions(), 100000));
Xi == scalar(1) +
((0.46/1.0) * pow(Ret,0.25)*pow(up/Su,0.3)*pow(p/pref,0.2));
Info << "Xi-Muppala" << max(Xi).value() << endl;
}

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bEqn.H: New flame wrinkling models

zimont
u0 ∆ 3/4 ∆ 1/4
Ξ = 1 + 0.51 ( ) ( ) (6)
SL δL

else if (XiModel == "zimont")

{
volScalarField delta = pow(cellVolu,1.0/3.0);
volScalarField up(uPrimeCoef*sqrt((2.0/3.0)*turbulence->k()));
volScalarField Ret((rho * up* delta)/(turbulence->mu()));
dimensionedScalar pref
(dimensionedScalar("pref", p.dimensions(), 100000));
volScalarField dl= ( thermo.muu() / (0.7 * rhou) ) / Su0;
Xi == scalar(1) + (0.51 * pow(Ret,0.75) * pow(delta/dl,0.25));
Info << "Xi-Zimont" << max(Xi).value() << endl;
}

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createFields.H
need to add the cellvolu before compiling
volScalarField cellVolu // Included
(
IOobject
(
"cellVolu",
runTime.timeName(),
mesh,
IOobject::NO_READ,
IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
),
mesh,
dimensionedScalar("zero", dimVolume, 0.0)
);

compile the solver

cd $WM_PROJECT_USER_DIR/myengineFoam
wmake

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Case set-up

Case description
Constant
Initial and boundary conditions
system

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Case set-up: description

KivaTest engine geometry is used (valve is not present).
premixed mixture of air-propane is used as a working fluid.
Case covers only compression (-180 to 0 cad), ignition (-15 cad) and
expansion phase (0 to 60 cad).

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Case set-up: constant

engineGeometry :

engineMesh layered;

conRodLength conRodLength [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ] 0.147;

bore bore [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ] 0.092;

stroke stroke [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ] 0.08423;

clearance clearance [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ] 0.00115;

rpm rpm [ 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 ] 1500;

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Case set-up: constant

turbulenceProperties : 1. RASModel 2. LESModel

simulationType RASModel;
RASProperties :
RASModel LaunderSharmaKE;
turbulence on;
printCoeffs on;

g:
dimensions [0 1 -2 0 0 0 0];
value (0 0 0);

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Case set-up: constant

Model Description
LRR Launder-Reece-Rodi RSTM
LaunderGibsonRSTM Launder-Gibson RSTM
LaunderSharmaKE Launder-Sharma low-Re k −  model
RNGkEpsilon RNG k −  model
SpalartAllmaras Spalart-Allmaras 1-eqn mixing-length model
kEpsilon Standard k −  model
kOmegaSST k − ω − SSt model
laminar Dummy turbulence model for laminar flow
realizableKE Realizable k −  model
v2f v 2 − f model
Table: RANS turbulence model for compressible flow

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Case set-up: constant/thermophysicalProperties

keyword : thermoType
Possible options for thermoType for combustion

thermoType
{
type heheuPsiThermo;
mixture inhomogeneousMixture;
transport sutherland;
thermo janaf;
equationOfState perfectGas;
specie specie;
energy absoluteEnthalpy;
//energy absoluteInternalEnergy;
}

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Case set-up: constant/thermophysicalProperties

Property Type

Thermophysical model heheuPsiThermo

Mixture egrMixture

properties homogeneousMixture

inhomogeneousMixture

veryInhomogeneousMixture

Transport const

properties sutherland

Basic thermophysical hConst

properties janaf

equation of state perfectGas

Derived thermophysical specie

properties

Table: Thermo-physical model

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Case set-up: constant/thermophysicalProperties

>

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Case set-up: constant/thermophysicalProperties

Keyword : stoichiometricAirFuelMassRatio
Now for the inhomogeneousMixture it will read the fuel, oxidant and
burnt products. Which are defined as follow:
fuel
{
specie
{
nMoles 1;
molWeight 114.23;
}
thermodynamics
{
Tlow 298.15;
Thigh 5000;
Tcommon 1000;
highCpCoeffs (19.3963 0.0488137 -1.55798e-05 2.17831e-09 -1.08391e-13 -37133.9 -78.8531 );
lowCpCoeffs ( 0.429357 0.0765769 8.41306e-06 -5.86603e-08 2.79414e-11 -30446.4 25.6735 );
}
transport
{
As 1.67212e-06;
Ts 170.672;
}
}

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constant/combustionProperties
keyword : laminarFlameSpeedCorrelation
1. Gulders
2. GuldersEGR
3. constant
The implementation can be found in:
src/thermophysicalModels/laminarFlameSpeed/Gulders/Gulders.C
src/thermophysicalModels/laminarFlameSpeed/GuldersEGR/GuldersEGR.C

keyword : fuel
keyword : Su

If the laminar flame speed is chosen as constant then it take define value of Su
here.
src/thermophysicalModels/laminarFlameSpeed/constant/constant.C
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constant/combustionProperties
keyword : equivalenceRatio
It is defined as a ratio of fuel-air ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio,
as:
2 Tu α pu β
Su (φ, Tu , pu ) = Z W φη e−ξ(φ−σ) ( ) ( ) (7)
T0 p0
The values of model constants are also define depending upon the fuel
used under the GuldersCoeffs, as:
Propane
{ W 0.446;
eta 0.12;
xi 4.95;
alpha 1.77;
beta -0.2;
f 2.3;
}
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constant/combustionProperties

keyword : XiModel
1. fixed
2. algebraic
3. transport

Now extented to:

4. muppala
5. zimont

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constant/combustionProperties

keyword : ignite
ignite yes;
keyword : ignitionSites
{
location (0.03 0 0.091);
diameter 0.002;
start -15;
duration 20;
strength 4;
}

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boundary conditions

We have following files in the time folder such as -180 :

alphat b epsilon ft fu k mut p Su T Tu U Xi
Variable Description Boundary condition at patches
(same at all the patches except moving patch)
alphat Thermal diffusivity type compressible::alphatWallFunction;
Prt 0.85;
value uniform 0;
b Regression variable zeroGradient;
epsilon Turbulent kinetic type compressible::epsilonWallFunction;
energy dissipation Cmu 0.09;
rate kappa 0.41;
E 9.8;
value uniform 450;
k Turbulent kinetic energy type compressible::kqRWallFunction;
value uniform 4;
mut Turbulent viscosity type mutkWallFunction;
Cmu 0.09;
kappa 0.41;
E 9.8;
value uniform 0;

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boundary conditions

p pressure zeroGradient
Su laminar flame speed zeroGradient
T burnt fixed value
Temperature uniform 433;
Tu unburnt fixed value
Temperature uniform 433;
U velocity fixed value
uniform (0 0 0);
Xi flame wrinkling zeroGradient

Run the simulation :

./Allclean
./Allrun > log 2>&1 &

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Results
Qualitative comparison

>
Figure: Regression variable (b) at 0 crank angle degree.

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Results
Quantitative comparison

Figure: In-cylinder pressure (left) and temperature (right).

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Thanks for you attention!

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