GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC

AMBAWADI, AHMEDABAD-15

PROJECT REPORT
SUBJECT: PROJECT – I

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

HEAT POWERED REFRIGERATOR
SUBJECT CODE: 3351908
DISCIPLINE: MECHANICALENGINEERING

SR. NO NAME ENROLLMENT NO.

1 Patel Aaryan S. 196178319005
2 Prajapati Rakesh R. 196178319010
3 Rana Nigam D. 196178319011
4 Thasariya Siddiq F. 196178319015
5 Vanjara Narendra M. 196178319016
6 Zinzuvadiya Yashesh K. 176170319123

DIVISION: B -: GUIDED BY :-
BATCH: M6 PROF. K K SURANI
(Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering)
 Project Means

P ► PLANING BEFORE CASSYING OUT THE WORK.

R ► RAW MATERIAL REQUIRD FOR THE WORK.

O ► ORGANISATION OF THE WORK.

J ► JOINT EFFORTS PUT TOGETHER IN WORK.

E ► ESTIMATION OF MATERIAL REQUIRD IN WORKS.

C ► COSTING OF THE WORK.

T ► TECHNIQUES USED IN PERFORMING WORK.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take the opportunity to express our cordial gratitude to Prof. K K Surani

lecturer in Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic Ahmedabad
(Gujarat) for the valuable guidance & inspiration throughout the Project work.
We feel thankful for his innovative ideas, which led to successful completion of
this work.

We would also like to thank to Dr. S. H. Sundarani (H.O.D. of Mechanical

Engineering Department in Government Polytechnic Ahmedabad) for his
continuous support in completion of our Project.

We also extend our deepest gratitude to our institute for providing all the
necessary facilities and true encouraging environment to bring out the best of
our endeavors.

We express our gratitude and thanks to all the staff members of Mechanical
Engineering for their sincere cooperation in furnishing relevant information to
complete this dissertation well in time successfully.

Lastly but not least we must express our cordial thank to our parents, family
members and friends who gave us the moral support without which it was
impossible to complete our project work. With this note we thank everyone for
the support.
 ABSTRACT

Most of the energies are utilized by the industries due to depletion of fossil
fuels and increasing the fuel price to exploit the maximum presented energy
from the waste heat source. The industry which utilizes steam turbine exhaust
carries a considerable amount of thermal energy. This energy can be set in to
positive use as a heat source for vapour absorption system to serves as cooling
system. This paper illustrates the thermal and fiscal advantages of using single
effect lithium bromide water absorption by means of waste heat. The objective
of this work is to hypothetical design of lithium bromide water absorption
Refrigeration system using waste heat from any industry steam turbine exhaust.
The various parts of the vapour absorption system are absorber, solution heat
exchanger, evaporator, condenser and generator. Energy consumption and
energy savings in terms of energy and fuels are calculated. The Overall heat
transfer coefficient, effectiveness and COP of the heat exchanger are measured.
The energy and global warming crises have drawn rehabilitated benefit to
thermally driven cooling systems from the air conditioning and process cooling
fraternities. The lithium bromide-water absorption refrigerator is one of the
favourites due to the following specific reasons it can be thermally driven by
gas, solar energy, and geothermal energy as well as waste heat, which help to
substantially reduce Carbon dioxide emission its use of water as a refrigerant it
is quiet, durable and cheap to maintain, being nearly void of high speed moving
parts its vacuumed operation renders it amenable to scale up applications. LiBr-
H2O absorption refrigerator enjoy cooling capacities ranging from small
residential to large scale commercial or even industrial cooling needs. The
coefficient of performance (COP) varies to a small extent (0.65-0.75) with the
heat source and the cooling water temperatures.
 INDEX

CHAPTER
NAME OF CHAPTER PAGE NO.
NO.

1 AIM OF PROJECT 6

2 PROJECT SELECTION 7

3 INTRODUCTION 10

4 LITERATURE SURVEY 16

5 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF VARS 18

PROBLEM DEFINATION AND RESEARCH

6 23
OBJECTIVES

7 DESIGN AND DRAFTING 26

8 COST ESTIMATION 37

9 PLAN OF WORK 38

LOGBOOK 40

REFERENCES 41
 CHAPTER- 1 AIMS OF PROJECT

We as student of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering have studied in detail

about Fundamental of Engineering, Design of Machine Elements,
Manufacturing engineering, Production Engineering, Maintenance, Costing,
Management, etc.

