PROJECT : 110KV SWITCHAYRD LAYOUT

OWNER CONSULTANT : PnU ENGINEERING PVT LTD.

CUSTOMER : M/s. PUNALUR PAPERMILLS LTD.
CONTRACTOR : PnU ENGINEERING PVT LTD.
CONSULTANT : PnU ENGINEERING PVT LTD.
DOCUMENT TITLE : EARTHING CALCULATION FOR SWITCHYARD

EARTHING CALCULATIONS FOR SWITCHYARD

6/3/2012 0 EARTHING CALCULATIONS KS PK MVLN

DATE Rev : NO DESCRIPTION DESIGNED CHECKED APPROVED
DOCUMENT NO :

Sheet 1 of 9
BLOCK1 : 110KV Switchyard
Reference Documents
a) Electrical resistivity test report at plant site for 110KV Switchyard at Punalur Paper Mills Ltd.
b) IEEE80-2000
c) Plant General Layout
D) CBIP Manual on substation publication number : 223
1.0 DESIGN BASIS
1) Resistivity data has been taken from the available soil report .

67

37.5M

(Fig-1)
Power Plant

Length of the area = 70 m

Width of the area = 40 m
Ground Grid Area = 2800 m²
Assuming conductor spacing D 2.5 m
No. of conductors parallel to length side( nl) = 28
No. of conductors parallel to width side ( ns) = 16

Therefore buried length in grid area Lc = (nl x width)+(ns x length)

Total buried length LC = 2240 M

Sheet 2 of 9
Subject : EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION FOR 1X10MW BIOMASS BASED POWER PLANT

1) IEEE 80-2000
2) Soil resistivity Report.
3) CBIP Manual on substation publication number : 223

1.0) Earthing conductor sizing for main earth grid-

Input data :-
(i) Conductor material = MS

(ii) System Voltage = 110 kV

(iii) Fault Current, If = 31.5 kA

(iv) Fault Duration, tc = 1 sec

(v) Max. Allowable Temperature, Tm = 500 0

C

(vi) Ambient Temperature, Ta = 50 0

C

(vii) Reference temp for material constant,Tr = 20 0

C

(viii) Thermal Co-eff.of resistivity at reference

Temperature, ar = 0.0032

(ix) Resistivity of Ground Conductor at ref.

Temperature, rr = 20.1 mW/cm3

(x) Thermal Capacity Factor, TCAP = 3.931 J/cm3/oC

(xi) K0 = (1/ar) -Tr = 292.5

Conductor Size :-

As per Eq.37 of IEEE Std 80-2000, conductor size is given by

t c ar r r x 104
TCAP
A = If Ko + Tm
ln
K o + Ta

Substituting the input data, we get

Conductor size, A = 440 sq.mm

By considering 30% corrosion allowance A = 571.8931681 mm2 32.003184554917

A = 804 mm2
Hence the CONDUCTOR size selected, 32mm Dia Ms Rod.

Sheet 3 of 9
2. CALCULATIONS FOR TOLERABLE TOUCH VOLTAGE (Etouch )& STEP VOLTAGE( Estep)

2.1) Input Data :

(i) System Voltage, Vs = 110 kV

(ii) System fault Current, If = 31.5 KA

(iii) Fault Duration, tc(as per Specification) = 0.5 sec

(iv.1) Length of Earth grid = 70 metre

(iv.2) Width of Earth grid = 40 metre

(iv.3) Area of Earth grid, A = 2800 sq.metre

(v) Conductor Size for main grid = 1256 sq.mm

(vi) Depth of burial w.r.t. ground level, h = 0.6 metre

(vii.1) Length of one earth mat conductor Lx = 70 metre

(vii.2) Width of one earth mat conductor Ly = 40 metre

(vii.3) Additional length of conductor considered 100 metre

(for interconnecting for power plant earthing system)
(vii.4) Grid conductor combined length, Lc = 2340 metre

