Wikipedia:Contents/

Outlines
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Wikipedia's contents: Outlines

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Below is a summary of the world's knowledge, in the form of an outline.  Each subject in
turn links to an outline that summarizes that subject.  Together, these outlines also form a
multipage site map of Wikipedia.

Natural and physical sciences

General reference

   People and self

Culture and the arts

   Philosophy and thinking

Geography and places

Religion and belief systems

    Health and fitness

Society and social sciences

     History and events

Human activities
Technology and applied sciences

Mathematics and logic

General reference
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Books – a book is a set of written, printed, illustrated sheets, made of ink, paper,
parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. Books are
used to convey knowledge and other information.
Great books listed in How to Read a Book

Great Books of the Western World

Harvard Classics

General subject outlines (trees of knowledge)

Taxonomies (trees) of knowledge included within larger works
Figurative system of human knowledge (from the Encyclopédie)

Outline of academic disciplines

Outline of Knowledge (part of the Propædia of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia

Britannica)

Outline of the knowledge of humanity

Outline of Roget's Thesaurus

Subject classification systems

Academic classification systems
Fields of doctoral studies (United States)

Joint Academic Classification of Subjects

Library classification systems

Bliss bibliographic classification

Colon classification

Cutter Expansive Classification

Dewey Decimal classes

Library of Congress Classification

Universal Decimal Classification

Knowledge – familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as

facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or
education by perceiving, discovering, or learning. Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or
practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise)
 or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less
formal or systematic.

Wikipedia – free-access, free content Internet encyclopedia, supported and hosted by the
non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Anyone who can access the site can edit almost any of
its articles. Wikipedia is the sixth-most visited website and constitutes the Internet's
largest and most popular general reference work.

Culture and the arts

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Culture – set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that define a group of people,
such as the people of a particular region. Culture includes the elements that characterize a
particular peoples' way of life.

The arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and
disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts.
Literature – the art of written works.
Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that
are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s).

Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative
qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning.

Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from
knowledge across the social sciences and humanities.

Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature.
Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other
physical structures.
Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later
architectural styles influenced by it.

Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's
hands and skill.

Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to
mark a two-dimensional medium.

Design – the process for planning the overall look of an object.

Film – motion pictures.

 Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a
surface with a brush or other object.
History of painting

Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording

radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or
electronic image sensors.

Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard

materials – typically stone such as marble – or metal, glass, or wood.

Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and
presence as a medium.
Dance – art form of movement of the body.

Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually.

Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the
experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place.

Music – art form the medium of which is sound and silence.

Music genres
Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th
century in African American communities in the Southern United
States, mixing African and European music traditions.

Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic

work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score.

Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of

making musical sounds.
Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with
fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to
which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are
traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut
or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings.

Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It

includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and
focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup,
procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound.
Gastronomy – the art and science of good eating, including the study of food and culture.
Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast
range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and
digestibility of food. Includes but is not limited to cooking.

Cuisines – styles of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and

dishes, each usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region.

Meals – eating occasions that take place at a certain time and includes specific
prepared food.

Food and drink

Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical
Theobroma cacao tree.

Wine – alcoholic beverage made from fermented fruit juice (typically from
grapes).

Recreation and Entertainment – any activity which provides a diversion or permits people
to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as
watching opera or a movie.
Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a
community, usually staged by that community.

Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are
not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s).
Spy fiction – genre of fiction concerning forms of espionage.
James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming.
Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels,
movies, video games and other media.

Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary

elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding
the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it.
A Song of Ice and Fire franchise (Game of Thrones) – fantasy series and
setting by writer George R. R. Martin, home to dragons, White Walkers, and
feuding noble houses.

Marvel Cinematic Universe - fictional universe, the setting of movies and

shows produced by Marvel Studios.
 Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits,
orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures.

Narnia – fantasy setting by C.S. Lewis, home to talking animals, centaurs,

witches, and many other mythical creatures and characters.

Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less
plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic
science and technology, space travel, aliens, giant monsters (Kaiju), and
paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one
purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas".
Star Trek – sci-fi setting created by Gene Roddenberry, focused mostly upon
the adventures of the personnel of Star Fleet of the United Federation of
Planets and their exploration and interaction with the regions of space
within and beyond their borders.

Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules,
challenge, and interaction.
Board games – tabletop games that involve counters or pieces moved or placed
on a pre-marked surface or "board", according to a set of rules.
Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-
checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each
player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks,
two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns.

Card games – game using playing cards as the primary device with which the
game is played, be they traditional or game-specific.
Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not
always) hand rankings.

Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface
to generate visual feedback on a video device.

Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring

commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective
means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism.
Ball games
Baseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players
each where the aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and
 touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot
diamond.

Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score
points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop
while following a set of rules.

Golf – club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into
a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.

Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two
teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a
felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court.

Combat sports
Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons.

Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of

combat practiced for a variety of reasons including self-defense,
competition, physical health and fitness as well as mental and spiritual
development.

Traveling / racing sports

Auto racing – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition.

Boating
Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft
paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized
boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft,
known as a paddle, in the water.

Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational

or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races.

Cycling – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport,

recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking.

Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles

have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing.

Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground
at regular intervals.
 Skiing – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter
sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of
competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic
Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS).

Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that
are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical
approaches of the natural sciences.
Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the
people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history,
political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and
related disciplines.
Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical
language and literature.

Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature,

philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient
Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600);
especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

Geography and places

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Geography
Continents and major geopolitical regions (non-continents are italicized)
Africa • Antarctica • Asia • Europe • North America • Oceania (includes Australia) •
South America
Political divisions of the World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region
Africa

West Africa

Benin • Burkina Faso • Cape Verde • Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau •

Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) • Liberia • Mali • Mauritania • Niger •
Nigeria
Rivers State • Senegal • Sierra Leone • Togo

North Africa
 Algeria • Egypt (Cairo) • Libya • Mauritania • Morocco • Sudan • South Sudan
•Tunisia • Western Sahara

Central Africa

Angola • Burundi • Cameroon • Central African Republic • Chad • The Democratic

Republic of the Congo • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • Republic of the Congo •
Rwanda • São Tomé and Príncipe

East Africa

Burundi • Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Kenya • Madagascar • Malawi •

Mauritius • Mozambique • Rwanda • Seychelles • Somalia • Tanzania • Uganda •
Zambia • Zimbabwe

Southern Africa

Botswana • Eswatini (Swaziland) • Lesotho • Namibia • South Africa (Cape Town)

Dependencies
Mayotte (France) • St. Helena (UK) • Puntland • Somaliland •
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Antarctica
None
Asia
Central Asia
Kazakhstan • Kyrgyzstan • Tajikistan • Turkmenistan • Uzbekistan
East Asia
China
Tibet
Hong Kong • Macau
Japan (Kyoto) • North Korea • South Korea • Mongolia • Taiwan
North Asia
Russia
Southeast Asia
Brunei • Cambodia • East Timor (Timor-Leste) • Indonesia (Jakarta) • Laos •
Malaysia • Myanmar (Burma) • Philippines (Metro Manila) • Singapore • Thailand
(Bangkok) • Vietnam
South Asia
Afghanistan • Bangladesh • Bhutan • Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan • Sri Lanka
India
 States of India: Andhra Pradesh • Arunachal Pradesh • Assam • Bihar •
Chhattisgarh • Goa • Gujarat • Haryana • Himachal Pradesh • Jammu and
Kashmir • Jharkhand • Karnataka • Kerala • Madhya Pradesh • Maharashtra •
Manipur • Meghalaya • Mizoram • Nagaland • Odisha • Punjab • Rajasthan •
Sikkim • Tamil Nadu • Telangana • Tripura • Uttar Pradesh • Uttarakhand • West
Bengal
West Asia
Armenia • Azerbaijan • Bahrain • Cyprus (including disputed Northern Cyprus) •
Georgia • Iran • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Kuwait • Lebanon • Oman • State of
Palestine • Qatar • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Turkey (Istanbul) • United Arab Emirates
(Dubai) • Yemen
Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)
North Caucasus
Parts of Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria,
Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)
South Caucasus
Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia, South Ossetia) • Armenia • Azerbaijan
(including disputed Republic of Artsakh)
Europe
Akrotiri and Dhekelia • Åland • Albania • Andorra • Armenia • Austria (Vienna) •
Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus
• Czech Republic (Prague) • Denmark • Estonia • Faroe Islands • Finland • France •
Georgia • Germany (Dresden, Munich) • Gibraltar • Greece (Athens) • Guernsey •
Hungary • Iceland • Ireland • Isle of Man • Italy (Florence, Milan, Palermo, Rome,
Turin) • Jersey • Kazakhstan • Kosovo • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania •
Luxembourg • Malta • Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) • Monaco •
Montenegro • Netherlands • North Macedonia • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia
(Saint Petersburg) • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia •
Norway
Svalbard
Spain
Autonomous communities of Spain: Catalonia (Barcelona)
Sweden (Stockholm) • Switzerland (Geneva) • Turkey • Ukraine
United Kingdom
England (Cornwall, London) • Northern Ireland • Scotland (Edinburgh) • Wales
Vatican City
 European Union
North America

Canada

Provinces of Canada: • Alberta • British Columbia • Manitoba • New Brunswick •

Newfoundland and Labrador • Nova Scotia • Ontario (Toronto) • Prince Edward
Island • Quebec • Saskatchewan
Territories of Canada: Northwest Territories • Yukon
Greenland • Saint Pierre and Miquelon

United States

Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut •

Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas •
Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts (Boston) • Michigan •
Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New
Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York (New York City)  • North
Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) •
Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah •
Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)