In this semester we have been given opportunity to exhibit our abilities through
project work during the project work most aspects of engineering fields are
covered. In Diploma in Mechanical Engineering the purpose of introduction of
project is to develop

 Ability of Enquiry

 Problem solving ability

 To develop ability of report writing

 Ability of exploring Ideas

 Ability of selection

 To get the practical knowledge for each student in various subjects

which he has studied before

 To make up the student to work in team

 Team Work and etc.

In short PROJECT summarizes the course of Diploma in Mechanical

Engineering.
CHAPTER- 2 PROJECT SELECTION

FIG.NO. 2.1 (Symbol of Project selection)

Selection of project is an important aspect of this course. Project must be
appealing in learning aspects and should be provided a scope of developing the
qualities –technical and managerial both .The group had through discussion and
analysis of various ideas.

The discussion included talks on new trends in field; learning aspects provided
them, cost consideration, SWOT analysis of them, weightage of work provided
to have inclusive participation and many other factors.
After the discussion and literature study the team had come down to a short list
of few ideas that would serve the purpose to its whole content .The projects
considered were

 Air Hybrid Cycle

 Water wheel pump
 Design and Fabrication of Heat Powered Refrigerator
 Design and fabrication of box type drill jig
 Fabrication of solar air cooler
 Solar powered pumping system
 Pedal hacksaw machine
 Solar Refrigerator
 Pedal operated washing machine
 Air Engine

The team after discussion on certain factor came to the selection of Design
and Fabrication of Heat Powered Refrigerator.This decision was an inclusive
one where the entire team member brought in their views of advantages and
backdrops. The discussion helped to develop of considering factor
evaluation, and also to bring out ideas and how to conduct them.
The team selected the project of Design and Fabrication of Heat Powered
Refrigerator because of these aspects:

1. Silent operation
2. Cost effective
3. Balanced pressure
4. No need of valve
5. No lubrication problem
6. Less maintenance
 CHAPTER- 3 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction

Global warming and climate change, human activities and other harmful
natural events lead to an increasing in average global temperatures. This is
caused primarily due to increase in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon Dioxide
(CO2). In conventional vapour compression refrigeration process, the
compressor consumes electrical energy which is obtained from the combustion
of fossil fuels. Thus, in order to mitigate the imminent threat, we need to
restrict the use of vapour-compression refrigeration process by some alternative
refrigeration process. Absorption refrigeration system utilizes low-grade heat
or waste heat for refrigeration instead of electrically driven compressor.

Before the first millennium, the Chinese cooled their food and drinks
with harvested ice. The Romans, Greeks, and Hebrews placed large
amounts of snow into storage pits dug into the ground covered with wood
and straw for insulation. The ancient Egyptians filled earthen jars with
boiled water and exposed the jars to the night air for their cooling; and in
1550, cooling of wine by adding chemicals such as sodium nitrate and
potassium nitrate to water was first recorded. It was also in those same
records that the first use of a word meaning “to refrigerate” appeared
(Krasner-Khait).

Refrigeration is the process of cooling a space or substance below

environmental temperatures. Refrigeration was done primarily using
methods similar to those mentioned above until the initiation of the
commercial refrigerator in 1856 by Alexander Twinning. Oliver Evans
designed the first refrigeration machine, or refrigerator, in 1805; but it was
John Gorrie who produced the first working model. Gorrie created a
refrigeration effect by compressing a gas, cooling it through radiating coils,
and expanding it to lower the temperature further. It is this method of
refrigeration that is most widely used today and is known as the vapor-
compression process (Krasner-Khait).

The technological ancementsmadeoverthelast100year shave been

nothing short of astonishing, but despite all these advancements, the
fundamentals of the refrigeration process have. Modern advancement has
given us alternative ways to conduct this refrigeration, in addition to
increasing its efficiency. Despite this, the original concept of cooling by
vapor compression, invented by John Gorrie, is still the most commonly
used. As part of the constant search for newer technology in the world of
science, we wish to examine useful alternatives to the standard vapor-
compression process. Therefore, it is the aim of this project to search for,
analyze, and create a working model of an alternate refrigeration process.

