Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

3. Law of Multiple Proportions

 John Delton (1800’s)
Early Ideas about Matter
 School teacher that proposed the first modern-
 Empedocles – the first elements day idea of atoms
 “atomos” – Democritus (450 BC)
Law of Multiple Proportions: If 2 elements combine to
 Aristotle – he added “quintessence” form more than one compound, the masses of one
 The ancient Greeks tried to explain matter, but element that combine with a fixed mass of the other
the scientific study of the atom began with element are in small whole number ratios.
John Dalton in the early 1800.

Basic Laws of Matter or Basic Laws of Chemical

Changes
1. Law of Conservation of Mass
 Quantitative analysis of chemicals
 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier – father of Modern
Chemistry
 No mass is lost in the system
 He used mercuric oxide e.g.
Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter can neither be  Carbon monoxide
created nor destroyed. Carbon + oxygen + CO
1.0 g of C + 1.33 g of O = 2,33 g of
CO
1:1 ratio
 Carbon dioxide
Carbon + oxygen = CO2
1.00 g of C + 2.66 g of O = 3.66 g of
CO2
1:2 ratio

Dalton’s Atomic Theory – 1808

2. Law of Constant (Definite) Proportions 1. All matter is composed of atoms which cannot
 Developed Law of Definite Proportions or be subdivided.
Law of Definite Composition 2. Atoms of same element are identical (size,
 Joseph Proust (1700’s) mass, reactivity) and are different from the
atoms of another element.
Law of Definite Proportions: Different samples of the
3. Atoms combine to form compounds in simple,
same compound always contain its constituent
fixed, whole number ratios.
elements in the same proportions by mass.
4. Chemical reactions involve the separation,
 Pure Water combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it
 Hydrogen + Oxygen = pure water does not result in their creation or destruction.
 1 gram of H + 8 grams of O = 8:1 ratio
for water
 2 g of H + ??? g of O = 8:1 ratio for
water

The Atomic Structure

The Atom

 Basic unit of matter

  Composed of subatomic particles
 Electrons
- J. J. Thomson
 Protons
- Eugene Goldstein
 Neutron
- James Chadwick

Isotopic Notation

 Atomic number (Z) = # of p+ in the nucleus

and e-
 Mass number (A) = sum of # p+ & n0 in
nucleus
 For a neutral atom, # e- = # p+

Modern View of Atomic Structure

e.g.

Isotopes

 All atoms in an element have the same atomic

number
 However, 2 atoms of the same element can
have different mass numbers – called isotopes
 Isotopes have:
 Same # of p+
 Different # of no
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
Some Common Isotopes
 Defined as a more convenient unit for
reporting mass of small numbers of atoms
 12
C is used as the reference
 1 amu is defined as exactly 1/12 of a 12C atom

Getting Information from the Periodic Table

 Carbon-12 (6-protons, 6-neurtrons)

 Carbon-13 (6-protons, 7-neutrons)
  Carbon-14 (6-protons, 8-neutrons)
 Unstable isotopes are called
radioisotopes or radionuclides emit
radiation, causing the nucleus of a
different element which is more stable
 Radioactive decay - the process of
emission of radiation

Molecules

 combination of the same elements or different

elements
 Polyatomic
 contains three or more atoms
 CO2 , and O3
 Diatomic
 contains only two atoms
 Cl2 , and HCl
Molecules, like atoms are considered as electrically
neutral.

Ions

 atoms or molecules that have a charge

 Monoatomic Ion
 Polyatomic Ion
 cations – positive charge
 anions – negative charge

Chemical Formula
Chemical Formulas
  shorthand way of expressing chemical  Is a one-atom ion, such as Mg2+ or Br-
compounds in symbols (element’s symbols
and the number of atoms)
 Types of Chemical Formulas
- Structural Formula
- Molecular formula
- Empirical formula

1. Structural Formula
 A representation of a compound using the
symbol of the elements to indicate how the
atoms are arranged and bonded chemically.
Remember: If the charge is 1+ or 1-, there is no need
Phosphorus trihydride to write the number 1.
Example: Sodium – Na has a charge of positive 1. The
ionic symbol will be Na+

Transition Metals and their Charges

 Be careful when dealing with transition metals
2. Molecular Formula because most of them have two or more ionic
 Shows the atoms present in a compound, as charges.
well as the number of atoms per element  Example the element Vanadium can have an
present in it. ionic charge of V3+ , V5+ .
 Kindly check on the ionic charge of Gold,
Phosphorus trihydride – PH3 Cobalt and Manganese.
 Gold – Au3+, Au+
 Cobalt – Co2+, Co3+
3. Empirical Formula  Manganese – Mn2+ , Mn4+
 Shows the simplest form of the atomic ratio in
a chemical compound.
C6H12O6 --- simplest ratio is CH2O Determining Polyatomic Ion Charges
Polyatomic Ions – are tightly bound groups of atoms
that behave as one unit and carry a charge.
Models

 A representation of a compound’s structure in

a molecular view. You can check this from your periodic table. A
complete list is actually found in it.
Phosphorus trihydride

Writing Chemical Formula

Determining Ionic Charges
Monoatomic Ion
Finding Ionic Charges for Elements