Differential

equations
 DEFINITION OF TERMS where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.

A Differential Equation is an equation containing derivatives or The different types are:

differentials.
Variable Separable
Example:
Homogenous Differential Equation
Ordinary Differential Equations Linear Differential Equation
Bernoulli’s Differential Equation
dy
1. = x +y Exact Differential Equation
dx
d2y dy Any differential equation of first order and first degree maybe written in
2. +3 + 2y = 0 the differential form:
d x2 dx
Partial Differential Equations Md x + Nd y = 0

∂z Where M and N are f (x , y).

1. + 2z = 0
∂x
Variable Separable
∂2z ∂2z
2. + = x 2 + 2z
∂x 2 ∂y 2 If Md x + Nd y = 0 can be reduced to
f (x)d x + f (y)d y = 0, then the variables x and y are said to
General Solution is the set of all possible solutions, which includes be separable.
particular and singular solutions. It contains number of arbitrary
constants equal to the order of the equation.
∫ ∫
Solution: f (x)d x + f (y)d y = C
Particular Solution is the solution obtained from the general solution
by assigning particular values to the arbitrary constants.
Homogenous Di erential Equation
Singular Solution is the solution that does not contain any arbitrary
constants and is not deducible from the general solution by giving An equation f (x , y) = 0 is called homogenous equation of n th
degree if f (λ x , λ y) = λ n f (x , y).
particular values to the arbitrary constants in it, except in certain
cases.

Order of the Differential Equation: The order of a differential M (x , y)d x + N (x , y)d y = 0

equation is the order of the highest ordered derivative appearing in a
differential equation. where, degree of M = degree of N.
Examples: Solution:
dy 2 2 Let y = v x and d y = v d x + x d v; or
• First order D.E.: d x + x + y = 5
x = v y and d x = v d y + y d v.
dy 2
( dx)
d2y
• Second order D.E.: − 3 1 + =0 Linear Di erential Equation
d x2
dy
Degree of the Differential Equation: The degree of the differential General form: + P (x) ⋅ y = Q (x)
equation is the degree of the highest ordered derivative occurring in dx
the equation.
where, P and Q are pure functions of x (or constants).
Examples:

∫
General Solution: y e ∫ P(x)d x = Q (x)e ∫ P(x)d x d x + C
dy 2
( dx)
d2y
• First degree D.E.: − 3 1 + =0
d x2
where, e ∫ P(x)d x are called the integrating factor (IF).
2 2
• Second degree D.E.: (y′′) − 3 (2 + y′) = 0
Bernoulli’s Di erential Equation
dy
TYPES OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL General form: + P (x)y = Q (x)y n
dx
EQUATIONS
General Solution:
First order differential equation contains first derivative only and its

∫
exponent is only 1.
y (1−n) e (1−n) ∫ P(x)d x = (1 − n) Q (x)e (1−n) ∫ P(x)d x d x + C

(dx )
dy
F , y, x = 0,




ff

ff

ff

 Exact Di erential Equation PHYSICAL APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATION
Md x + Nd y = 0
Population Growth
∂M ∂N The rate of population growth of a country is proportional to the
Where, =
∂y ∂x number of inhabitants
dP
∝P
dt
HOMOGENOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS OF HIGHER P = Po e kt
ORDER (2ND ORDER) where P - number of inhabitants at any time t.