1.2 Background and VAR Phenomena

Refrigeration has become an essential part of the way we live our

life. Almost everyone has a household refrigerator, but not many know of
the process required to produce the drop in temperature that we know as
refrigeration. Nature works much like a heat engine, heat flows from high
temperature elements to low temperature elements. As it does this, work is
also done to its environment. Refrigeration is a process to keep a cool
element cooler to reduce the temperature of one element below that of the
other. The refrigeration process is, in essence then, a reverse heat engine;
where heat is taken from a cold element to be transferred to a warmer
element, generally by adding work to the system. In a heat engine, work
was done by the system; so in order to do the reverse; work must be done
to the system. This work input is traditionally mechanical work, but it can
also be driven by magnetism, lasers, acoustics, and other means.

Figure 3.1 Heat engine thermodynamic schematic. (Karonen)

1.3 The Absorption Refrigeration System

Unlike vapor-compression systems, absorption refrigeration

systems use a heat source instead of electricity to provide the energy
needed to produce cooling. Two major types of absorption refrigeration
system design exist: the two fluids and the three fluid absorption system.
The majority of both designs are generally the same; the differences
between them lie in the way the liquid refrigerant is caused to evaporate. In
a two fluid system, an expansion valve is used cause a large pressure drop,
which causes the liquid refrigerant to evaporate. A three fluid system uses a
third fluid to facilitate the expansion by means of partial pressures. The key
processes in an absorption refrigeration system are the absorption and
desorption of the refrigerant. A simple absorption system has five main
components: the generator, the condenser, the evaporator, the absorber, and
the solution heat exchanger. The flow of the refrigerant is through each of
these parts in the different kinds of absorption system is given in each
section. Figure 6 shows an absorption system that contains more stages for
increased efficiency, but it still contains the five main parts.

1.4 Two Fluid Absorption Refrigeration System

Two fluid absorption systems are most commonly used in large buildings
or plants where there is a significant source of waste heat available. In this
section we will use the ammonia- water absorption refrigeration system
example found in the 1997 Ashrae Fundamentals Handbook to fully
understand the workings of a two fluid absorption refrigeration system.
This system is an ammonia-water refrigeration cycle system that is
composed of an evaporator, a refrigerant heat exchanger, an absorber, a
pump, two flow restrictors (expansion valves), a solution heat exchanger, a
generator, a rectifier, and a condenser. Figure 7 shows the placement of
each machine in the cycle, and the direction of flow of the solution mixture
and ammonia vapor.

The cycle can be broken into different flows, one comprising of the
ammonia-water mixture and the other comprising of the ammonia vapor
alone. Points (1-6) are the cycle of the ammonium hydroxide solution, and
the rest of the points constitute the ammonia vapor cycle. The solution rich
in refrigerant at point (1) is pumped to higher pressure through the solution
heat exchanger (2) into the generator (3) where heat is added and an
ammonia-water vapor mixture is sent to the rectifier (13), and the solution
poor refrigerant (4) is sent back through thesolution heat exchanger to the
absorber. The ammonia-water vapor is purified in the rectifier by
condensing the water vapor in the mixture into liquid. The pure ammonia
vapor is sent to the condenser (7) and the water liquid is sent back to the
generator (14). The ammonia vapor loses heat to the surrounding by
convection as it goes through the condenser and is cooled into liquid
ammonia (8). The ammonia liquid is passed through the refrigerant heat
exchanger (9) for further cooling, and then passed through a flow restrictor
(10) where it experiences a sudden drop in pressure and evaporates because
this new pressure is less than its saturation pressure. The ammonia is now a
saturated vapor at a temperature that corresponds to this new pressure. This
temperature is always lower than the desired compartment temperature.
The saturated ammonia vapor is sent to the evaporator where heat from the
refrigerator is absorbed. The ammonia vapor (11) goes through the heat
exchanger once again, but this time to absorb heat, before returning to the
absorber (12) where it is absorbed into the water and the process repeats
again. The mathematics used in obtaining the solutions in Table 10 for the
five main components of an absorption system can be found in the system
analysis and design section of this report.
Figure 3.2 Ammonia-water single stage absorption refrigeration
 CHAPTER- 4 LITERATURE SURVEY

Ouadha and El-Gotni (2013) analyzed ammonia-water vapour absorption

refrigeration system driven by waste heat from marine diesel engine. The
analysis has been carried out for different operating conditions and outcomes
from the study revealed that better performance can be obtained at higher
generator and evaporator temperatures keeping absorber and condenser
temperature low. Also, an increase in effectiveness of solution heat exchanger
improves performance of the system.

