InternationalConferenceonShot Peeningand Blast Cleaning

AN OVERVIEW OF SHOT PEENING -

A Niku-Lari,
IITT, France.

ABSTRACT
Controlled shot-peening is an operation which is used largely in the manufacture
of mechanical parts. It should not be confused with sand blasting used in cleaning
or descaling parts. Shot-peening is in fact a true machining operation which helps
increase fatigue and stress corrosion resistance by creating beneficial residual
surface stresses.
The technique consists of propelling at high speed small beads of steel, cast iron.
glass or cut wire against the part to be treated. The size of the beads can vary from
0.1 to 1.3 or even 2mm. The shot is blasted underconditions which must be totally
controlled.
The main advantage of this particular surface treatment is that it increases
co~lsiderahlythe fatigue life of mechanical parts subjected to dynamic stresses. It
has many uses in industry, particularly in the manufacture of parts as different as
helical springs, rockers, welded joints, aircraft parts, transmission shafts, torsion
bars, etc.
At a time when the optimum characteristics are being demanded of mechanical
assemblies, shot-peening isasurface treatment method which is being increasingly
chosen by engineers. However, shot-peening technology is yet to be fully perfected
and the substantial changes produced in the treated material make it difficult at the
present time to put the best conditions into practical use.
KEY WORDS
Residual stress, surface roughness, stress relaxation, Shot-size, Shot-velocity,
Shot-hardness, Intensity, Fatigue.
1. THE TECHNOLOGY OF SHOT-PEENING -
1.1 Shot-Peening Machines

Thereare numerous typesof shot-peening machines. Thosecan bedivided into

two categories, dependent on the method used for projecting the shot,
compressed air or wheel, The choice between these two types of machine wiil
depend on the quality of the shot-1.-;.:ing required and the type of part which
is to be treated. Shot-peening machines can also vary considerably in the way
the part is positioned in the stream of shot. There are thus drum-type machines
for shot-peening patrs in bulk, rotating table machines for small parts in series,
linear conveyors for helical springs, and overhead conveyors (see schematic
 representation). Computer-controlled machines now exist with which different
surfaces of the part may be treated with varying intensities. Finally, for certain
cases, the shot-peening of welded joints on off shore pipelines for example,
there are portable units. Under these conditions, the shot-peening has to be
manual, with a special system for recycling-the shot. Like the choice of the
machine, particular importance lies in the choice of the shot, which, literally,
represents the tools used for this type of surface treatment,

Schematic Representation of Some Conveyor Systems

When it 1s requiredtochooseaqualityof shotforasurface-hardeningoperation,

several factors must be taken into account(1).
- The shot-peening installation and the shot used must produce the required
intensity with~na reasonable time.
The surface roughness which results must be with~nthe required tolerances.
- The depth of plastic deformed layer in the metal and the maximum residual
stress must be such that the fatigue resistance is improved to the required
extent.
- The life of the shot must be adequate from a financial point of view
- Theshapeoftheshot must remain ascloseaspossibletothespherical, toavoid
the formation of surface micro-cracks in the part, where stress concentrations
2
 would be generated in service.
Different types of shot exist for use in shot-peening treatments. Among these
may be mentioned:
Cast steel shot with a hardness of 40-55 HRC, the type most frequently used
for strain hardening operations by shot-peening.
Glass beads usedfordelicate strain hardeningop-erations suchason parts with
slim shapes, the strain hardening of light alloys used in aircraft manufacturing,
and the protection of stainless steels against stress corrosion cracking
All Almen intensities in this work are obtained on an A-strip.
Thevalues ofthe Almen intensities aregiven either in mmor in 11100of an mm.
Examples:
- Almen intensity = 0.3 rnm
- 30A2 means Almen intensity = 0.3 mm
In orderto convert these values to the SAE standard one should multiply them
by 40.
Alrnen intensity 0.1 mm = lOA;?+ 4A

Cut wire used in a previously rounded condition, mainly in Germany, Japan and
China, owing to be the stability shown by its mechanical characteristics during
the shot-peening operation. This type of shot is relatively little-used in France
and the USA.
Cast-iron shot, little-used for strain hardening operations owing to its fragility
and tendency to shatter.
Refractory electro-cast balls - a shot-peening agent, developed in France,
which can be used under the same conditions as those for glass beads, while
retaining its characteristics for a longer period.
Various standards exist which define the quality and grain sizes for these
different types of shot (3)

