Module 1 - 15 % Marks

2 Hours Lecture
Design and its objectives; Design constraints, Design functions,
Design means and Design from;
Role of Science, Engineering and Technology in design;
Engineering as a business proposition;
Functional and Strength Designs. Design form, function and strength;
3 Hours Lecture
How to initiate creative designs? Initiating the thinking process for
designing a product of daily use. Need identification; Problem
Statement; Market survey- customer requirements; Design attributes
and objectives; Ideation; Brain storming approaches; arriving at
solutions; Closing on to the Design needs.
4 Hours Project
An Exercise in the process of design initiation. A simple problem is to
be taken up to examine different solutions- Ceiling fan? Group
Presentation and discussion.
 DESIGN ENGINEERING
Engineering design is a systematic, intelligent process in which engineers generate, evaluate,
and specify solutions for devices, systems, or processes whose form(s) and function(s)
achieve clients’ objectives and users’ needs while satisfying a specified set of constraints.

OR
In other words, engineering design is a thoughtful process for generating plans or schemes for
devices, systems, or processes that attain given objectives while adhering to specified
constraints.
ASPECTS OF DESIGN
 DIVERSITY IN DESIGN
“Transportation facility for long distance”
 CLIENT, USER & DESIGNER
Client : Person or group or company that wants a design
conceived.
User : Who will employ/operate/use whatever is
being designed.
Designer : Whose job is to solve the client’s problem in a
way that meets the user’s needs.

CLIENT

DESIGNER USER
 TYPES OF DESIGN
1. Adaptive Designing:
Adapts from existing solution
No much changes are made to exiting design
No much training required
2. Development Design:
Adapts from existing solution
Results in completely new design
Requires scientific training & good ability
3. Innovative Design:
Totally new & innovative concept
Should have great skill along with imagination
Bifocal Spectacles – Old

Bifocal Spectacles – Improved

Variable focus Spectacles

 DESIGN OBJECTIVE
A feature or behavior that design should have or
exhibit.
It is a desired feature/characteristic of a design
Determines the effectiveness or suitability for the
task.
It is not what design should do; It is what the
design should be
It may be completely or partially achieved.
Objectives are normally expressed verbally
Eg: Design a low cost Bicycle
OBJECTIVES OF DESIGNING A PORTABLE
LADDER
Ladder should be compact and portable
It should be stable on smooth surfaces
Should stand safely without a support
Can be used for house hold requirements
Should be reasonably stiff and comfortable
for users
Must be safe and durable
Should be relatively economical
Should be reduce space requirements while
packing by means of detachable parts
The ladder should be marketable
Useful for electrical and maintenance work
Objectives are normally expressed as adjectives that capture what the design should be, as opposed to what
the design should do. For example, saying that a ladder should be portable or lightweight expresses an
attribute that the client wants the ladder to have.
These features and behaviours, expressed in the natural languages of the client and of potential users, make
the object “look good” in the eyes of the client or user.
OBJECTIVE TREE

Objectives are depended and interconnected hence

it can be arranged in an hierarchy with parent
node followed by second stage objectives
Objective tree to design a juice container
 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
a limit or restriction on the features or behaviors of
the design.

They are limit on freedom to design.

They have to be satisfied/ achieved by the design
Failure to meet the constraint makes design
unacceptable

Eg: Design a bicycle for less than ₹ 2000.

DESIGN CONSTRAINS
a limit or restriction on the design’s behaviours or attributes

• Constraints are typically framed as a binary yes-or-no choice

• Constraints are important to the design process because they limit the size of a
design space by forcing the designer to meet a well defined set of requirements
• Constraints enable us to reject unacceptable alternatives, while objectives enable
us to select among design alternatives that are at least acceptable
Constrains establish the Design Space
Develop a accounting software which
executable on Microsoft Windows with
hardware support of 2GB RAM, 32 bit & 1.7
GHz Clock speed

Design a 1-BHK apartment within 50 m2

Designed for babies Design a DC motor which able to runs at

constrained to support load 100 rpm along 1kg loading
up to 15 kg Designed for adults
constrained to support up
to 150 kg Design a resistor which offer a resistance
of 100 Ω and capacitor which produce a
capacitance of 50

Constrains are fixed under the consideration of factor of safety (FOS), Standardisation, Customer
requirements, Cost, Market etc.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS
Based on the properties affected by constraints
1. Functional Constraints
2. Safety Constraints
3. Quality Constraints
4. Manufacturing Constraints
5. Timing Constraints
6. Economic Constraints
7. Ergonomic Constraints
8. Ecological Constraints
9. Life-cycle Constraints
10. Aesthetic Constraints
11. Legal & Ethical constraints
OBJECTIVE-CONSTRAIN TREE
 OBJECTIVE V/S CONSTRAINTS
Eg: Design a low cost car with indigenous material