Han et al. (2013) carried out analysis of an ammonia-water based waste heat
driven hybrid compression-absorption refrigeration system. The proposed
hybrid system shared same condensing and evaporating unit and mid
temperature waste heat is first used in power generation for the operation of
compressor in compression refrigeration sub-system. Besides, remaining low
temperature waste heat can later be used in absorption refrigeration sub system
to generate ammonia vapours.

Chen et al. (2015) carried out a simulation study of industrial waste heat
driven absorption-compression refrigeration system to produce cooling in the
temperature range of (-30oC) – (55oC). The proposed combined system
consists of three sub-systems including an absorption refrigeration sub unit
using ammonia-water as refrigerant-absorbent pair, ammonia-water mixture
based power generating system and a compression refrigeration unit using CO2
as working fluid.

Cao et al. (2015) carried out simulation and modeling of waste heat driven
absorption cooling system for shipboard applications under transient conditions
and results obtained from the study were compared to conventional vapour
compression system.

Kaushik and Arora (2009), the energy and energy analysis of single effect
and series flow double effect water–lithium bromide absorption system. They
developed the computational model for parametric investigation. Their analysis
involves the effect of generator, absorber and evaporator temperatures on the
energetic and energetic performance. They concluded that the irreversibility is
highest in the absorber in both fluids.

Khaliq (2011) et al carried out first and second law investigation of waste heat
based combined power and ejector-absorption refrigeration cycle using R141b
as a working fluid. Estimates for irreversibilities of individual components of
the cycle lead to possible measures for performance improvement. Results
show that around 53.6% of the total input exergy is destroyed due to
irreversibilities in the components, 22.7% is available as a useful exergy
output, and 23.7% is exhaust exergy lost to the environment, whereas energy
distribution shows 44% is exhaust energy and 19.7% is useful energy output.
They concluded that proposed cogeneration cycle yields much better thermal
and exergy efficiencies than the previously investigated cycles and the current
investigation clearly show that the second law analysis is quantitatively
visualizes losses within a cycle and gives clear trends for optimization
CHAPTER- 5 WORKING PRINCIPLES OF VARS

Vapour absorption refrigeration is suitable where an inexpensive source of heat

energy is easily available. In these cases using the heat directly as the operating
energy is the common practice. The power plants where heat from the co-
generation process is available can use VARS. Steam turbine power plants can use
the waste heat to run the refrigeration system as well. So the difference
between Vapour compression and Vapour absorption Refrigeration system is
easily understood.

Basic Principles of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS): the basic

components of a basic Vapour absorption refrigeration are-

 Generator

 pump

 absorber

 condenser

 evaporator

 expander or throttling device

And some other components like rectifier, analyzer and heat exchanger.
Remember that in NH3-H2O – ammonia is the refrigerant and water is
the absorber but the LiBr-H2O water is the refrigerant and LiBr is the absorber.
Most of the time in the interview board you will be asked about the refrigeration
and air conditioning interview questions.

In this case, we are demonstrating the Aqua-Ammonia Vapour absorption system.

Here NH3 is the refrigerant and H2O is the absorbent. In VA refrigeration system
the requirement of the compressor is fulfilled by using an arrangement consisting
of an absorber, a pump, and a generator. However, more elements are added to
improve the performance of the system. The elements condenser, evaporator and
expansion valve are all same for VC and VA cycles.
First, evaporator passes the refrigerant vapor to the absorber (In this case ammonia
vapor). NH3 has a property of mixing with the cool water promptly. So,
in absorber ammonia mixed with water is known as strong NH3-Water solution.
With the help of a pump, this strong solution moves towards the generator where
the solution is heated and NH3 is liberated from the water and collected on the top
of the generator with high pressure. In the VC system, the function of the
compressor is to compress the refrigerant vapor and increase its pressure. Here in
VARS, the generator is doing the same. Hence, the function of the compressor is
already achieved. Likewise, the refrigerant vapor with high pressure goes to
condenser and liberates heat and ultimately becomes liquid. The liquid is collected
in a receiver tank and then moves through the expansion valve. Here it is
expanded, moves towards the evaporator and collects heat and becomes vapor and
the cycle continues.

The solution exchange in generator and absorber also runs in a cycle. Now, what
happens in the absorber and generator. With the help of a pump, the strong
solution is transferred to the generator. In the generator, heat is supplied and
separated ammonia is ready for the next step. The solution in the generator is thus
called a weak solution. This weak solution comes back to the generator with the
help of a return duct. For example, the heat exchanger is used to cool the weak
solution, otherwise, the water of the absorber will be heated.