d2y dy Law of Growth and Decay

+a + b y = 0,
d x2 dx dQ
∝Q
dt
where, a and b are real constants.
Q = Qo e kt
Solution to Homogenous Higher Linear Di erential where Q - amount of substance at any time t
Equation
Evaporation
Case 1: Equation has real and distinct roots, m1 and m 2 The mass of a liquid evaporated from a liquid surface is
proportional to the exposed surface area.
y = C1e m1 x + C2 e m 2 x dM
∝A
dt
Case 2: Equation has real and repeated roots, m1 = m2 = m
dV
∝A
y = e m x (C1 + C2 x) dt
where M - mass of liquid at any time t
Case 3: Equation has conjugate complex roots, m = a ± bi
V - volume of liquid at any time t
y = ea x (C1 cos b x + C2 sin b x) Newton’s Law of Cooling
The surface temperature of a cooling object changes at a rate
Case 4: Repeated Complex roots, m1 = m2 = m = a ± b i proportional to the difference between the surface and ambient
temperatures.
y = e a x [(C1 + C2 x) cos b x + (C3 + C4 x) sin b x] dT
∝ T − Ts
dt
T = Ts + (To − Ts) e kt
NON-HOMOGENOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH where, T - temperature of the body at any time t
CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS
Ts - ambient temperature or surrounding temperature
General form: To - initial temperature of the object

(a 0 D + a1D n−1D + a n) y = R (x)

n n−1 + . . . + a Chemical Solution or Mixture Problem
dQ
= rate of addition − rate of removal
General Solution: y = yp + yc dt
dQ
= R1C1 − R2C2
Where, yc - complimentary function dt
Note:
yp - particular integral.
Mass flow rate − volume rate × density of the mixture
dQ
Methods: − mass flow rate
dt
• Methods of undetermined coefficients R − concentration or density of the mixture
• Methods of reduction order Q
• Methods of variation of parameters C−
V



ff

ff

 1. State the order and degree of y′′′ + 2(y′′)2 + y′ = cos x A. y = (x to the 4th power) + 3(x cubed)
B. y = (x to the 4th power)
A. 3, 2
C. y = (x to the 4th power) + 3xy
B. 2, 1
D. y = (x cubed) + (x squared) + 4x
C. 3, 1
D. 2, 2 9. Find the general solution of 2xydx +(x squared + 1) dy = 0.

2. State the order and degree of R y′′ = [1 + (y′)2 ]3/2 A. x squared + y = C

B. x squared + 2y = C
A. 2, 2 C. (x squared)y + y = C
B. 3, 2 D. x raised to y + y = C
C. 2, 3
10. Solve the equation 3ydx + (xy + 5x) dy = 0.
D. 2, 1

x A. y squared + lny = 3x - 8
3. Find the general solution of y′ + = 0.
y B. y = (-1/3)ln3C + 3x
C. (x cube)(e raised to the power of y) = C
A. x 2 + 2y 2 = C D. (x cube)(e raised to the power of y)(y to the fifth power) = C

B. x 2 + y2 =C
11. Given the differential equation below, solve P as a function of x .
C. x 2 − 2y 2 =C dP P
− = 2P 2
D. x 2 − y2 = C dx x

4. Find the differential equations of the family of lines passing through A. P = x2 − x + C

the origin. B. P = C − x2
A. yd y − x d x = 0 x2
C. P =
B. x d x + yd y = 0 C−x
x
C. x d y − yd x = 0 D. P =
C − x2
D. yd x + x d y = 0
12. A certain population of bacteria grows such that its rate of change
5. Find the differential equation whose general solution is is always proportional to the amount present. It doubles in 2 years.
If in 3 years there are 20,000 of bacteria present, how much is
y = C1 x + C2 e x. present initially?

A. (x − 1)y′′ − x y′ + y = 0 A. 9,071
B. (x − 1)y′′ + x y′ + y = 0 B. 10,071

C. (x + 1)y′′ − x y′ + y = 0 C. 7,071
D. 8,071
D. (x + 1)y′′ + x y′ + y = 0
13. A population P (t ) of small rodents has birth rate β = 0.001P
6. The equation y 2 = c x is the general solution of:
(births per month per rodent) and a constant death rate δ . If
P (0) = 100 and P′(0) = 8 , how long (in months) will it take his
A. y′ = 2y /x population to double to 200 rodents?
B. y′ = 2x /y
A. 50 ln(9/ 7)
C. y′ = y /2x
B. 50 ln(9/8)
D. y′ = x /2y
C. 48 ln(7/8)
dx x
7. Solve the particular solution of = if x (0) = 1. D. 56 ln(9/ 7)
dt 2
14. Given that the half-life of radium is 1690 yeras, how much in
A. x 3 = et milligrams will remain of one gram of radium after 1000 years?