Mexico

Central America
Belize • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua • Panama
Caribbean
Anguilla • Antigua and Barbuda • Aruba • Bahamas • Barbados • Bermuda • British
Virgin Islands • Cayman Islands • Cuba • Dominica • Dominican Republic • Grenada
• Haiti • Jamaica • Montserrat • Netherlands Antilles • Puerto Rico • Saint
Barthélemy • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Martin • Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines • Trinidad and Tobago • Turks and Caicos Islands • United States
Virgin Islands
Oceania (includes the continent of Australia)
Australasia
Australia (Sydney)
Dependencies/Territories of Australia
Christmas Island • Norfolk Island
 New Zealand
Melanesia
Fiji • Indonesia (Oceanian part only) • New Caledonia (France) • Papua New Guinea
• Solomon Islands • Vanuatu •
Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia • Guam (US) • Kiribati • Marshall Islands • Nauru •
Northern Mariana Islands (US) • Palau •
Polynesia
American Samoa (US) • Cook Islands (NZ) • French Polynesia (France) • Hawaii
(US) • Niue (NZ) • Pitcairn Islands (UK) • Samoa • Tokelau (NZ) • Tonga • Tuvalu •
Wallis and Futuna (France)
South America
Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Falkland
Islands • Guyana • Paraguay • Peru • Suriname • Uruguay • Venezuela
South Atlantic
Ascension Island • Saint Helena • Tristan da Cunha

Health and fitness

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See also: Biology (below)

Health – Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. This is a level
of functional and (or) metabolic efficiency of a person in mind, body, and spirit; being free
from illness, injury or pain (as in “good health” or “healthy”). The World Health Organization
(WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

Death – cessation of life.

Exercise – any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall
health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons including strengthening muscles
and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, and
mental health including the prevention of depression. Frequent and regular physical
exercise boosts the immune system and helps prevent the "diseases of affluence" such
as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity.

Nutrition – provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of
food) to support life.
Life extension – The study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend
both the maximum and average lifespan.

Health sciences – applied sciences that address the use of science, technology,
engineering, or mathematics in the delivery of healthcare to human beings.

Medicine – science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices
evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.
Anesthesia – a way to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using a
medicine called anesthetics.

Cardiology – the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the human heart. The
field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary
artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, and electrophysiology.

Clinical research – aspect of biomedical research that addresses the assessment of

new pharmaceutical and biological drugs, medical devices, and vaccines in humans.

Diabetes – a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood
glucose (blood sugar) above 200mg/dl, either because insulin production is
inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin or both.

Dentistry – a branch of medicine that is involved in the study, diagnosis, prevention,

and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the mouth, maxillofacial
area, and the adjacent and associated structures (teeth) and their impact on the
human body.

Emergency medicine – medical specialty involving care for undifferentiated,

unscheduled patients with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical
attention. Emergency physicians undertake acute investigations and interventions to
resuscitate and stabilize patients.

Obstetrics – medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive
tracts and their children during pregnancy (prenatal period), childbirth, and the
postnatal period.

Trauma and Orthopedics – medical specialty dealing with bones, joints and operative
management of trauma.

Psychiatry – medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental

disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioral, cognitive,
and perceptual abnormalities.
 Autism a mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by great
difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in
using language and abstract concepts.

Bipolar disorder – a mental disorder that causes periods of depression and

periods of abnormally elevated mood.

Psychiatric survivors movement – is a diverse association of individuals who

either currently access mental health services (known as consumers or service
users), or who are survivors of interventions by psychiatry, or who are ex-
patients of mental health.

History and events

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History (timelines) – records of past events and the way things were. It is also a field
responsible for the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information
about the past.
History, by period (See also Timeline of world history)
Prehistory – events occurring before recorded history (that is, before written
records).
Colorado prehistory –

Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history

(i.e., before the development of writing).

Ancient history (timeline) – from ≈3350 BCE to ≈500 CE

Ancient West
Classical antiquity (timeline) – long period of cultural history in the lands
surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world.
Ancient Greece (timeline) – period of Greek history lasting from the
Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of
Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of
Western civilization.

Ancient Rome (timeline) – civilization that started on the Italian

Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th
century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to
an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern
Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region.
 Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is,
ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also
refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those.

Ancient East
Ancient China – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia
Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the
end of the Warring States period.

Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower
reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern
country of Egypt.

Ancient India – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or
earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE).

Middle Ages (Medieval history) (timeline) – historical period following the Iron Age,
fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century and preceding the
early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classic,
Medieval, and Modern.

Renaissance – cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century,
beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of
Europe. It encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics,
and gradual but widespread educational reform.

Early modern history – from 1500 to 1899

Modern history – since 1900.

Globalization – progression towards the development of an integrated world

community, from ancient times to the present

History, by region
History of South Asia (timeline)

History of Western civilization

History of existing states

United States history (timeline)
History of U.S. states
History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of
Arkansas • History of California • History of Colorado • History of
 Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of
Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois •
History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of
Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of
Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of
Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of
Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New
Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of
New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota • History
of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon • History of
Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina •
History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas •
History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of
Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History
of Wyoming

Historical states
Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower
reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern
country of Egypt.

Ancient Rome (timeline) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and
lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries
it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-
Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region.
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work
authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794).

Byzantine Empire (timeline) – the Eastern Roman Empire that existed

throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Known simply as the Roman
Empire or Romania by its inhabitants and neighbors, the empire was centered on
the capital of Constantinople and was the direct continuation of the Ancient
Roman State. Byzantium, however, was distinct from ancient Rome, in that it
was Christian and predominantly Greek-speaking, being influenced by Greek, as
opposed to Latin, culture.