This type of refrigeration cycle is used where exhaust heat is available. Extra or
unused heat can be used to run the generator. For developing solar refrigeration
system this type of arrangement is very useful. But you might be thinking that
here electrical is used to run the pump. But still, the running the cost is less in
Vapour absorption system than Vapour compression cycle because the energy
used in pumps is very less in comparison to that of a compressor.
The function of other elements used in the Vapor Absorption Refrigeration system:

(1) Analyzer:
The ammonia vapours leaving the generator may contain certain moisture, and
therefore it should be freed from any trace of water vapour before passing on to
the condenser and then to the expansion valve, otherwise the water vapour is
likely to freeze in the small valve passage and choke the flow.

The function of the analyzer is to remove the moisture as far as possible. It is

an open types of cooler and forms an integral part of the generator, mounted on
its top. Both the strong aqua-ammonia solution from the absorber and the
condensate removed in rectifier are introduced from the top and flow
downwards.

The hot rising vapour of ammonia therefore comes in contact with the same
and gets cooled. Thus most of the water vapour is condensed and drips back
into the generator. This helps in salvaging a certain portion of heat in outgoing
vapour which would otherwise have been rejected out through the condenser.

(2) Rectifier:
It is a closed type of cooler and is actually a miniature condenser where any
traces of water vapour left in the ammonia vapour, are removed by
condensation .The cooling is achieved by circulating water as is done in an
ordinary condenser. The condensed aqua is drained back to the generator
through the analyzer.

(3) Heat Exchangers:

Two heat exchangers are provided to internally exchange heat from the higher
temperature fluid to the lower temperature fluid so that one is cooled and the
other is heated.
One heat exchanger is provided between liquid receiver and evaporator so that
the liquid is sub-cooled and vapour is heated up. Another heat exchanger is
located between generator and absorber so that the strong aqua is heated up
before going on to the analyzer and weak aqua is cooled before entering the
absorber.
 CHAPTER-6 PROBLEM DEFINATION AND
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

6.1 Define the Problem

The involvement of an ionic liquid as a working fluid to an absorption
refrigeration system has the ability to overcome some of the safety and
environmental impacts of the current conventional working fluids. Current
conventional absorption refrigeration systems use LiBr/water or
water/ammonia. The problems like corrosion, solidification, poisonous, and
odour nuisance are associated with the current systems which could probably
be avoided if they were replaced with ionic liquids/water, Ionic liquid/CO2, or
Ionic liquid/hydro fluorocarbon system. Numerous ILs are completely miscible
with water. When using water as the refrigerant, the cycle is limited to
refrigeration temperatures above the freezing point of water. However,
absorption refrigeration should be taken up whenever there is an abundant
availability of waste heat.

Low grade heat energy refers to the energy derived from the renewable
sources like solar energy or geothermal energy and the ignored energy from the
industries, embedded in the exhaust steam of low pressure and low
temperature, which cannot be used to do any work. It plays an important role in
improving energy utilization efficiency and reducing environmental pollution
and carbon dioxide emissions. The use of low grade thermal energy reduces the
consumption of electrical energy to a large extent.

The cycle performance of many refrigeration cycles depends not only on

their configuration, but also on thermodynamic properties of working pairs
generally composed of refrigerant and absorbent. The primarily used working
pairs in absorption cycles are aqueous solutions of either (LiBr + H2O) or
(NH3 + H2O). However, corrosion, crystallization, high working pressure, and
toxicity are their major disadvantages in industrial applications. Therefore,
seeking more advantageous working pairs with good thermal stability, and with
minimum corrosion has become the research focus in the past two decades. To
comply with the above properties, we look forward to ionic liquids(ILs) such as
( R410a +H2O) that have attracted significant attention due to their unique
properties, such as negligible vapour pressure, nonflammability, thermal
stability, good solubility, low melting points, and staying in the liquid state
over a wide temperature range from room temperature to about 300°C. The
above mentioned favorable properties of ionic liquids have motivated us to
carry out our research on absorption refrigeration cycle using ionic liquid-
based working pairs in which water is used as refrigerant and Ionic Liquid is
used as an absorbent. Requirements of working fluids of absorption cycles are
as follows:-
i) The difference in boiling point between the pure refrigerant and the
absorber solution at the same pressure should be as large as possible.
ii) Refrigerant should have a high heat of vaporization and high
concentration within the absorbent in order to maintain low circulation ratio
between the generator and the absorber per unit of cooling capacity.
iii) Both refrigerant and absorbent should be noncorrosive, environmentally
friendly, and of low cost.