Very many parameters are involved in shot-peening. Among them are:

- the shot speed
- the dimensions, shape, nature and hardness of shot,

- the projection angle,

3
- the exposure time to shot-peening,
- coverage.
This multiplicity of parameters makes the precise control and repeatability of
a shot-peening operation very problematical. Control of shot-peening opera-
tions for strain hardening is currently achieved by means of the Almen gauge
system (see footnote). For this a steel test piece, precisely defined and
standardised by American Military Standards (Z),is subjected to shot-peening.
When it has been released from its support, the Almen test piece has incurred
adeflection, whichisthe resultoftheresidual stresses which have been induced
by shot-peening. These deflections are measured by means of a standardised
device. For a given shot-peening condition, the variation in the deflection with
the shot-peening duration may be plotted. Curves of the kind shown in Fig. l a
called saturation curves, are thus, obtained. The values of the deflections
obtained after a saturation time are considered to be the characteristics of the
intensity of the shot-peening. Figure 1a shows the saturation curves obntained

Residual stresses

Fig.la. Saturation curves

(5-170 shot)

Fig 1b. Curves of deflection and

residual stress obtained on two
Almen test pieces with the same
initial deflection.
from shot-peening carried out using a wheel machine. The tests performed at
CETlM on Almen gauges have shown that, for identical Almen deflection
measurements, the depths of the plastic deformed layer can be very different
(Fig. lb). For the same Almen intensity, it is thus possible to cause in the
material very different distributions of residual stresses. To achieve effective
control of the shot-peening operation, therefore, it is necessary to examine the
influence of each parameter on the generation of the residual stresses.
The inadequacy of the Almen system is becoming more and more evident to
users ofthistechnique. Thedifficultiesin controlling the parameters ofthe strain
hardening operation by shot-peening very often lead its users to treat it only as
an extra safety factor, without taking the residual stresses due to the shot-
peening intoaccountwhencalculatingtherequireddimensionsofthepart. Such
is the practice in the American and French aircraft industries, for example.
Others, suchas the British, Germans, Japaneseandchinese, takethe residual
stresses due to shot-peening, in the stabilised condition, into account in their
calculations of the fatigue resistance of the parts, in order to achieve some
weight-saving (motor cars, for example).
For some years now, industry and the research establishments inthe majority
of industrialised countries have made considerable efforts to remove this
drawback, by improving the system for the control of this operation. Several
examples may be quoted of the special controls which we have encountered
in various countries.
In Germany - Experimental control of the coverage on springs. Experimental
curves have been plotted for each type of machine, giving the percentage of
the surface area of the springs shot-peened, as a function of the spring
dimensions.
In Great Britain - Development of an automatic process for determining the
coverage by measuring the total energy in the shot which has been projected
against the part. The developed surface area of each part requires a certain
energy value for a 100, 150 or 200% coverage to be attained, and the shot-
peenintg machine is stopped automatically when this energy is reached.
In the USA - Monitoring of the surface of the part by means of a process called
Peen-Scan, by which areas of the part where the treatment is insufficient or
nonexistent may easily be detected. This process is useful for parts with
complex shapes (shot-peening of the bottoms of gear teeth, for example).

In Japan - Regular use of the X-ray method, by means of portable machines,

to determine the residual stresses due to shot-peening.