Ottoman Empire (timeline) – historical Muslim empire, also known by its

contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey. At its zenith in the second half
 of the 16th century it controlled Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and North
Africa.

Soviet Union – socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922
to 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and
economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state,
governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. It was a major
ally during World War II, a main participant in the Cold War, and it grew in power
to become one of the world's two superpowers (the other being the United
States). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.

History, by subject
History, by field
History of art (timeline)
History of painting

History of business

History of geography

History of mathematics (timeline)

History of political science (timeline)

History of science (timeline)

History of technology (timeline)

Prehistoric technology

Historical sciences – fields dealing with history

Archaeology (timeline)

Geology (timeline)
Geological history

Biology (timeline)

Astronomy (timeline)

History of terrorism
Terrorism in the United States
September 11 attacks

Wars
 American Civil War – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865
in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede.

World War I (timeline) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914
and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers,[1]
which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the
Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally
centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy).

World War II (timeline) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which
involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the
Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and
deadliest war in history.

Cold War (timeline) – period of political and military tension between the
Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two
superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.).
Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam,
Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April
1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between
North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of
South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist
nations.

Human activities
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Human activity – intentional, purposive, conscious and subjectively meaningful sequences

of actions.
Agriculture

Arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines.
The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts.

Communication

Education

Entertainment

Exercise
 Government

Industry

Law enforcement

Philosophy

Politics

Religion

Science
Applied science – application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical
environment. Examples include all fields of engineering.

Formal science – branch of knowledge with many subbranches which are concerned
with formal systems. Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned
with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world, but instead with
the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules.

Natural science – major branch of science that tries to explain and predict nature's
phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be
verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social
mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of
findings, are among the criteria and methods used for this purpose.

Social science – study of the world and its cultures and civilizations. Social science
has many branches, each called a "social science".

Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment,

strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally
speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism.

Transport – the transfer of people or things from one place to another.

Underwater diving – practice of people descending below the water's surface to interact
with the environment.

War – state of armed conflict between states, governments, societies and informal
paramilitary groups, such as mercenaries, insurgents and militias. It is generally
characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or
irregular military forces.

Impact of human activity

 Environmentalism

Mathematics and logic

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Formal science – branches of knowledge that are concerned with formal systems. Unlike
other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on
observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on
definitions and rules.
Mathematics – study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out
patterns, and formulate new conjectures. (See also: Lists of mathematics topics)
Arithmetic – oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, involving the study
of quantity, especially as the result of combining numbers. The simplest arithmetical
operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Algebra – branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations

and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including
terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures.
Algebraic structure – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion
of one or more operations on a set.

Analysis/Calculus – branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives,

integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is the study of change, in the same way that
geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their
application to solving equations.

Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical

structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows

Discrete mathematics – study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally

discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of
varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers,
graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct,
separated values.
Combinatorics – branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or
countable discrete structures.

Geometry – one of the oldest branches of mathematics, it is concerned with

questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.
 Topology – developed from geometry, it looks at those properties that do not change
even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension.

Trigonometry – branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships

between their sides and the angles between these sides. Trigonometry defines the
trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to
cyclical phenomena, such as waves.

Logic – formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct
reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the
disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science.

Other mathematical sciences – academic disciplines that are primarily mathematical in

nature but may not be universally considered subfields of mathematics proper.
Statistics – study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data. It deals
with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the
design of surveys and experiments.
Regression analysis – techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables,
when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or
more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one
understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any
one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables
are held fixed.

Probability – way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur or has
occurred. The concept has an exact mathematical meaning in probability theory,
which is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance,
gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to draw
conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of
complex systems.

Theoretical computer science – a division or subset of general computer science

and mathematics that focuses on more abstract or mathematical aspects of
computing and includes the theory of computation.

Natural and physical sciences

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Science – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of
testable explanations and predictions about the world. An older and closely related
meaning still in use today is that of Aristotle, for whom scientific knowledge was a body of
reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained.

Basis of natural science – natural science is a major branch of science, that tries to explain
and predict nature's phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science,
hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity,
accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and
repeatability of findings, are amongst the criteria and methods used for this purpose.

Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new

knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a
method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence
subject to specific principles of reasoning.

Metric system – decimal based system of measurement based on the metre and the
kilogram, units of measure that were developed in France in 1799 and which is now used
in most branches on international commerce, science and engineering.

Branches of natural science – also called "the natural sciences", which are:

Biology – study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth,
origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
Biological phenomena
Death – cessation of life; end of life-cycle

Branches of biology
Anatomy – study of the structure of living things.
Human nervous system – part of the human body that coordinates a
person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between
different parts of the body.
Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head
of a human being, protected by the skull

Biochemistry – study of substances found in biological organisms.

Biophysics – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science

to study biological systems. Studies included under the branches of biophysics
span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole
organisms and ecosystems.

Botany – study of plant life.

 Cell biology – study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the
organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle,
division and death.

Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Environmental studies – multidisciplinary academic field that systematically

studies human interaction with the environment, bringing together principles of
the physical sciences, commerce/economics and social sciences to solve
today's complex contemporary environmental problems.