So we chose a R410a as a refrigerant and water as absorbent , this combination

will work in absorption refrigeration system .
6.2 Research Objectives

The major objectives of the present work are as listed below:-

1. To theoretically study the influences of various operating parameters on
the performance of the system.
2. To design, develop and fabricate a system of suitable capacity to carry
out experiments.
3. Utilization of low grade heat using (IL+ water) based absorption
refrigeration system.
 CHAPTER-7 DESIGN AND DRAFTING

7.1 Design
The first step taken in selecting materials from a variety of materials
(aluminum, copper, steel, alloys, etc) was by carefully defining categorically the
requirements of the desired components. This was followed by checking these
requirements so as to make the selected materials readily available. The major
materials used are steel metal pipes (for the fabrication of some components like
condenser, heat sink, evaporator, etc); wood (used for the construction of the body
frame/casing); and R410a/H2O refrigerant as the refrigerant for the absorption
refrigerator.
To design a single stage vapour absorption refrigeration system based on
H20-LiBr has a refrigeration capacity of 175 (0.05)watts. The system operates at
an evaporator temperature of 5 degree centigrade (Psat=8.72mbar) and a
condensing temperature of 30 degree centigrade (Psat=32.3 mbar). The
concentration of solution at the exit of absorber and generator are 0.35 and 0.45,
respectively. Assume 100 percent effectiveness for the solution pump, exit
condition of refrigerant at evaporator and condenser to be saturated and the
condition of the solution at the exit of absorber and generator to be at equilibrium.
Enthalpy of strong solution at the inlet to the absorber may be obtained from the
equilibrium solution data.
Required: a) The mass flow rates of refrigerant, weak and strong solutions
b) Heat transfer rates at the absorber, evaporator, condenser,
generator and solution pump.
c) System COP and second law efficiency, and d) Solution
pump work (density of solution = 1200 kg/m 3 ).
 In order to proceed with the design, firstly we need to calculate the
composition with the help of stiochiometric formulae. The composition of water-
lithium bromide solutions can be expressed either in mass fraction (ξ) or mole
fraction (x). For water-lithium bromide solutions, the mass fraction ξ is defined as
the ratio of mass of anhydrous lithium bromide to the total mass of solution, i.e.,
Concentration(ξ )= mass of anhydrous lithium bromide mass of total solution The
composition can also be expressed in terms of mole fraction of lithium bromide as:
No of moles(X) = number of moles of anhydrous lithium bromide number of
moles of total solution where ML (= 86.8 kg/kmol) and MW (= 18.0 kg/kmol) are
the molecular weights of anhydrous lithium bromide and water respectively

Specification of the system:

Size of the evaporator tank : 15*30 cm.
Capacity of the evaporator(cooling Effect) : 0.05 Tr (tonnage of refrigeration).
Size and capacity of the condenser : 5 metres and 189.924 kW.
Size and capacity of the generator : 3 litres and 221.54 kW.
Size and capacity of the absorber : 3 litres and 206.75 kW.
Mass flow of refrigerant across the System : 0.076 g/s.

Now after obtaining all the required parameters calculating its cefficient of
performance.

The COP of the system is given by:

COP = Qe ≈ QeQg + WP Qg

In order to find the steady-state performance of the system from the above
set of equations, one needs to know the operating temperatures, weak and strong
solution concentrations, effectiveness of solution heat exchanger and the
refrigeration capacity. It is generally assumed that the solution at the exit of
absorber and generator is at equilibrium so that the equilibrium P-T-ξ and h-T-ξ
charts can be used for evaluating solution property data. The effectiveness of
solution heat exchanger, εHX is given by:
To analyze our system we utilized an h-x diagram. We utilized the above
processes to obtain the proper enthalpies at entrance and exit. The diagram
with the proper lines is on the following page. Our system has an initial
fraction of 0.342. We then made the presumption of a low efficiency heating
and an exit fraction of 0. . his gives us our two isostere’s to read from. By
reading only the 10 bar pressure lines the chart becomes identical to the
example one above. Using the auxiliary line we traced the proper isothermal
lines to find mass fraction of vapor at the initial and final points. We then read
off enthalpy of sub-cooled liquid, saturated liquid, saturated vapor and
temperature at the two isostere’s.
Our resulting values were:
X=0.342 Xe=0.2
hsub(sp)= -125KJ/kg=hsp1hL(sp) saturated=200KJ/k