In France - Development by CETlM of a theoretical and experimental method

for the measurement of residual stresses, with the object of improving the
system for controlling the shot-peening operation. These tests resulted in the
plotting of theoretical nomograms for high-tensile steels, which give the value
5
 of the maximum residual compressive stress in a part of any given thickness,
without measurements which necessitate the destruction of the part (5).
In the future, the outcome of such investigations must result, on an industrial
basis, in the better resolution of the principal restraint on the use of this
technique, i.e. the difficulty in correlating the technological conditions of shot-
peening and the mechanical and metallurgical state of the surface (residual
stresses, metallurgical structure, roughness, etc.)
3. EFFECTS OF SHOT-PEENING ON THE STATE OF THE MATERIALS
BEING TREATED
The requirement is to determine the effects of the technological parameters
listed below on the main factors which influence the behaviour of a given
material, in particular:
- metallurgical effects : structure, hardness,
- mechanical effects : residual stresses, residual stress gradient, depth
of plastic deformation,
' - geometrical effects : roughness.
All these factors are modified by shot-peening. We shall therefore examine
systematically the influence of technological parameters, such as the velocity
and size of the shot, shot hardness and thenature of the peened part.
It is worth remembering that it is very difficult to attempt to modify &e of the
parameters, without having some effect on the others. A change to one of the
factors listedabove brings about, toa greateror lesserdegree, some alteration
to the other test data. We have, however, done as much as possible in these
tests to ensure that each parameter can be examined separately.
The examination of all these parameters, which is liable to exceed the scope
of this article, will be the subject of a Guide to Shot-Peening.
3.1 Depth of Plastic Deformation
Shot-peening of the material causes plastic deformation at its surface which
creates residual compressive stresses. On the micrography in Fig. 2 can be
seen plastic deformation of the metal, which sometimes even results in the
spreading of the metal beyond the edges of the part.
The strain hardened depth is a parameter of prime importance to the fatigue
resistance of material which has been shot-peened. It determines the level of
the maximum residual stiess, the slope of the residual stress curve, and the
stability of the residual stresses under dynamic loadings. The depth of plastic
deformed layer is particularly influenced by the following parameters;
- nature of the material shot-pened
- projection velocity (Almen intensity)
6
 - shot size

- hardness of the material

Fig. 2. Micrography of a XC 70 steel, before and after shot peening (x 100)

3.2 The Effect of the Hardness of the Material and the Nature of the Shot o n
the Depth of Metal Plasticised.
The overall energy absorbed by the material during shot-peening and, as a
consequence, the depth of metal plasticised, depends largely on the hardness
of the material from which the component is made. Furthermore, the hardness
of the material determines the stability of the residual stresses, when the part
is operating under dynamic loading. Figure 3 shows the variation in the depth
of the metal plasticised as afunction of the hardness of the material at various
projection velocities (represented by the wheel speed of a wheel shot-peening
machine).
It can be noted that, for all types of shot tested, the depth of metal plasticised
will be reduced with an increase in the hardness of the material treated (the
material shown here is grade 45 SCD 6 steel).
In addition to this, it can be seen that the differences in the depth of the work
hadened strata obtained, at various velocities, will be reduced with an increase
in the hardness of the shot used.
Finally, the figure shows us that the nature of the shot used influences, to a
marked extent: the depth of metal plasticised. In these examples, for a given
shot speed, shot tgpe S 230 MO produces the greatest work hardened depth.
no matterwhatthe hardness of the materialfrom which the part is made. These
results emphasise the importance that th&,,$hoice of shot used for a shot-
peening operation has.
3.3 The Effect of the ~ l $ t Size o n the Work Hardened Depth
The diameter of the shot also affects the depth of metal plasticised. This
parameter is cubed in the shot-peening intensitvca\cu'lations and this explains
7
 the exponential nature of the curves shown in Fig. 3 and 4.
This figures show that the depth of metal plasticised, increases for all
hardnesses of material, as a function of the ball diameter and that this effect
stabilises at a certain diameter.
Furthermore, it can be seen that the work hardened depth increases more
rapidly with a progressive reduction in the hardness of the material.

Fig. 3. Variation in work hardened depth as a function of the

material hardness, for shot of the same diameter but
of different characteristics

3.4 The Effect of the Almen Intensity o n the Depth of the Plasticity Deformed
Layer

The shot-peening intensity, known as the Almen intensity, is a factor that

depends, largely, on the projection velocity and ontheshotsize. Figure5shows
the respective effects of these two parameters on the Almen intensity. This
phenomenon has a direct influence on the depth of metal affected by the
process.