Evolution – study of evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on

Earth.
Creation–evolution controversy – recurring cultural, political, and
theological dispute about the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and of other
life.

Genetics – study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.

Immunology – study of immune systems in all organisms.

Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system.

Brain mapping – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the
(human or non-human) brain.

Paleontology – study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and

interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology).
Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial
vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about
230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million
years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the
extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era.

Pharmacology – broadly defined as the study of drug action and

pharmacokinetics.

Physiology – study of how living organisms function.

Zoology – study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology,

evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and
extinct.

Life forms – living organisms

 Animals – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also
called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously
and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually
becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of
metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must
ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance.
Ants – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like
ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of
ants.

Gastropods – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs

and snails.

Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying,

vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds.

Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all

gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.
Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly
streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420
million years ago.

Fungi – group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as

yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

Physical sciences – encompasses the branches of science that study non-living

systems, in contrast to the life sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an
unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science
also study biological phenomena.
Chemistry – study of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition,
behavior, reactions, interactions and the changes it undergoes.
Organic chemistry – study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions,
and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds,
hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.

Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. Its molecule
contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.
Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its
solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam).
Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is
arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-
bearing planet.
Earth – planet you are on right now. Third planet from the Sun, the densest
planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial
planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

Geography – study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and
phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth".

Geology – study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow
within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the
composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components,
and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock,
sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources.

Geophysics – physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study
of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its
gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its
dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of
magmas, volcanism and rock formation.

Meteorology – study of the atmosphere, including study and forecasting of the

weather.
Tropical cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure
center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy
rain.

Oceanography – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean.

Physics – study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related
concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature,
conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.
Energy – scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be
performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is
subject to a conservation law.

Space science
Astronomy – study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae,
star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's
atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation).
 Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the
objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located
(the third planet orbiting the Sun).
Mercury – closest planet to the sun.

Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet.

Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is
the only planet known to support life.
Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's
only permanent natural satellite.

Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun.

Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun.

Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun.

Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun.

Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun.

Black holes – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a

strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can
escape from it.

Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants,

interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way
galaxy.

People and self

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People
Types of people
Children

Self

Aspects of people
Their bodies (biology)

Their minds (psychology)

Thought
 Their behavior (sociology)
Human sexuality
BDSM

LGBT

Relationships
Adoption

Specific people
Abraham Lincoln

Albert Einstein

Bob Marley

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

William Shakespeare

Joseph Smith

Jesus

Philosophy and thinking

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Philosophy – The study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as
existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
Branches of philosophy
Aesthetics – The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation
and appreciation of beauty.

Epistemology – The study of knowledge and belief.

Ethics – The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied
ethics.
Sexual ethics – The study of sexual relations rooted in particular behaviors and
standards.

Logic – The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and
documenting their fallacies.

Metaphysics – traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the

fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is
 not easily defined.

Philosophies
Atheism – the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense,
atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.

Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from
knowledge across the social sciences and humanities.

Humanism – approach in study, philosophy, worldview or practice that focuses on

human values and concerns.

Transhumanism – international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the

possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by
developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to
greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. It is often
abbreviated as H+ or h+.

Political philosophies:
Anarchism – political philosophy which considers the state undesirable,
unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy.

Libertarianism – political philosophy that advocates minimization of the

government and maximization of individual liberty and political freedom.

Outline of Marxism

Philosophical debates:
Creation–evolution controversy

Thought – mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective consciousness.

It can refer either to the act of thinking or the resulting ideas or arrangements of ideas.

Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system.

Psychology – science of behavior and mental processes.

Religion and belief systems

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Religion – collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes
symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and sometimes to moral values.
World's religions:
Abrahamic religions:
Judaism – "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people.
Originating in the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Tanach) and explored in later
texts such as the Talmud, it is considered by religious Jews to be the expression
of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel.
Jewish law – the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the
Written and Oral Torah.

Christianity – monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as

presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings.
Jesus – the founder of Christianity

Bible – the holy text of Christianity

Catholicism – Catholicism is the largest denomination of Christianity. It

holds that its Bishops are the successors of the Apostles of Jesus and its
Pope the successor of St Peter, and Mary the mother of Jesus is venerated.
The term Catholicism broadly denotes the varying body of traditions,
nations, demographics and behaviours generally subscribed to the Faith.
Catholic canon law

Catholic ecumenical councils

Heresies in the Catholic Church

Protestantism – Protestantism is a broad term, usually used for Christians

who are not of the Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Churches. However, some
consider Anglicanism to be Protestant, and some consider Radical
Reformism not to be Protestant.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – The largest denomination

of the Latter Day Saint movement, an American restorationist movement.
Members are known as "Mormons".
Book of Mormon – the earliest distinctive scripture of the Latter Day
Saint movement.
Joseph Smith – the founding Prophet of the Latter Day Saint
movement.

Islam – monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its

adherents to be the verbatim word of one God, Allah (Arabic: ‫ اهلل‬Allāh), and by
 the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of
Hadith) of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of Allah.