hL(sp) saturated=398KJ/kg =h2sphv(sp) saturated= 1525KJ/kg

hvsaturated(sp)=1785KJ/kg
Xv=0 .95 Xv=0.800 T=93 T=128

We know all of the necessary values except Q, or. In a pipe with a

progressive temperature change as it cools we have a changing heat transfer
rate. To find the rate that represents the overall surface area necessary, we
would normally need to use a differential equation. But, as a reasonable
approximation we use the midpoint temperature of the fluid of the temperature
change ∆T. We evaluate L using this point.
 In our superheated region we go from 110 to 24.89 , which is the
saturation temperature of ammonia at 10 bar. The midpoint temperature is
67.445 . Making the approximation the fluid temperature equals the inner wall
temperature and the inner wall temp equals the outer wall temp, since our wall
thickness is only 0.024 inches, we know our value of (T R-Tp). Total Q, is
determined by mass flow rate times change in enthalpy. Mass flow was
previously found, and change in enthalpy from thermodynamic tables is 121.22
KJ/kg. Using:
h2=8 W/m2K

we get a length of:

L1c= .025805m = 1.015 inches

Because of our extremely low mass flow rate the fluid condenses quickly
to saturated gas. The distance is so small will need to add insulation to the pipe
exiting the separator to ensure the ammonia does not condense and flow back
to the generator.

Performing similar analysis in the saturated region we resolve.

Temperature is roughly constant in this region, at about 24.89 . So we know
our ∆T between pipe and ambient air. Using thermodynamic ta les we get a
∆hsp of 1165.42 KJ/kg. Calculating length we get:

L2c= 1.272m

The third region, the sub cooled region has very small change in
enthalpy. We evaluateenthalpy at the saturated temperature of the liquid as part
of the incompressible substance model. Over the 4from 24.89 to 20 our
∆hspis only 23.56KJ/kg. This produces insignificant heat transfer and a length
that may be neglected. So our ideal total condenser lengthis:
Lc = 1.2978 m

But when we factor in an error percentage of 20% for the actual surface
temperatures of the pipes we get:
Lc= 1.557m

Now,toprovideafurthererrormarginwerecomputedtheabovenumbersforthe
lowestpossible convection coefficient of air 5 W/m2K. Doing so and
recalculating the error percentage we get a condenser length of:
Lc = 2.458 m

In any refrigeration system we should be rejecting more heat than

the refrigerator takes in. Even in an ideal system. Heat input to the
refrigerator was found to be 1.6345 Watts.
Taking mass flow rate of the three regions of the condenser above and
multiplying by the respective changes in enthalpy we get a heat
rejection from the condenser of:
Qout = 2.0954 watts

So we are releasing more heat from our system than we are inputting as
expected.
System COP (neglecting pump work) = Qe /Qg = 0.789
Second law efficiency = COP/COPCarnotCOPCarnot = [Te/(Tc-Te)][(Tg-Ta)/Tg]
= 1.129.
∴ Second law efficiency = 0.6983 * 100 = 69.83 %
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
Outside dimension of unit- 77×47×60 cm3
Dimension of cylindrical evaporator- diameter- 22 cm.
Depth -54 cm.

Capacity of evaporator = π×r2×h

=π×11×11×54
=20.535 L
Temperature (ambient) = 43oc
(Inside the cylindrical evaporator) =5oc
Refrigerant used (r-12) = dichlorodifluoromethane (CC1212)
Freezing point = 157.780c
Boiling point = - 29.780C

 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

For Water Cooler.
For heavy duty manufacturing shop
LOAD REQIRED,
Q = 1.1× NO. OF OCCUPANTES
= 1.1×30 L/h ×Spec. heat × temp diff.
= 33 L/h ×4.18×(30-6)
=3 310 . 56Kj/h
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH INSULATION
Thermal conductivity of,
Aluminum, ka1=225W/m.k
Plastic, kp=0.15W/mk
Copper, kcu = 385W/mk
Glass Wool, kg= 0.038W/ mk