Finally, Fig. 6 shows, for all the results obtained, the effect of the peening
intensity on the work hardened depth. This diagram is very interesting in that
it allows us, as a function of the material hardness, to plot theoretical diagrams
8
 for the determination of the work hardened depth without having to detroy the
part,

Fig.4. The effect of the shot diameter on the depth of the work
hardened strata

4. SURFACE FINISH
The surface finish is a paramater that has a considerable effect on the fatigue
strength of a part. All the shot-peening parameters modify the surface finish
of themachine element. Dependingonthe improvement in thefatiguestrength
required and the surface finish tolerances that have to be adhered to, one or
other of the parameters, of the operation, will have to be varied. Sometimes
a double shot-peening operation is required. In this case there will first be a
heavy shot-peening operation that produces a considerable plasticised depth
followed by a micro-ball shot-peening operation to mprove the surface finish.
Sometimes the surface is also subjected to chemical or electrochemical
polishing, after shot-peening, to improve the surface finish. The figures on the
following pages showthe effect of afew of the shot-peeningparameterson the
surface finish Ra.
The projection velocity and the Almem intensity determine the size of the
impressions caused by the shot on the surface of the material, which result in
an increase in the values of Ra and Rt.
9
 Fig. 5. Variation in the Almen lntensiy as a function of the
blower wheel speed, for varib'us types of shot

Fig. 6. Variation in the depth of metal plasticised as a function of

the Almen intensity and the material hardness.
10
 Figure 7 shows the effect of the projection velocity and the Almen intensity on
the two surface finish criteria described above, for shot-peening carried out
using cast steel S 330 MO shot (0.8 mm in diameter).
Theshotsizeisafactorof vital importanceto thefinishobtained. It determines,
on one hand the impact energy (and therefore affects the depth of the
impression made)andon theother hand thediameterof the impression, which
is proportional to the diameter of the shot used.

Fig. 7. The effect of the projection velocity and the Almen intensity
-
on the surface finish Ra (S 330 MO shot $0.8 mm).
Figure 8 shows the shot size effect on the surface finish Ra, for a peening
operation carried out at an Almen intensity of 30 A2. ..
The diagram shows that, unlike the projectionvelocity, an increase in the shot
diameter does not necessarily increase the Ra values.
For any given material hardness, there is an optimum ball diamter that
represents the best surface finish obtainable.
In the example stated above, 0.6 mm diameter shot praides the best results
on steels of HV hardness from 280 t0 365. In the case of steels with an HV
hardness of 455,0.8 mm diameter shot providesthe best results andin thecase
of steel with an HV hardness of 620, it is 0.4mm diameter shot that produces
the best finishonthetest piece.We havealso exarninedtheefectofthesurface
hardness of the part on the sirface finish vaiues Ra and Rt, for different types
of shot. Generally speaking it can be seen that: , .
i. The finish Ra and Rt decreases with the hardness of the material:' ' ,
11
ii. The surface finish variation curve slope becomes steeper with an increase in
the projection velocity.
iii. That it is cut wire shot that produces the poorest surface finish. As a result, it
is essential that this type of shot should be conditioned before being used for
the shot peening opektions.

I Shot 0 (in mm) I

Fig. 8. The effect of the shot size on the surface finish Ra for
an Almen Intensity of 30 A2.

5. RESIDUAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION

The residualcompressivestressesintroduced by shot-peeningaretheparam-

eters that influence the improvement in the operating performance of the part
tothegreatest extent. It isobviousthat, dependingonthetreatment conditions.
the natureofthesteelandtheshot used. thedistributionof the residualstresses
introduced will vary. We have already seen that the depth of metal plastcised
will increase with the projection velocity and the shot size. This phenomenon
conditionsthe residualstressdistributionandthestability of thestresses within
the material, when the parl is operating.

The maximum residual stress level and the residualstress gradient will depend
not only on the materialfrom whichthe part is made but alsothedepthof metal
affected.
12
Fig. 9a. Theeffect of the Almen intensity Flg. 9b. ineeiiecr oi Ine Aimen iniensiiy
andtheshot velocity on the andtheshotvelocity on the
distributionof residual stresses distribution of residual stresses

