Course Staff

CS311H: Discrete Mathematics

I Instructor: Prof. Işıl Dillig
Intro and I Proctors: Maruth Goyal, Abby Criswell, Rahul Krishnan,
Propositional Logic Anand Iyer

I Course webpage: http://www.cs.utexas.edu/˜isil/cs311h/

Instructor: Işıl Dillig
I Contains contact info, office hours, slides from lectures,
homework assignments etc.

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 1/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 2/35

About this Course Textbook

I Give mathematical background you need for computer science

I Textbook (optional): Discrete Mathematics
I Topics: Logic, proof techniques, number theory, and Its Applications by Kenneth Rosen
combinatorics, graph theory, basic complexity theory . . .
I Textbook not a substitute for lectures:
I These will come up again and again in higher-level CS courses I Class presentation may not follow book

I Master CS311H material if you want to do well in future I Skip many chapters and cover extra material
courses!

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 3/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 4/35

Piazza Discussion Sections and Office Hours

I Piazza page: https://piazza.com/utexas/fall2020/cs311h/home
I Discussion sections on Fridays 1-2 pm and 2-3 pm
I Homework #0: Make sure you can access Piazza page! I Discussion section will answer questions, solve new problems,
I Please post class-related questions on Piazza instead of and go over previous homework
emailing instructor TA’s
I Isil’s OH: Thursdays 5-6 pm (Zoom link on Canvas)
I If something is not clear to you, it won’t be to others either
I Maruth’s OH: Tuesday 3:30-4:30 pm
I You’ll get answers a lot quicker
I Abby’s OH: Friday 12-1pm
I Please use common sense when posting questions on Piazza
I Hints/ideas ok, but cannot post full solutions!! I Rahul’s OH: Wednesday 2-3 pm
I If you have a more personal question, ok to use email I Anand’s OH: Monday 3:30-4:30 pm
([email protected])

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 5/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 6/35

1
Requirements Grading

I Exams + problem sets + class attendance/participation

I Exam: collectively 50% of final grade
I Exams are take-home and cumulative (three total)
I Homework: 45% of final grade
I Released on Tuesdays and due on Thursdays before class
I Attendance/participation: 5% of final grade
I Scheduled to be released on Sep 29, Oct 27, and Dec 1
I Final grades will be curved
I 10 problem sets (about once every week)

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 7/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 8/35

Homework Policy More on Homework

I Homework must be submitted by 1:30 pm on the due date

I Late submissions not allowed, lowest homework score dropped

when calculating grades I Problem sets in this class will be much harder than what you
are used to from high school!!
I Homework must be done on your own, but allowed to ask
I Normal to spend >30mins on a single HW question
questions on Piazza and during office hours
I Not allowed to do problem sets in groups I Do not seek help from us unless you’ve spent at least one hour
on each problem
I Not allowed to check solutions with each other
I Expect each problem set to take > 6 hours
I Homework solutions must be typeset using Latex and
submitted through Gradescope

I Two of the homework assignments will involve programming,

rest are problem sets
Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 9/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 10/35

Exam Policy Class Participation

I All exams are take-home exams and will be cumulative

I Can only consult lecture notes and textbook but nothing else I Everyone expected to attend lectures and turn video on

I Cannot talk with others about exam questions (no discussion I 5% of course grade for participation (attendance,
allowed, including on Piazza!) asking/answering questions)

I If you have clarification question about exam, please email I Please ask questions!
cs311h-staff.cs.utexas.edu I Will make class more fun for everyone
I Honor code taken very seriously at UT (both for exams + ps) I Others also benefit from your questions
I May be expelled for violating honor code!

I Please read departmental guidelines (link from course webpage)

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 11/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 12/35

2
 Logic

I Logic: study of valid reasoning; fundamental to CS

I Allows us to represent knowledge in a formal/mathematical

way and automate some types of reasoning
Let’s get started! I Many applications in CS:
AI, programming languages,
databases, computer architecture,
automated testing and program
analysis, . . .

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 13/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 14/35

Propositional Logic Propositional Variables, Truth Value

I Simplest logic is propositional logic

I Truth value of a proposition identifies whether a proposition is
I Building blocks of propositional logic are propositions true (written T) or false (written F)

I A proposition is a statement that is either true or false I What is truth value of ”Today is Friday”?

I Examples: I Variables that represent propositions are called propositional

variables
I ”CS311 is a course in discrete mathematics”: True
I Denote propositional variables using lower-case letters, such as
I ”Austin is located in California”: False
p, p1 , p2 , q, r , s, . . .
I ”Pay attention”: Not a proposition
I Truth value of a propositional variable is either T or F.
I ”x+1 =2”: Not a proposition

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 15/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 16/35

Compound Propositions Negation

I More complex propositions formed using logical connectives
(also called boolean connectives)

I Three basic logical connectives: I Negation of a proposition p, written ¬p, represents the
1. ∧: conjunction (read ”and”), statement ”It is not the case that p”.

2. ∨: disjunction (read ”or”) I If p is T , ¬p is F and vice versa.

3. ¬: negation (read ”not”) I In simple English, what is ¬p if p stands for . . .