Convective heat transfer cofficient,

Inside film, hi = 15 W/m2k
Outside Film, ho= 15W/m2k

Thus,

Heat conducted inside the evaporator due to infiltration

Q= (T1- To) 2π rh
1/h1×r1+1/k1×In(r2/r1)+1/k2 In r (rx1/r2) +1/k3 In (rx2/ rx1)+1/ (rx2×ho)

rx 1 =4/54××+15.5
= 0.074×+15.5
=rx2= 4/54××+16
=0.074×+16
Approximately
Q = 2/3 Qmax.
Q =2/3(-7-43)2π54×10-2
{1/15×10 +1/225 In (10.2/10)+ 1/.038 In (19.5/11)+1/385 In (11/10.2)+1/0.15 In
(20/19.5+1/15×10-2×20}
=2.2174Watt
 =2.2174j/s
=8kj/hr
Total cooling load on the unit,
Q total =2(Q infiltrate+ Q actual)
=2(8+3310.6)
=2(3318.6) kj per hour
=6637.2Kj/h
=1.844 Kwatt
= 0.512 TR
=0.5 TR

Mass of refrigerant required

From p-h chart at 6oC,
h8 = 183 KJ/Kg
h5 =189Kj/Kg
40oC, h2 =205kj/kg
hf3=76 kj/kg

For cylindrical evaporator,

m1= 210Q /(183- 76)= 0.588 kg/ min.
For rectangular evaporator
m2= 210Q/(189- 76)= .0377 KG/ MIN.
heating required for heater
h1 = m1 h8 +m2 h5
(m1+m1)
=0.589×183+0.377×189
0.589+0.377
=185.34kj/kg

W = (0.589+0.377) (h2-h1)
= (0.589+0.377) (205-185.36)
=18.49kj/min
=0.03165kw
=31.65 w
7.2 Drafting

Fig 7.1 Drafting

Fig 7.2 Absorption Refrigeration Process
 CHAPTER-8 COST ESTIMATION

MATERIAL COST

SR NO NAME OF PARTS QTY. COST (Rs.)

1 Box casing of 25 L 1 Nos. 1500/-

2 Al pipe around 20ft 700/-

3 Refrigerant R410a - 1500/-

4 Reserve tank 1Nos. 150/-

5 Condenser Fines 1 Nos. 400/-

6 Thermostat 1 Nos. 350/-

7 Rectifier and analyzer 1 Set 1800/-

LABOUR COST

8 Pipe Bending cost - 500 /-

9 Pipe brazing cost - 900 /-

10 Finishing color - 150 /-

OVERHEAD COST

11 Other cost - 900 /-

TOTAL COST 8850 Rs.

 CHAPTER-9 PLAN OF WORK

 Start

 Study of Refrigeration

 Market Survey and Problem definition

 Study of research paper and literature review

 List of required equipment's

 Design calculations of parts

 Validation

 Part Modeling

 Fabrication

 Finish
 Table:-9.1 Plane of Work

July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Jan. Feb. March April

1) Definition

2)Research paper

3) List of required
equipment

4) Part Design

5) Part drawing

6) Part fabrication

7) Assembly
 LOGBOOK

SIGN OF
DATE DETAILS OF WORK CARRIED OUT
GUIDE
Searching the Project

Attitude Do’s & Don’t Development

towards the Industrial Environment

Market Survey

Discussing different Projects

Finalize the Project

Literature Survey

Study the objectives of the Project

Study the Aim and Introduction of the

Project
Study the different component of the
Project

Calculation & make specification

Drafting of different component of project

Cost estimation of project

Prepare a Draft Project Report

Presentation
 REFERENCES

1. A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning by R.K. Rajput

2. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by C. P. Arora (Tata McGraw-Hill

Education, 2000)

3. Holman, J.P. [1994] Heat transfer, McGraw-Hill Book, New York

4. Ouadha, A., & El-Gotni, Y. (2013). Integration of an ammonia-water

absorption refrigeration system with a marine Diesel engine: A thermodynamic
study. Procedia Computer Science, 19, 754-761.

5.Han, W., Sun, L., Zheng, D., Jin, H., Ma, S., & Jing, X. (2013). New hybrid
absorption compression refrigeration system based on cascade use of mid-
temperature waste heat. Applied Energy, 106, 383-390.

6. Chen, Y., Han, W., & Jin, H. (2015). An absorption-compression

refrigeration system driven by a mid-temperature heat source for low-
temperature applications. Energy, 91, 215-225.

7. Cao, T., Lee, H., Hwang, Y., Radermacher, R., & Chun, H.H. (2015).
Performance Investigation of Engine Waste Heat Powered Absorption Cycle
Cooling System for Shipboard Applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 90,
820-830.

8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration

9. NPTEL lecture notes and Videos

10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDDmlT-HK1Y