Fig. 9c. Theeffect of the Almen intensity Fig. 9d. Theeffect of the Almen intensity
andtheshotvelocityonthe and the shot velocity on the
distribution of residual stresses distribution of residual stresses
13
 Figures9ato9dshowtheeffectoftheprojectionvelocity andtheAlmenintensity
on the distribution of the residual stresses introduced into a grade 45 SCD 6
steel treated to a Vickers hardness of 280, 365,455 and 620 HV respectively
(peening time: 4 minutes; MO cast steel shot diameter 0.8 mm)
Although the wheelspeed andthe Almen intensity havea marked effect on the
distribution of residual stresses, they do not seem to affect, to any clear and
extensive degree, the maximum residual stress level.
For identical peening conditions the results obtained with S 330 MO shot and
those obtained with all the other types of shot show, generally speaking:
i. That very hard steel (620 HV) is not sensitive to the projection velocity. The
maximum residual stress level remains identical but, however, there is an
appreciable difference in the stress distribution caused mainly by the depth of
metal plasticised. -
ii. That the residual stress gradient reduces in all cases (except for the metal
treated to an HV hardness of 620) in line with the projection velocity and the
Almen intensity.
iii. That in the case of materialswith a low and medium degree of hardness (280
HV and 365 HV), the maximum residual stress is slightly higher when the
projection veiocity is higher.
A comparison between the residual stress levels as a function of the shot
hardness is shown in Fig.10.

Fig. 10. Variation in the maximum residual compressive

stress as a function of the hardness of the
material, for various shot diameters
14
 Itcanbeseenthat inallcases, themaximumstressincreases withthe hardness
of the material and "stabilises" for each shot diameter, at a certain level.
We think that for a given material the residual stress level at which the curve
flattens out depends entirely on the hardness of the shot.
In thecaseof cast steelshot S 330 MO, which is harder, the maximum residual
stress value is far from "stabilised when used on a 620 HV hard material.
The effect of theshot sizeonthe residualstressdistributionis nodifferent from
that produced by the shot speed.
In fact, as in the case of theshot velocity, the stress gradient reduces with an
increase in the diameter of the shot.
Except incasesofhigh intensity shot-peening (50to60A2), on very hardsteels,
the shot size does not seem to have much effect on the maximum stress level
(see Figs.llaand l i b ) .

Fig.lla. The effect of the shot Fig. 11b.Theeffectoftheshotdiarneter

o n the residual stress on the residual stress
distribution. -distribution

Yet again, it is of value to note, according tb the fact that the depth of metal
plasticised is greater when larger diameter shot is used, this parameter plays
a vital part in thestability of the residual stress caused by shot-peening,during
fatigue tests.
15
6. EFFECT OF SHOT-PEENING ON THE IN-SERVICE BEHAVIOUR OF
MECHANICAL PARTS.
The shot-peening of mechanical parts, by altering the factors listed above,
influences mainly their resistance to fatigue, corrosion fatigue and stress
corrosion.
Dependent on theoperating conditions of the part, its resistance is influenced
by one or other of the factors, as can be seen in the table below.

stress

In thecaseof the effect of shot-peeningon thefatigue resistance,the influence

of superficial strain hardening and of residual stresses respectively may be
distinguished (1) (Fig. 12).
It may thus be noted that, for materials with low characteristics. the increase
in the endurance limit is, above all, due to the superficial strain-hardening and
the residual stresses. On the other hand, for the high-strengthmaterials, the
fatigue resistance is mainly governed by the influenceof ltheresidualstresses.
It can thus be seen that, if the residual stresses are to be taken into account
in the calculations, a serious examination-must be made of the different
parameters involved.
16
 In particular, it is necessary to examine the stab~l~ty
of the residual stresses
during cyclic loading at the operating temperature of the part.

Fig.12. The respective effect of Fig. 13. The distribution of residual

residual stresses and work caused by shot-peening
hardening on the increase in beforeandaftertheparthas
the fatigue limit of the shot been subjected to fatigue
peened materials

7 . THE RESIDUAL STRESS RELAXATION DURING FATIGUE TEST

The residual stress levels and distribution are generallyaltered when parts are
subjectedtofagigueloading. The problem isthentofind out whatthemagnaude
and distribution of theustable" residual strtesses areand to includethem in our
calculations.
it is essential, therefore, to appreciate the stability of residual stresses as a
function of the load applied. In design calculations, for a part, one can only
consider the values of the stabilised stresses, that is to say the values of those
stresses that are likely to be actually present in the part during most of its
operating life.
Figure 13 shows the distribution of residual stresses caused by shot-peening
in a rotating bending steel test specimen that has been subjected to 1.7 x 1O7
operating cycles. It can be seen that the maximum residual stress level has
fallen from 70 kg/mm2to 43 kg/mm2.
17
 8. THE STABILITY 0F.RESIDUAL STRESS CAUSED BY SHOT-PEENING,
DURING HEAT TREATMENT
Fora certainproportionof mechanicalcomponents,manufacturersareobliged
to carry out high-temperatureoperations on the parts. These generally cause
a tempering of the material.
Other parts are working at high temperature, taklng theform of tempering and
stress stabilisation.
All these facts indicate the interest we should show in the stability of residual
streeses during heat treatment.
Toexam~nethisproblem,weused Almen. Atypetest madefrom45SCD 6steel
quenched in oil (890°C) and then tempered at 425-450°C to obtain a final
hardness reading of 45 HRC.
The shot-peening opoeration on these test specimens was carried out under
the following conditions: '
i. Shot type : S 330 cast steel (diameter 0.8 mm)
ii. Peening time : 4 min.
iii. Wheel speed : 1500 rpm.

