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LITERATURE (English)

 It is a group of works  It is a work from various  Literature usually means

of art made up works
experiences and
of words. of poetry and prose that
expression of the writer. are especially well
Most are written, but
written.
some are passed on by
word of mouth.

 PROSE and POETRY are the two types of Literature.

 Poetry — a form of art in which language is used for its emotional

and aesthetic qualities in addition to its meaning

 Prose — the most general form of written language that is not used
for formal patterns of a verse, with the primary goal of sharing information .
 TYPES OF POETRY:

1. Lyric — a kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of the

lyre. It expresses emotions and feelings of the poet
a) Sonnet – fourteen-line poem of an idea or emotion
b) Psalms – a song praising God and containing a philosophy of life
c) Awit (Song) – meant to be sung; realistic; has 12 syllables per line
Ex: Florante at Laura
d) Corrido – meant to be recited; fantasy; has 8 syllables per line
Ex: Ibong Adarna
e) Folksongs (Awiting Bayan) – short poems intended to be sung
f) Ode – a poem of pure and noble feeling to a certain subject

2. Narrative — describes important real or imaginary events in life

a) Tale – a narrative written in verse about supernatural beings
b) Ballad – a short poem for singing; has a simple plot and structure
c) Epic – a narrative of adventures and journey of a hero

3. Dramatic — any play or scene where characters tell a story through

poetry
a) Comedy – intended for entertainment; usually has a happy ending
b) Farce – an exaggerated comedy; situations portrayed are ridiculous
and funny
c) Melodrama – a sensational dramatic piece to appeal to the emotions;
usually sad but has a happy ending
d) Tragedy – it deals with tragic events and the struggles and even
death of the main character.
 TYPES OF PROSE:

1. Legend — a traditional narrative about origins

2. Anecdote — a short story about a real incident of a person meant
to bring a lesson to the readers
3. Short story — a narrative of one or more characters in a single plot;
can be read in one sitting
4. Novel — a long work of narrative fiction; with complex characters and
plots
5. Essay — a piece of writing that gives the author’s views and opinions
about
a certain topic or event
6. Biography — portrays the experiences and the events that occurred in a
person’s or another person’s life.
7. Play — intended to be performed on stage; divided into acts divided
into scenes
8. Fable — a story of animals and objects with human attributes that lead
to a moral lesson
9. Parable — a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson
10. Fiction — a prose composition that describes imaginary people and
events

 Types of Fiction:

 Short story
 Novel
 Novella – narrative prose normally longer than a short story but shorter
than a novel
 Drama – fiction represented in performance (pantomime or dialog)
 Allegory – a symbolic fictional narrative that conveys a figurative meaning
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION:

1. Character — a person or other being in a narrative. They are

considered agents of action.
A. Major Characters
 Protagonist – the main character where the story
revolves around
 Antagonist – one who is against the actions of the protagonist
B. Minor Characters
 Foil – a character that has contrasting traits from the protagonist
 Confidant – a character whom the protagonist confides in and
trusts; the main character’s friend
 Background characters – the extras of the story supporting the
main characters
C. Kinds of Character
 Round character – one who experiences personal change
throughout the story
 Flat character – one who does not undergo personal change
throughout the story

2. Setting — the time and geographic location of the story and sets the
mood of the characters.
 Time – duration of the events in the story
 Place – location of the events
 Atmosphere – emotion or mood within the events or characters

3. Plot — the main events of the story presented in a sequential order

A. Types of Plot
 Organic – the story came from just one conflict
 Episodic – there are two or more sources of conflicts
B. Organization of Plot
 Chronology – the time and events are arranged according
to time and space
 Climax – the events are arranged according to order of suspense
 4. Conflict — the struggle between and among opposing forces in the
story.
— It is considered “the soul of the story”

*Types of Conflict
 Physical – Man vs. Nature
 Social – Man vs. Man
 Psychological – Man vs. Self
 Cosmic – Man vs. God

5. Point of View — the mode of narration or vantage point that the

author
employs to let the readers “hear” and “see” what takes place in the
story

o First person – a principal character is the one who narrates the story

o Second person – the narrator tells the story to another character or to the
readers, using the word “you”

o Third person – central intelligence

 Third person (Unlimited or Omniscient) – the narrator know all the
thoughts
and feeling of all the characters
 Third person (Limited) – the narrator knows the thoughts and feeling
of only one character

o Camera eye – presents the events of the story like a mechanical

recording device

o Revolving – the story is presented form one point of view to another

o Composite – the story is presented through the different angles of several

narrating characters
 WORLD LITERATURE:

 Iliad and Odyssey - Homer

 The Republic - Plato
 The Aeneid - Virgil
 Alcestis, Medea,
Hippolytus,
The Trojan Woman,
Electra - Euripides
 Romeo and Juliet,
Much Ado About
Nothing, Twelfth Knight,
Hamlet, Macbeth, Merchant
of Venice - William Shakespeare
 Ethics, Politics,
Poetics - Aristotle
 The Ramayana - Valmiki
 The Mahabharata - Vyasa
 The Prelude - William Wordsworth
 The Scarlet Letter - Nathaniel Hawthorne
 Pride and Prejudice
Sense and Sensibility - Jane Austen
 A Christmas Carol
A Tale of Two Cities
David Copperfield
Great Expectations - Charles Dickens
 1001 Nights/
Arabian Nights - Anonymous
 The Koran - Mohammed
 Gulliver’s Travel - Jonathan Swift
 Love in the Time of Cholera - Gabriel Garcia Marquez
 Moby Dick - Herman Melville
 War and Peace - Leo Tolstoy
Anna Karenina
 Ulysses - James Joyce
  The Interpretation of Dreams - Sigmund Freud
 Sons and Lovers - David Herbert Lawrence
 Theban Plays
Oedipus Rex
Oedipus and Colonus
Antigone - Sophocles
 A Dimple in the Tomb
The Soul Selects Her Society - Emily Dickinson
 Faust - Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

 PHILIPPINE LITERATURE:

 Man Songs - Jose Garcia Villa

Footnote to Youth
 The Woman Who
Had Two Navels - Nick Joaquin
Summer Solstice
May Day Eve
 America is in the Heart
The Laughter of My Father
The Voice of Bataan
The Power of the People - Carlos Bulosan
 The Volcano
The Man Who Looked
Like Robert Taylor - Bienvenido Santos
 How My Brother Leon
Brought Home a Wife - Manuel Arguilla
 Dead Stars
Stepping Stone
Half a Life - Paz Marquez Benitez
 Poems in Spanish and Ilocano - Leona Florentino

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