EELE 3370

Communications I

Analysis and
Transmission of Signals

Islamic University of Gaza

Electrical Engineering Department
Dr. Talal Skaik 2016
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Amplitude Modulation

Dr. Talal Skaik IUG 2016 2

 Shifting the phase spectrum of a Modulated signal
• By using cos( 2 f 0t  0 ) instead of cos 2 f 0t
• If signal g(t) is multiplied by cos 2 f 0t
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g ( t ) cos( 2 f 0t  0 )  G ( f  f 0 )e j 0  G ( f  f 0 )e  j 0 
2
For 0   / 2
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g ( t ) sin 2 f 0t  G ( f  f 0 )e  j  / 2  G ( f  f 0 )e  / 2 
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 Example
• Find and sketch the Fourier transform of modulated signal
g ( t ) cos 2 f 0t where g(t) is  t / T 

Solution t 
   T sinc(  fT)
T 
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g ( t ) cos( 2 f 0t )  G ( f  f 0 )  G ( f  f 0 ) 
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 Example
Find the Fourier transform of a general periodic signal g(t) of period T0.
Solution

1 1
g( t )  De
n 
n
jn 2 f 0t
, Dn   g ( t ) e
T 0 T0
 jn 2 f 0t
dt , f 0 
T0

g( t )  
n 
F  D ne jn 2 f 0t 

sin ce e j 2 f 0t   f  f 0 

g( t )   D ( f
n 
n  nf 0 )

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 Example
Find the Fourier transform of the periodic impulse train T0 ( t )
shown in the Figure.
Solution

1
T ( t ) 
0 
n 
D ne jn 2 f 0t , f0 
T0
0 T /2
1 1
D n   T 0 ( t ) e  jn 2 f 0t dt    ( t ) e  jn 2 f 0t
dt
T 0 T0 T 0 T 0 / 2
1
 Dn 
T0
1 
T 0 ( t )    ( f  nf 0 )
T 0 n 
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 Convolution Theorem
Convolution of two functions g(t) and w(t) is

g ( t )* w ( t )   g (  )w ( t  )d 


If g 1 (t)  G1 (f) and g 1 (t)  G1 (f) ,

then (Time Convolution)
g 1 (t)* g 2 (t)  G1 (f) G 2 (f)
and (Frequency Convolution)
g 1 (t)g 2 (t)  G1 (f) *G 2 (f)

Convolution of two signals in the time domain becomes multiplication in

the Frequency domain, whereas multiplication of two signals in time
domain becomes convolution in the frequency domain. 7
Dr. Talal Skaik IUG 2016
 Time Differentiation and Time Integration
If g(t)  G(f)
Then, (Time Differentiation)
dg(t)
 j 2 f G(f)
dt
d n g(t)
  j 2 f  G(f)
n
n
dt
and (Time Integration)

t
G(f) 1
 g(  )d  j 2 f  2 G  0   f 
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 Example
Use time differentiation property to find Fourier transform of the
triangular pulse  t /  
Solution

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Example

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Fourier Transform Properties

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 Signal Transmission through a linear system
A Linear-Time Invariant (LTI) system used to characterize
communication channels.
LTI system is characterized in time domain by its impulse response h(t).

y ( t )  h( t ) when x(t)= (t)

System response for input signal x(t):
y(t)=h(t)*x(t)

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 Signal Transmission through a linear system
The frequency domain relationships are

x(t )  X ( f )
y(t )  Y ( f )
h( t )  H ( f )
Then according to convolution,

Y ( f )  H ( f ) X ( f )
H(f) is generally referred as Frequency Response or Transfer Function
of the LTI system.
H ( f )  H ( f ) e j h ( f )
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 Signal Distortion During Transmission
 The output spectrum is given by the input spectrum multiplied by the
spectral response of the system.
j Y ( f ) j  X ( f )  h ( f ) 
Y (f ) e  X (f ) H(f ) e
Y (f )  X (f ) H(f )
Y ( f )   X ( f )   h ( f )
 An input signal spectral component of f is modified in amplitude by a
factor |H(f)| and is shifted in phase by an angle θh(f).
 During transmission through the system, some frequency components may
be boosted in amplitude, while others may be attenuated.
 The relative phases of the various components also change.
 In general, the output waveform will be different from the input waveform.
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 Distortionless Transmission
• In applications such as message transmission over communication
channel, the output waveform is required to be a replica of the
input waveform.
• To achieve this, distortion due to amplification or communication
channel must be minimized. Distortionless transmission is desired.
• Transmission is said to be distortionless if the input and the output
have identical wave shapes within a multiplicative constant.
• Given input x(t) and output y(t), a distortionless transmission
satisfies: y ( t )  k  x ( t  t )
d

Y ( f )  kX ( f ) e - j 2 ft d
sin ce Y (f) =X (f) H(f)
Therfore H(f)=k e - j 2 ft d
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 Distortionless Transmission
Hence the transfer function required for distorionless transmission is:
- j 2 ft d  H(f ) k  h ( f )  2 ft d
H(f)=k e ,

• For distortionless transmission, amplitude response |H(f)| must be

a constant and phase response θh(f) must be linear function of f.
• The slope of θh(f) with respect to ω= 2πf is –td (delay of output with
respect to input).

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 All-Pass vs Distortionless System
• All-pass has constant gain for all frequencies (|H(f) = k) without
linear phase requirement.
• Distortionless system is always an all-pass system but converse is
not true.
• Example of All-Pass system with distortion: Transmitting recorded
music signal that contains high frequency and low frequency
components through an all-pass system. Suppose both frequencies
have the same gain, but there is extra delay on the high frequency
component, which makes the music out of sync even if the signal
components have the same gain.
• Difference in transmission delay is due to non-linear phase of H(f).
• For Distortionless system td(f) have to be constant over f.
1 d h ( f )
 H(f ) k ,  h ( f )  2 ft d , t d ( f )   
Dr. Talal Skaik IUG 2016
2 df 17
 Example
If g(t) and y(t) are the input and output, respectively of a simple RC
low-pass filter. Determine the transfer function H(f) and sketch
|H(f)|, θh(f), and td(f).

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Example

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 Ideal versus practical filters
• Ideal filters allow distortionless transmission of a certain band of
frequencies and suppress all remaining frequencies.
• Ideal filter shown below allow all components below f=B Hz to pass
without distortion and suppresses all components above f = B.
• If g(t) is input signal and y(t) is output then y ( t )  g ( t  t d )

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 Ideal versus practical filters

Ideal Highpass and Bandpass filter frequency responses

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 Ideal versus practical filters
• Signal g(t) is transmitted without distortion but with delay td
• For this filter: H ( f )    f / 2B  , and  h (f)=  2 ft d
 f   j 2 ftd
H ( f )   e
 2B 
• Unit impulse response of this filter h(t):
  f   j 2 ft d 
h( t )  F  
1
e  Unrealizable
  2B   (Not Causal)
= 2B sin c  2 B t  t d  

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 Ideal versus practical filters
• For a physically realizable system h(t) must be causal. h(t)=0 for t<0
• Practical Filters: Butterworth, Chebyshev, Elliptic Filters,..

Butterworth Filter
1
H(f ) 
1 f / B 
2n

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 Ideal versus practical filters
Butterworth Filter
 Amplitude response approaches an ideal low-pass filter as n→∞.
 The half-power bandwidth of a filter is defined as the bandwidth
over which |H(f)| remains constant within variations of 3 dB (or ratio
of 1 2 , i.e. 0.707)
 The half power bandwidth
of a low-pass filter is called
cut-off frequency.

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Ideal versus practical filters

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