(viii.1) Total no. of ground rods

LA 6
Generator Transformer 4
Towers 3
Switchyard corners 4
Additional ground rods 160
(viii.2) length of each rod in m Lr = 10 meter
(viii.3) Total ground rod length, LR = 1770 metre

Effective length of buried conductLT = LR + Lc = 4110 metre

(viii.3) Effective Buried Length for mesh voltage, LM = 5351.34 metre

(viii.4) Effective Buried Length for step voltage, LS = 3259.50 metre

(ix) Soil Resistivityconsidered for design, r = 242.5 W-metre

(x) Surface Resistivity, rs = 4000 W-metre

(xi) Spacing for Earthing Mat ,D = 2.5 metre

(xii) Corrective weighting factor, Kii = 1

(xiii) Reference Depth of grid, h0 = 1 metre

(xvi) Thickness of Concrete , hs = 0.15 metre

(xvii) Fault Current division factor (Sf) = 0.6

Sheet 4 of 9
Sheet 5 of 9
2.2) Calculation of Tolerable Etouch & Estep Voltage :

a) Tolerable Etouch50 :
From IEEE Std 80-2000
Tolerable Etouch50= [(1000 + 1.5CS rS) 0.116/ ÖtS ] ( From eq.32of IEEE Std 80-2000 )
Where,
Cs = Reduction factor for derating the nominal value of surface layer
resistivity.

Cs = 1 - 0.09 [(1-r /r s)/(2hs + 0.09)] ( From eq.27 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )

Cs = 0.7832
tS = Duration of shock current in seconds = 0.5
( from clause 16.2.2 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )
Substituting the above values,
Tolerable Etouch50 = 934.97 Volts

b) Tolerable Estep50 = [(1000 + 6CS rS) 0.116/ ÖtS ] (from eq.29 of IEEE Std 80-2000)

Substituting the values,

Tolerable Estep50 = 3247.72 Volts

2.3) Calculation of Grid Resistance, Rg :

As per Eq.53 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

R1 R2 - Rm2
The total system resistance, Rg =
R1 + R2 - 2Rm
Where,
R1 = Ground resistance of grid conductors in Ω
R2 = Ground resistance of all ground rods in Ω
Rm = Mutual ground resistance between the group of grid conductors, R1 and
group of ground rods, R2 in Ω

Ground resistance of the grid, R1

r2 2 Lc k 1 Lc
R1 = ln + - k2 From eq.54 of IEEE Std 80-2000
p Lc a' A

Where,
r = Soil Resistivity in Ω-m 240 ohm-m
Lc = Total length of all connected grid conductors in m 2018 m
a
'
= a.2h for conductors buried at depth h in m 0.1300 m
2a = Diameter of conductor in m 0.0320 m
A = Area covered by conductors in m2 2800 m2
k1 = Coefficient from fig 25(a) of IEEE Std 80-2000 1.043
k2 = Coefficient from fig 25(b) of IEEE Std 80-2000 4.313
Coefficient K1 and k2 of schwarz's fromula IEEE Std 80-2000 )
R1 = 1.7334 Ω

Sheet 6 of 9
 Ground resistance of the rod bed, R2
From eq.55 of IEEE Std 80-2000
r 4 LR 2 k1 . Lr
R2 = ln -1 + ( nR - 1 )2

2p nRLR b A

Where,
Lr = length of each rod in m 10 m
2b = diameter of rod in m 0.032 m
nR = number of rods placed in area A 177
LR = Total length of ground rods 1770
k1 = Coefficient from fig 25(a) of IEEE Std 80-2000 1.043
R2 = 0.017 Ω

Mutual ground resistance between the grid and the rod bed, Rm
From eq.56 of IEEE Std 80-2000

r 2 Lc k 1 Lc
Rm = ln + - k2 + 1
p Lc Lr A

Rm = 1.6068 Ω
Subtituting the above values,
Rg = 1.7443 Ω

2.4) Calculation of Maximum Ground Potential Rise :