Objective: To design a car as cheaply as possible

Constraint: To design with indigenous material

Cost becomes constraint: To design car for less

than ₹ 3,00,000.
Material becomes objective in similar fashion
Objectives are Desirable attributes of a design
Constraints are Required attributes of a design
DESIGN FUNCTIONS
Those things a designed device or system is supposed to do

• Functions are the behaviours that expected from the design

• A design should perform certain functions for convert given input to required output
• Functions are often expressed as verb-object pairs.
• They describe what the design (or, more likely, an object within the design) will "do" or
accomplish, with an emphasis on input-output transformations
• The statement of a function typically couples an action verb to a noun or object:
Eg: lift a book, support a shelf, transmit a current, measure a temperature, or
switch on a light
 DESIGN FUNCTIONS
Things a designed artifact is suppose to do

Major characteristic of a design.

Establishing design function is of high priority.
Generated directly from customer needs.
Classified into two
1. Basic Function : Primary Purpose
2. Secondary Function : Support basic function
Required Secondary Function
Unwanted Secondary Function
 (CONTD.) DESIGN FUNCTION : AN EXAMPLE
Eg: Design an automobile engine
DesignFunction : Produce power to drive automobile

Basic Function : Produce power

Required Secondary Function: Convert energy

Unwanted Secondary function: Vibration & Noise

Measure weight of objects Support weight up to 70 kg Control pointer on a computer
up to 120 kg Hold on wall without failure
 Functions

Primary Functions Secondary Functions

Desirable Undesirable
 Project Images
(Primary/Basic Function)

Converting Energy
(Secondary function)
Secondary functions are prerequisites

Generation of Light Generation of Heat

(Desirable) (Undesirable)
DESIGN MEANS

It is the way in which a design executes a desired function

Eg:
The function of a bicycle brake is stop the wheel
when applying the brake lever by means of frictional
force between rim and brake pad
 The function of a speaker is to produce sound by
The function of a hydraulic lift is to elevate
means of electro magnetic induction
heavy weight by means of pascals law
FUNCTION-MEAN TREE

Design Functions

Design Means
Design aspects of a ladder
Objectives ?
Constrains ?
Functions ?
Means ?
Objectives ?
Constrains ?
Functions ?
Means ?
Objectives ?
Constrains ?
Functions ?
Means ?
DESIGN FORM

• Form is the shape of a design

• The design procedure starts from its form
• This has not much to do with the function
• Most of the time Form determines the aesthetics and ergonomics of
a product
• For the same function the shape could be different.
Designs with same Functions but
different Form
Form determines the Aesthetics
Form determines Ergonomics
ASPECTS OF DESIGN
STRENGTH DESIGN
quality or state of being physically strong

In strength based designs ‘STRENGTH’ has higher priority than any other design
considerations…..
 STRENGTH BASED DESIGNS
• Strength is the quality or state of being physically strong
• In Design theories strength usually deals with capacity to bear load
• In general strength of a design is the capacity to full fill its functions
• A designed member usually undergoes varieties of loading conditions as per the
requirements, hence to sustain these designs the member has to be strong enough
• The importance of strength become crucial in designs which deals with high loading
conditions
• In order to prevent failure, the strength of a member has to be greater than the induced stress
on that member
• Strength of a design depends up on the material properties, size, geometry, design
refinement, design pattern etc.
Strength priority designs
Stress & Strain

Ductile Material Brittle Material

Stress-Strain diagrams used to determine the strength of materials
Factor of Safety (FOS)
Structural capacity of a system beyond the expected loads or actual loads

Design load being the maximum load the part should ever see in service

By this definition, a structure with a FOS =1 will support only the design load and no more
Any additional load will cause the structure to fail. A structure with a FOS=2 will fail at twice the design load

Hence FOS fixed based on the safety requirements

ROLE OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
Science gives the clue, Engineering Plans
& Technology delivers.

Sciences give us unique solutions.

Engineering gives us choices.
INTERDEPENDENCY OF SCIENCE,
ENGG & TECH : AN EXAMPLE
Science gives the Principle for temperature
measurement -Thermal expansion of solids and
liquids
Engineering uses this principle to design a
thermometer
Technology allows to realize the thermometer.