.tesL k5SCDb

"heel .P.Ed 15UOrp

Tabl. speed I 3 r p
Sh. bl..ti"l rim. *mi

C u r .re., -
P r n i n r . , v i r y S"A2
0 0.6-

t.np".cY". after
i.%

Fig. 14a. Deflection curves for test Fig. 14b. Distribution of residual
pieces that have been shot stresses caused by shot
peened and then subjected peening, after tempering
to tempering, at different at different temperatures.
temperatures.
18
 Thetestspecimens weresubjectedtostressrelieving, at temperaturesof from
100to 600°C, aftershot-peening.The test piecesweremaintainedattempering
temperature for half an hour.
After stress-relieving, the deflection caused by the shot-peening residual
streses inthetest strips remained roughly thesameasthat which existedbefore
heat treatment.
We consider this is a vital point, if one allows for the fact that a certain number
of usersoftheshot-peeningprocessemploythevariationinthedeflection,after
stress-relieving, as a characteristic of the change in residual stress.
Our tests have shown that even at a tempering temperature of 600°C, after
which 80% of the residual stsresses are dispersed, the longitudinal deflection
remains identical to that applicable before stress relieving.
Finally, Figs. 14a and 14b show the change in the deflection as a function of
the depth and the corresponding residual stress distribution.
It can beseenthatthestress-relievingoperation hasan effect onthedeflcetion
curve gradient but not on the initial deflection value. The depth of metal
plasticised remains unchanged after stress relieving.
9. PRACTICAL CASES OF THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE FATIGUE LIFE OF
PARTS BY SHOT-PEENING
Shot-peening has numerous applications; the following table (1) gives few

Applied stress increase in service

life(%)
Pins Alternate bending
Shafts Torsion
Gearbox shafts Service life tests
Crankshafts service life tests 300 but very variable
Aircraft link rods Push/pull 105
Connecting rods Push/pull 45
Leaf springs Dynamic stresss 100-340
Helical springs Service life 3500
Torsion bars Dynamic stress 140-600
Cardan coupling Alternate bending 350
shafts
Gears Service life tests
Tank tracks Service life tests
Weldments Service life tests
Valves Service life tests
Rocker arms Service life tests
19
 Weshall nowdescribefourpracticalcases that areamongst the manythat users
of this technique havesent to us for inclusion in the "practicalapplicationpages"
of the Shot-peening Guide.

Fig. 15. Influence of shot peening on fatigue limit of lifting hooks

_1
A r 7 7 a r
8.wm
F = 21 ,m
0-13- I P m n f o f mailmu.
streri

Fig. 16. Critical point on part

9.1 Lifting Hooks Made from Steel Grade20 NCD2 Quenched and Tempered
In these tests we compared the fatigue limit of the hooks in the as-peened
condition with those of the as-polished and as-unpeened conditions.
20
 The shot-peening treatment that we applied to the entire component only
affects, in fact, thecritical area. The part was polished only on the shadedarea
(see Fig. 16)
Shot-peening was carried out under the following conditions:
- shot-peeningperiod : 10 minutes;
- saturation time : 1 minute;
- type of shot used : MI 330, diameter 0.8 mm;
- shot-peening intensity : 6 Almen C -t (SAE specifications);
- coverage : 150 to 200%;
- type of machine : turbine blower
Figure 15showstheWohlercurveobtainedfor hooks intheiroriginalcondition,
when polished and in the shot-peenedcondition. It can be seen that the 50%
failure probability endurance limit stood at a load of 2400 daN for hooks in the
original condition and 4250 daN for hooks that have been subjected to shot-
peening.
The aim was to compare the effect a! polishing and of shnt-peening on the
fatigue limit of the parts in question.
Figure 16 shows a schema of the part and the critical point representing the
maximum operating stress area on the hook.
It can beseen, ontheone hand, thatthe polishingoperationreducesthefatigue
limit of the part, no doubt because the hooks in their original condition had
already been subjected to a cleaning sand blasting operation. The polishing
operation removedthe residualstress caused by thiscleaningandthis resulted
in a fall in the fatigue specification of the parts. The shot-peening operation,
however, considerably increased the endurance limit of the hooks (90%).