Max. Ground potential above remote earth, GPR = IG x R G Volts
Where,
IG = grid current = If x Sf

IG = 18.9 KA
Substituting the values,

Ground Potential Rise, GPR = 32967.72 Volts

Since, GPR > Estep50 (as per Figure 33 of IEEE Std 80-2000),calculate Attainable Emesh and Attainable
Estep voltages

2.5) Calculation of Attainable Emesh Voltage :

From Eq.80 of IEEE Std 80-2000, for Grid rods in the periphery,

Emesh = [ r Km Ki I G / LM ]

Lr
LM = Lc + 1.55+1.22 LR From eq.91 of IEEE Std 80-2000
Lx+Ly
2 2

Where,
Lr = Length of each ground rod = 10 m
Lx = Maximum length of grid conductor in x-direction = 70 m
Ly = Maximum length of grid conductor in y-direction = 40 m

Sheet 7 of 9
 IG = grid current = 18.9
Ki = corrective Factor, = 3.85

LR = Total length of ground rods = 1770 m

Subtituting the above values,

LM = 5351.34 m

As per Eq.81 of IEEE Std 80-2000, the Spacing Factor for Mesh Voltage,

1 D2 (D + 2h)2 h Kii 8
Km = ln + - + ln
2p 16hd 8Dd 4d Kh p(2n-1)

Equ. Diameter of Earth conductor, d = 0.0400 metre

Kh = 1 + h / h 0 ( From eq.83 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )

Kh = 1.26

No. of Parallel Paths, n = na nb nc nd (From eq.84 of IEEE Std 80-2000)

Where, From eq.85 to 88 of IEEE Std 80-2000 Lp

na = (2 Lc)/Lp nb =
4 A
0.7 A
Lx L y Lx Ly Dm
nc = nd =
A L2x + L2y

Where,
Lp = Peripheral length of the grid = 220 m
Dm = Maximum distance between any two points
on the grid = 80.6 m
Substituting the above values,

na = 21.27 nb = 1.020

nc = 1 nd = 1.00

n = 21.69 = 22 Rounded of to nearest digit

As per Eq.89 of IEEE 80-2000,

The corrective Factor, Ki = 0.644 + ( 0.148 x n ) From eq.89of IEEE Std 80-2000

= 3.85
Substituting the values,
Km = 0.1433

AttainableEmesh Voltage = 473.07 Volts

Sheet 8 of 9
 2.6) Calculation of Attainable Estep voltage :

From Eq.92 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

Attainable Estep = [ r Ks Ki IG / LS ] From eq.92 of IEEE Std 80-2000

As per Eq.94 of IEEE Std 80-2000, the Spacing Factor for Step Voltage,

1 1 1 1
Ks = + + (1 - 0.5n-2) From eq.94of IEEE Std 80-2000
P 2h D+h D

No. of Parallel paths, n = 22

n = 22
As per Eq.89 of IEEE 80-2000,
The corrective Factor, Ki = 0.644 + ( 0.148 x n )
Ki = 3.85

Ks = 0.4955

As per Eq.93 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

Ls = 0.75 Lc + 0.85 LR From eq.93of IEEE Std 80-2000

Lc = Total length of all connected grid conductors in m
LR = Total length of ground rods

Ls = 3259.5 m

Substituting the values,

Attainable Estep = 2685.14 Volts

3. CONCLUSION :
Tolerable
Etouch = 934.97 Volts

Attainable
Emesh = 473.07 Volts

Tolerable
Estep = 3247.72 Volts

Attainable
Estep = 2685.14 Volts

Grid Resistance = 1.74432392 ohms SAFE

1) From the above results,it can be seen that the Attainable Emesh and Attainable Estep voltages are less
than the Tolerable Etouch and Tolerable Estep voltages.
2) The grid resistance is less than 1 ohm.
3) Hence the design value of conductor size and length of conductor are adiquate and safe.
4) Buried earth mat conductor size - 32MM Dia Ms rod

Sheet 9 of 9