Bahá'í Faith – a monotheistic religion founded by Baha'u'llah in the 19th century,

proclaims Spiritual unity of mankind

East Asian religions:

Taoism – a religious and philosophical tradition of Chinese origin with an
emphasis on living in harmony with, and in accordance to the natural flow or
cosmic structural order of the universe commonly referred to as the Tao.The Tao
Te Ching, along with the Zhuangzi, is a fundamental text for both philosophical
and religious Taoism. Laozi is traditionally regarded as one of the founders of
Taoism and is closely associated in this context with "original" or "primordial"
Taoism.

Indian religions:
Buddhism – religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions,
beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha
Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one").

Hinduism – predominant and indigenous religious tradition), amongst many

other expressions.
Ayyavazhi – Henotheistic belief that originated in South India. It is cited as
an independent monistic religion by several newspapers, government
reports and academic researchers. In Indian censuses, however, the
majority of its followers declare themselves as Hindus. Therefore,
Ayyavazhi is also considered a Hindu denomination.

Sikhism – monotheistic religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab
region, on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and ten successive Sikh Gurus
(the last teaching being the holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib Ji).

Contemporary Paganism – a contemporary set of beliefs modelled on the ancient

pagan religions (usually of Europe or the Near East).

Religious debates:
Creation–evolution controversy – recurring theological and cultural-political dispute
about the origins of the Earth, humanity, life, and the universe, between the
proponents of various forms of abiogenesis, and proponents of the various forms of
special creation. In both cases, there is limited scientific support for any origin of life
hypothesis. The dispute particularly involves the field of evolutionary biology, but
 also the fields of geology, palaeontology, thermodynamics, nuclear physics and
cosmology.

Religious issues:
Theology – systematic and rational study of religion and its influences and of the
nature of religious truths, or the learned profession acquired by completing
specialized training in religious studies, usually at a university or school of divinity or
seminary.
Christian theology – enterprise to construct a coherent system of Christian
belief and practice based primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and the
New Testament as well as the historic traditions of the faithful. Christian
theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis, and argument to clarify,
examine, understand, explicate, critique, defend or promote Christianity.

Death – end of physical life

Irreligion – absence of religious belief, or indifference or hostility to religion, or active

rejection of religious traditions.
Atheism – rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism
is specifically the position that there are no deities. Most inclusively, atheism is
simply the absence of belief that any deities exist. Atheism is contrasted with
theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists.

Secular humanism – embraces human reason, ethics, and justice while specifically
rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience or superstition as the
basis of morality and decision-making.

Spirituality – can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality; an inner path

enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the “deepest values and
meanings by which people live.”

Society and social sciences

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Social science – study of the world and its cultures and civilizations. Social science has
many branches, each called a "social science". Some of the major social sciences are:
Anthropology – study of how humans developed biologically and culturally.

Archaeology – study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation, and

analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts,
biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.

Economics – study of how people satisfy their wants and needs. Economics is also the
study of supply and demand.

Ethnic Studies – is the interdisciplinary study of difference—chiefly race, ethnicity, and

nation, but also sexuality, gender, and other such markings—and power, as expressed by
the state, by civil society, and by individuals.

Futures studies – seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what could plausibly
change

Geography – study of physical environments and how people live in them.

History – study of the past.

Law – set of rules and principles by which a society is governed. (For branches, see Law
under Society below).
Civil law – non-criminal law, in common law countries. It pertains to lawsuits, civil
liability, etc.

Linguistics – study of natural languages.

Esperanto – the international constructed language.

German language – the German language.

Korean language – the Korean language.

Principles of interpretation – methods used to understand language and texts,

primarily legal documents and sacred texts.

Political science – study of different forms of government and the ways citizens relate to
them.

Psychology – study of the mind, mental processes and behavior.

Abnormal psychology –

Human intelligence – mental capacities of human beings to reason, plan, problem

solve, think, comprehend ideas, use languages, and learn.

Human sexuality – impacts and is impacted upon by cultural, political, legal,

philosophical, moral, ethical, and religious aspects of life. Sexual activity is a vital
principle of human living that connects the desires, pleasures, and energy of the
body with a knowledge of human intimacy.

Semiotics – study of symbols and how they relate to one another.

 Sociology – study of the formation of human societies and social organizations, their
structure, and the interaction and behavior of people in organized groups.

Society – group of people sharing the same geographical or virtual territory and therefore
subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Such people
share a distinctive culture and institutions, which characterize the patterns of social
relations between them.

Community – group of interacting people, possibly living in close proximity, and often
refers to a group that shares some common values, and is attributed with social cohesion
within a shared geographical location, generally in social units larger than a household.
LGBT – lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community

Business – organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers

for the purpose of making a profit.
Actuarial science – discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to
assess risk in the insurance and finance industries.

Business administration – also called "business management", this comprises

planning, organizing, staffing, and directing a company's operations in order to
achieve its goals.
Finance – funds management, including raising capital to fund an enterprise.

Marketing – process used to determine what products or services may be of

interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and
business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques,
business communication, and business developments.