Welded structure, flame cut plate

Material : Construction Steel : AE235 - AE355

Type of in-service loading : push-pull
Life of part :
-

Surface Fatigue life for Endurance h i t

condition Aa = 180 Nlmm2 for N = 2 x 10%ycles
Without peening 0.7 x 1O6 cycles Ao = 132 N/mm2
I I
Shot-peened 1.35 x l o 6 cycles A a = 165N/mmZ
 Welded Structure, flame cut plate.

Flame c u t surface

Source of information : CRlF - Section pont et charpentes (B).

Skat-peening cmditicxs:
- Shot: steel shot : 1 mm diameter.
- Peening time : 1.5 min.
- Wheel speed : 3000 rpm - wheel diameter: 500 mm
- Distance to wheel : 1 m.
- Peened area : flame cut surface
Compressor blades

-
Source of information : TURBOMECA France.
22
Material : titanium alloy.
Treated zone : blade body
Type of in service loading : bending and torsion.

Life of part : 100% increase in fatigue life.

Shot-peening conditions:
- Glass beads : 240-320 pm
- Almen intensity : 30N = 0.3 mm measured on N strip.

- Coverage : 120%.
- Surface roughness after peening : Ra = 1.1 tim.
Compression springs (Automobile valve springs)

Source of information : Salter Springs and Pressing Ltd. (U.K.)

Wire size : d = 3.85 mm.
Mean diameter : Dm = 38 mm.
Space between coils : 15.8 mm.
Number of coils : 5.75. -
Material : high tensile spring wire.
Tensile strength : 1700 N/mmz.
Type of in-service loading : Torsion.
Life of part : Typicaly the fatigue limit is increased by
25 to 30% due to shot-peening.
Shot-peening conditions :
- Bulk treated : 4 to 5000 springs per batch
- Shot : cut wire, 0.8 mm diameter.
23
 - Almen intensity : not measured.
- Coverage : 100%:
- Shot-peening equipment : wheel machcine
- Residual stress after peening : 400 N/mm2residual compressive
stress.
10. CONCLUSION

We have shown that the influence of a certain number of technological

parameters of shot-peening on the factors which affect the behaviour of
materials. In particular, we have demonstrated the effect of the velocity, size
and type of shot, together with the hardness of the material of which the part
consists, on the value and the distribution of the residual stresses, the depth
of the plastic deformed layer and the surface roughness.
Strain hardening by shot-peening is an operation which broadly increases the
resistanceof mechanicalpartstofatigue andto stress corrosion. This increase
is particularly due to the presence of residual compressive stresses in the
surface layers of the material. The fact that the residual Stresses due to shot-
peeiiiiig change duiing tiie seivice liie oi,ihe part, pariicuiarly when it is
operatingat hightemperatures,makesit difficulttotakethese residualstresses
into account when calculating behaviour of the material.
To overcome this problem, we believe that future research activity should be
directed towards the achievement of the following results:
- better control of the shot-peeningoperation by improving the Almen system.
- Better understanding of the effects which the technological parameters of the
process have on the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of the
material;
- better understandingof theresidualstressesrelaxationswhichoccurduringthe
service life of the part;
- better understanding of the fatigue criteria and their applications to the shot
peened parts.

11. REFERENCES
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SAE Manuel on shot peening, SAE J 908 a 1967,
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ALMEN - Fatigue weakness of surfaces, Product Engineering,Vol, no11, nov.
1950.
24
FLAVENOT et NIKU-LARI - La mesure des contraintes residuelles, methode
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STRIGENS - Influencededurcissement superficialsue 'endurancedesaciers,
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