B. x 2 = et A. 627.2
C. x = et B. 589.3
D. x 4 = t et C. 663.6
D. 547.8
8. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (dy/dx) - 3y/x
= (x cubed); if y(1) = 4. 15. A steel ball at 120 deg C cools in 20 minutes to 80 deg C in a room
at 25 deg C. Find the temperature of the ball after half an hour.




























 A. 40.96 deg C 22. Given y = e m x , what value of m (- infinity to + infinity) will satisfy
B. 45.96 deg C the relationship 6y′′ − y′ − y = 0.
C. 66.85 deg C
A. -⅓, ½
D. 55.96 deg C
B. ⅓, -½
16. An object falls from rest in a medium offering a resistance. The C. -⅓, -½
velocity of the object before the object reaches the ground is given
D. ⅓, ½
by the differential equation dv/dt plus v per 10 equals 32 ft per sec
squared. What is the velocity of the object one second after it falls?
23. Which of the following is the solution of y′′′ − 3y′′ + 3y′ − y =0
A. 34.12
B. 40.54
I. y = ex
C. 30.45 II. y = x ex
D. 38.65
III. y = e −x
17. If 10% of a substance decomposed in 2 hours. If there were 50 mg
of substance initially, how much is left after 4 hours? A. I and II

A. 40.5 mg B. III only

B. 42 mg C. I only

C. 39.5 mg D. II only

D. 41.5 mg 24. Find the general solution of y′′ + 6y′ + 9y = x + 1.

y = (C1 x + C2 x 2) e −3x + 1/27 + x /9

18. According to Newton’s Law of cooling, the rate at which a
substance cools in air is directly proportional to the difference A.
between the temperature of the substance and that of air. If the
temperature of the air is 30 deg C and the substance cools from B. y = (C1 + C2 x) e −3x + 1/27 + x /9
100 deg C to 70 deg C in 15 minutes, how long will take to cool
100 deg C to 50 deg C?
C. y = (C1 x + C2 x 2) e 3x + 1/27 + x /9
A. 45.30 min
D. y = (C1 x + C2 x) e 3x + 1/27 + x /9
B. 35.59 min
C. 43.50 min 25. Suppose that a crossbow bolt is shot straight upward with initial
velocity 288 ft/s. If its deceleration due to air resistance is (0.04v),
D. 33.59 min then its height x(t) satisfies the initial value problem
19. An arrow is show straight upward from the ground with an initial
x′′ = − 32 − (0.04)x′, x (0) = 0 , x′(0) = 288 . Find the time
required for it to reach the maximum height.
velocity of 160 ft/sec. It experience both the deceleration of gravity
and deceleration (v squared)/800 due to air resistance. How high
in the air does it go? A. 7.9 s
B. 7.2 s
A. 314.11 ft
C. 7.0 s
B. 289.31 ft
D. 7.7 s
C. 277.26 ft
D. 254.84 ft 26. If the population of a country doubles in 50 years, in how many
years will it triple under the assumption that the rate of increase is
proportional to the number of inhabitants?
20. What is the general solution of (D 4 − 1)y (t ) = 0?
A. 79 years
A. y = C1e t + C2 e −t + C3 cos t + C4 sin t
B. 78 years
B. y = C1e t + C2 e −t + C3t e t + C4 t e −t
C. y = C1e t + C2 e −t C. 80 years

D. y = C1e t + C2 t e −t D. 81 years

27. A body moves in a straight line so that its velocity exceeds by 2 its
21. Find the general solution of y′′ + 10y =0
distance from a fixed point of the line. If v = 5 when t = 0 , find
the equation of the motion.
A. y = C1 cos 10x + C2 sin 10x
B. y = C1 cos 5x + C2 sin 5x A. x = 5e t + 2

C. y = C cos 10x B. x = 5e −t − 2

D. y = C sin 10x C. x = 5e t − 2

D. x = 5e −t + 2