Production – creating 'use' value or 'utility' that can satisfy a want or need. Any
effort directed toward the realization of a desired product or service is a
"productive" effort and the performance of such an act is production.

Project management – discipline of initiating, planning, executing, controlling,

and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific
success criteria. A project is a temporary endeavor to produce a unique product,
service or result with a defined beginning and end. The temporary nature of
projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations).

Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and

services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact.
 Industrial organization – studies the structure of and boundaries between firms and
markets and the strategic interactions of firms.

Communication – activity of conveying meaningful information, which requires a sender,

a message, and an intended recipient.
Journalism – gathering, processing, and dissemination of news and information
related to the news to an audience. It includes both the method of inquiring for news
and the literary style which is used to disseminate it.
Environmental journalism – collection, verification, production, distribution and
exhibition of information regarding current events, trends, issues and people
that are associated with the non-human world with which humans necessarily
interact.

Public relations – practice of managing the spread of information between an

individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit
organization) and the public.

Music - Musical sound programming, Lyrics production, Remixing, Dance

Programming or Production.

Education – any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or
physical of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society
deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation
to another. Education can also be defined as the process of becoming an educated
person.
Academia – nationally and internationally recognized establishment of professional
scholars and students, usually centered around colleges and universities, who are
engaged in higher education and research.
Harvard University – private Ivy League university located in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts
legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United
States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard
College) chartered in that country.

Open educational resources –

Second-language acquisition – process by which people learn a second language.

Music - Teaching the soul and mind to yield to some virtue or vice directly or
indirectly.
Globalization – process of international integration arising from the interchange of world
views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.

Politics – process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is
generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including
behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special
interest groups such as the corporate, academic, and religious segments of society.
Political ideologies:
Environmentalism – broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding
concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the
environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the
concerns of non-human elements.

Green politics – political ideology that aims for the creation of an ecologically
sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social liberalism, and
grassroots democracy.

Government types:
Democracy – form of government in which all the people have an equal say in
the decisions that affect their lives.

International organizations:
United Nations

Political movements:
Psychiatric survivors movement

Public affairs – public policy and public administration. Public policy is a principled
guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of a state with
regard to issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. Public
administration is "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics
into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government decision
making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have
produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies."

Law – A set of rules and principles by which a society is governed.

Commercial law – body of law that governs business and commercial transactions.

Criminal justice – system of practices and institutions of governments directed at

upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who
 violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Those accused of
crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers.
Crime –
Domestic violence – violence between partners in a close relationship
(marriage, family, dating and so on). This form of violence can manifest
itself in a variety of ways.

Forgery –

Law enforcement – any system by which some members of society act in an

organized manner to promote adherence to the law by discovering and
punishing persons who violate the rules and norms governing that society. The
term usually refers to organizations that engage in patrols or surveillance to
dissuade and discover criminal activity, and to those who investigate crimes and
apprehend offenders.

Intellectual property – distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of
exclusive rights are recognized—and the corresponding fields of law.
Patents –

Tort law – laws and legal procedures dealing with torts. In common law jurisdictions,
a tort is a civil wrong that involves a breach of a civil duty (other than a contractual
duty) owed to someone else. A tort is differentiated from a crime, which involves a
breach of a duty owed to society in general. Though many acts are both torts and
crimes, prosecutions for crime are mostly the responsibility of the state; whereas any
party who has been injured may bring a lawsuit for tort.

Law of the United States

Evidence law in the United States –

United States federal Indian law and policy –

Rights – legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the
fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people,
according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.

Technology and applied sciences

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Applied science – application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical

environment. Examples include testing a theoretical model through the use of formal
science or solving a practical problem through the use of natural science.

Technology – making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts,

systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific
function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures.

Technologies and applied sciences

Aerospace – flight or transport above the surface of the Earth.

Space exploration – the physical investigation of the space more than 100 km above
the Earth by either manned or unmanned spacecraft.

Applied physics – physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical

use. It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and
engineering.
Meteorology – forecasts the weather

Agriculture – cultivation of plants, animals, and other living organisms.

Fishing – activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild.
Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and
trapping.
Fisheries – a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is
determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is
typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of
water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a
combination of the foregoing features".

Fishing industry – industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing,

processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish
products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and
commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors.

Forestry – art and science of tree resources, including plantations and natural
stands. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow
forests to continue a sustainable provision of environmental supplies and services.

Organic gardening and farming – a method of crop and livestock production that
involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically
modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones.
 Sustainable agriculture – farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of
ecosystem services, and the study of relationships between organisms and their
environment.

Communication – the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or

using some other medium.
Books – A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink,
paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side

Telecommunication – the transfer of information at a distance, including signaling,

telegraphy, telephony, telemetry, radio, television, and data communications.
Radio – Aural or encoded telecommunications.

Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).

Television broadcasting – Visual and aural telecommunications.

Computing – any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers.

Computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems; processing,
structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and
with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using
communications and entertainment media; and more.
Computer engineering – discipline that integrates several fields of electrical
engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems, from
designing individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to
circuit design.
Computers – general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a
finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can
be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem.