I “Less than 80 students are enrolled in CS311”?
I Propositions formed using these logical connectives called
compound propositions; otherwise atomic propositions

I A propositional formula is either an atomic or compound

proposition

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 17/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 18/35

3
Conjunction Disjunction

I Conjunction of two propositions p and q, written p ∧ q , is the I Disjunction of two propositions p and q, written p ∨ q , is the
proposition ”p and q” proposition ”p or q”

I p ∧ q is T if both p is true and q is true, and F otherwise. I p ∨ q is T if either p is true or q is true, and F otherwise.

I What is the conjunction and the truth value of p ∧ q for . . . I What is the disjunction and the truth value of p ∨ q for . . .
I p = “It is Thursday”, q = ”It is morning” ? I p = “It is spring semester”, q = ”Today is Thursday”?

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 19/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 20/35

Propositional Formulas and Truth Tables Constructing Truth Tables

I Truth table for propositional formula F shows truth value of F

Useful strategy for constructing truth tables for a formula F :
for every possible value of its constituent atomic propositions
1. Identify F ’s constituent atomic propositions
p ¬p
I Example: Truth table for ¬p T F 2. Identify F ’s compound propositions in increasing order of
F T complexity, including F itself

p q p∨q 3. Construct a table enumerating all combinations of truth

T T T values for atomic propositions
I Example: Truth table for p ∨ q T F T
F T T 4. Fill in values of compound propositions for each row
F F F

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 21/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 22/35

Examples More Logical Connectives

I ∧, ∨, ¬ most common boolean connectives, but there are

other boolean connectives as well

Construct truth tables for the following formulas: I Other connectives: exclusive or ⊕, implication →,
biconditional ↔
1. (p ∨ q) ∧ ¬p
I Exclusive or: p ⊕ q is true when exactly one of p and q is
2. (p ∧ q) ∨ (¬p ∧ ¬q) true, and false otherwise

3. (p ∨ q ∨ ¬r ) ∧ r p q p⊕q
T T F
I Truth table: T F T
F T T
F F F

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 23/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 24/35

4
Implication (Conditional) Converting English into Logic

I
Let p =” I major in CS” and q = ”I will find a good job”. How do
An implication (or conditional) p → q is read ”if p then q” or
we translate following English sentences into logical formulas?
”p implies q”
I ”If I major in CS, then I will find a good job”:
I It is false if p is true and q is false, and true otherwise
I ”I will not find a good job unless I major in CS”:
I Exercise: Draw truth table for p → q
I ”It is sufficient for me to major in CS to find a good job”:
I In an implication p → q, p is called antecedent and q is called
consequent I ”It is necessary for me to major in CS to find a good job”:

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 25/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 26/35

More English - Logic Conversions Converse of a Implication

Let p =” I major in CS”, q = ”I will find a good job”, r = ”I can

program”. How do we translate following English sentences into
logical formulas?
I The converse of an implication p → q is q → p.
I ” I will not find a good job unless I major in CS or I can
program”: I What is the converse of ”If I am a CS major, then I can
program”?
I ” I will not find a good job unless I major in CS and I can
program”: I Note: It is possible for a implication to be true, but its
converse to be false, e.g., F → T is true, but converse false
I ”A prerequisite for finding a good job is that I can program”:

I ”If I major in CS, then I will be able to program and I can find
a good job”:

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 27/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 28/35

Inverse of an Implication Contrapositive of Implication

I The inverse of an implication p → q is ¬p → ¬q. I The contrapositive of an implication p → q is ¬q → ¬p.

I What is the inverse of ”If I get an A in CS311, then I am I What is the contrapositive of ”If I am a CS major, then I can
smart”? program”?

I Note: It is possible for a implication to be true, but its inverse I Question: Is it possible for an implication to be true, but its
to be false. F → T is true, but inverse is false contrapositive to be false?

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 29/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 30/35

5
Question Biconditionals

I A biconditional p ↔ q is the proposition ”p if and only if q”.

I The biconditional p ↔ q is true if p and q have same truth

I Given p → q, is it possible that its converse is true, but value, and false otherwise.
inverse is false?
I Exercise: Construct a truth table for p ↔ q

I Question: How can we express p ↔ q using the other boolean

connectives?

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 31/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 32/35

Operator Precedence Operator Precedence, cont.

I Negation (¬) has higher precedence than all other connectives.

I Given a formula p ∧ q ∨ r , do we parse this as (p ∧ q) ∨ r or I Question: Does ¬p ∧ q mean (i) ¬(p ∧ q) or (ii) (¬p) ∧ q?
p ∧ (q ∨ r )?
I Conjunction (∧) has next highest predence.
I Without settling on a convention, formulas without explicit
paranthesization are ambiguous. I Question: Does p ∧ q ∨ q mean (i) (p ∧ q) ∨ r or (ii)
p ∧ (q ∨ r )?
I To avoid ambiguity, we will specify precedence for logical
connectives. I Disjunction (∨) has third highest precedence.

I Next highest is precedence is →, and lowest precedence is ↔

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 33/35 Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 34/35

Operator Precedence Example

I Which is the correct interpretation of the formula

p ∨ q ∧ r ↔ q → ¬r

(A) ((p ∨ (q ∧ r )) ↔ q) → (¬r )

(B) ((p ∨ q) ∧ r ) ↔ q) → (¬r )

(C) (p ∨ (q ∧ r )) ↔ (q → (¬r ))

(D) (p ∨ ((q ∧ r ) ↔ q)) → (¬r )

Instructor: Işıl Dillig, CS311H: Discrete Mathematics Intro and Propositional Logic 35/35