Computer science – the study of the theoretical foundations of information and

computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in
computer systems.
Artificial intelligence – intelligence of machines and the branch of computer
science that aims to create it.
Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can
be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos.
From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the
human visual system can do.
 Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a
given object in an image or video sequence.

Natural language processing – computer activity in which computers are

entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This
includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods
of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written
composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on.

Cryptography – the technology to secure communications in the presence of

third parties.

Human-computer interaction – the study of how people interact with

computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for
successful interaction with human beings.

Information technology – the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of

vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based
combination of computing and telecommunications.

Software engineering – the systematic approach to the development, operation,

maintenance, and retirement of computer software.
Programming – the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and
maintaining the source code of computer programs.

Software development – development of a software product, which entails

computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code),
but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of
the desired software to its final manifestation.
Web design and web development – web design encompasses many
different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of
websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web
site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network).

C++ – one of the most popular programming languages with application

domains including systems software, application software, device drivers,
embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and
entertainment software such as video games.

Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language.

Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system
 administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more.

Software – one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the
computer for one or more purposes. In other words, software is a set of programs,
procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a
data processing system.
Application software – is program or a group of programs designed for end
users.
Databases – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can
easily be accessed, managed and updated.
MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most
widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and
most widely used open-source RDBMS.

Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find

information stored on a computer system.

Free software – software that can be used, studied, and modified without
restriction.

Operating systems
iOS – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc.
Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been
extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV.

Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).

Computer industry
Apple Inc. – manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing
devices, and related products and services.

Google – Google Inc. and its Internet services including Google Search.

Computer security – Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is

the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the
software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection
of the services they provide.

Construction – building or assembly of any physical structure.

Design – the art and science of creating the abstract form and function for an object or
environment.
Architecture – the art and science of designing buildings.

Electronics – the branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits
using transistors and microchips, and with the behavior and movement of electrons in a
semiconductor, conductor, vacuum, or gas.

Industry – production of an economic good or service.

Automation – use of machinery to replace human labor.

Industrial machinery –

Machines – devices that perform or assist in performing useful work.

Manufacturing – use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale.
The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is
most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are
transformed into finished goods on a large scale.

Robotics – deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition,

manufacture and application of robots.
Object recognition

Energy – is an indirectly observed quantity often understood as the ability of a physical

system to do work on other physical systems.
Energy development – ongoing effort to provide abundant, efficient, and accessible
energy resources through knowledge, skills, and construction.

Energy storage – the storage of a form of energy that can then be used later.

Nuclear technology – the technology and application of the spontaneous and

induced reactions of atomic nuclei.
Nuclear power – use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and
electricity.

Wind energy – is the kinetic energy of air in motion, also called wind.

Solar energy – radiant light and heat from the sun.

Engineering – the application of science, mathematics, and technology to produce useful

goods and systems.
Chemical engineering – the technology and application of chemical processes to
produce useful materials.
 Computer engineering – a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical
engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and
software

Control engineering –a discipline that applies control theory to design systems with
desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of
the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feedback
to devices that can make corrections toward desired performance.

Electrical engineering – the technology and application of electromagnetism,

including electricity, electronics, telecommunications, computers, electric power,
magnetics, and optics.

Mechanical engineering – applies the principles of engineering, physics, and

materials science for the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of
mechanical systems.

Software engineering – the technology and application of a systematic approach to

the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software.

Firefighting – act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter fights fires to prevent destruction of

life, property and the environment. Firefighting is a professional technical skill.

Forensic science – application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of

interest to a legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or a civil action.

Futures studies – includes identification and forecasting of possible futures and future
events, and analysis of their ramifications

Health
Biotechnology – applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and
bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring
bioproducts.

Ergonomics – the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body,
its movements, and its cognitive abilities.

Medicine – applied science of diagnosing and treating illness and disease.

Hydrology – The study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and
other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental
watershed sustainability.
Information science – interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis,
collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination
of information.[1]
Cartography – the study and practice of making maps. Combining science,
aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be
modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.

Library science – technology related to libraries and the information fields.

Military science – the study of the technique, psychology, practice and other phenomena
which constitute war and armed conflict.

Mining – extraction of mineral resources from the earth.

Nanotechnology – The study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale.

Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre in at
least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least
one dimension within that size.

Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before
the development of writing).

Rocketry – the design and construction of rockets.

Sustainability – capacity to endure. In ecology, the word describes how biological

systems remain diverse and productive over time. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and
forests are examples of sustainable biological systems. For humans, sustainability is the
potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic,
and social dimensions.

Transport – the transfer of people or things from one place to another.

Transport, by type:
Transport, by mode:
Land transport
Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by
way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails
installed on sleepers/ties and ballast.

Transport, by power source:

Animal-powered transport –

Transportation Systems
 Bridges – a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way
underneath.

Public transport – transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use
by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established
routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip.

Vehicles – mechanical devices for transporting people or things.

Vehicles, by type:
Land vehicles
Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles.

Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels.

Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are

also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles.

Vehicle components
Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims

1. Merriam-Webster and American Heritage Dictionary.

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