Project Report On Automated Irrigation System
Project Report On Automated Irrigation System
Project Report On Automated Irrigation System
India's population is reached beyond 1.2 billion and the population rate is increasing
day by day then after 25-30 years there will be serious problem of food, so the
development of agriculture is necessary. Today, the farmers are suffering from the
lack of rains and scarcity of water. The main objective of this paper is to provide an
automatic irrigation system thereby saving time, money & power of the farmer. The
traditional farmland irrigation techniques require manual intervention. With the
automated technology of irrigation the human intervention can be minimized.
Whenever there is a change in temperature and humidity of the surroundings these
sensors senses the change in temperature and humidity and gives an interrupt
signal to the micro-controller.
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CHAPTER 1
ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
India is the country of village and agriculture plays an important role for
development of country. In our country, agriculture depends on the monsoons which
has insufficient source of water. So the irrigation is used in agricultural field In
Irrigation system, depending upon the soil type, water is provided to plant. In
agriculture, two things are very important, first to get information of about the fertility
of soil and second to measure humidity content in air. Nowadays, for irrigation,
different techniques are available which are used to reduce the dependency of rain.
And mostly this technique is driven by electrical power and on/off scheduling. In this
technique, an temperature and humidity sensors are placed near the plant and near
the module and gateway unit handles the sensor information and transmit data to the
controller which in turns the control the flow of water through the pump.
1.2 MOTIVATION
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1.4 IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM FUNCTION
User Interface:
User interface allow the user to inter act with the system by sending
information to the controller by presenting information to user about the
system. Its generally a computer or a smartphone
Controlled Devices
Controlled devices include a wide range of equipment that this arduino and
sensor is capable of. Here in our project it is a motor.
Programming Computer:
Some system controllers allow the user to program the system with the
systems own user interface. Other system requires PC to program. Here we
are accessing arduino IDE with the help of a PC.
Controllers:
Relay controllers provide the intelligent control functions in automatic irrigation
control.
Sensing Devices:
Sensing devices can report values, such as temperature and humidity etc or
states.
These devices provide the logical communication link between the controllers and
the controlled device systems
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1.5 ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC IRRIGAION CONTROL
Gardening Flexibility
If you have a busy schedule, you'll appreciate being able to work in the garden at the
same time as the plants are being watered. While one garden section is being
watered, you can plant and prune in another area.
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CHAPTER 2
PROPOSED SYSTEM HARDWARE
2.1 ARDUINO
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2.2.2 Pin Description of Arduino Uno:
• Serial: 0(RX) and 1(TX). Used to receive (RX) and Transmit (TX) TTL serial
data.
• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.
• SPI: 10(SS), 11(MOSI), 12(MISO), 13(SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13.
• TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using
the wire library.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10
bits of resolution. By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, through is it
possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog
Reference () function.
• AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference.
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• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add
a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
2.2 BATTERY
Fig. 2.2
Each cell contains a positive terminal (Anode) and a negative terminal (Cathode).
Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which
allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
2.3 Relay
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signal, or wherever many circuits should be controlled by one signal. The essential
relays were handling in long distance communicate circuits as amplifiers, they
unbroken the signal coming back in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another
circuit.
In figure 4, Soil moisture sensors measure the humidity of water content in soil.
Since the direct hydrometric measuring of free soil wetness needs removing, drying,
and coefficient of a sample, soil wetness sensors live the meter water content
indirectly by victimization another property of the soil, like electrical phenomenon,
non-conductor constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the wetness
content[6].
The relation between the measured property and soil moisture must be calibrated
and may vary depending on environmental factors such as soil type, temperature,
or electric conductivity. Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture
and is used for remote sensing in hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe
instruments can be used by farmers or gardeners.
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Soil moisture sensors typically refer to sensors that estimate volumetric water
content. Another class of sensors measure another property of moisture in soils
called water potential; these sensors are usually referred to as soil water potential
sensors and include tensiometers and gypsum blocks.
Technology
Application
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Golf courses are using soil moisture sensors to increase the efficiency of their
irrigation systems to prevent over-watering and leaching of fertilizers and other
chemicals into the ground.
Research
Relatively cheap and simple devices that do not require a power source are available
for checking whether plants have sufficient moisture to thrive. After inserting a probe
into the soil for approximately 60 seconds, a meter indicates if the soil is too dry,
moist or wet for plants
2.5 DC PUMP
DC powered pumps use direct current from motor, battery, or solar power to move
fluid in a variety of ways. Motorized pumps typically operate on 6, 12, 24, or 32 volts
of DC power. Solar-powered DC pumps use photovoltaic (PV) panels with solar cells
that produce direct current when exposed to sunlight.
2.6 wires
A jump wire (also known as jumper wire, or jumper) is an electrical wire, or group of
them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them –
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simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of
a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or
components, without soldering.
Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots
provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test
equipment
2.7 PV Panel:
Fig. 2.1
Solar cells called photovoltaic made from thin slices of crystalline silicon,
gallium arsenide, or other semiconductor materials convert solar radiation
directly into electricity. Cells with conversion efficiencies greater than 30
percent are now available.
The simplest solar cells provide small amounts of power for watches and
calculators. More complex systems can provide electricity to houses and
electric grids.
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CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED ALGORITHM
intval; //This variable stores the value received from Soil moisture sensor.
void setup() {
pinMode(8,INPUT); //Set pin 8 as input pin, to receive data from Soil moisture
sensor.
void loop() {
if(val == LOW)
digitalWrite(13,LOW); //if soil moisture sensor provides LOW value send LOW value
to relay
else
digitalWrite(13,HIGH); //if soil moisture sensor provides HIGH value send HIGH
value to relay
delay(400); //Wait for few second and then continue the loop.
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CHAPTER 4
Fig. 4.1
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direct current (DC) electricity through the charge controller to the battery bank. The
power is then drawn from the battery bank to the inverter, which converts the DC
current into alternating current (AC) that can be used for non-DC appliances.
Assisted by an inverter, solar panel arrays can be sized to meet the most demanding
electrical load requirements. The AC current can be used to power loads in homes or
commercial buildings, recreational vehicles and boats, remote cabins, cottages, or
homes, remote traffic controls, telecommunications equipment.
Using solar panels is a very practical way to produce electricity for many
applications. The obvious would have to be off-grid living. Living off-grid means living
in a location that is not serviced by the main electric utility grid. Remote homes and
cabins benefit nicely from solar power systems. No longer is it necessary to pay
huge fees for the installation of electric utility poles and cabling from the nearest
main grid access point. A solar electric system is potentially less expensive and can
provide power for upwards of three decades if properly maintained.
Besides the fact that solar panels make it possible to live off-grid, perhaps the
greatest benefit that you would enjoy from the use of solar power is that it is both a
clean and a renewable source of energy. With the advent of global climate change, it
has become more important that we do whatever we can to reduce the pressure on
our atmosphere from the emission of greenhouse gases. Solar panels have no
moving parts and require little maintenance. They are ruggedly built and last for
decades when properly maintained.
Last, but not least, of the benefits of solar panels and solar power is that, once a
system has paid for its initial installation costs, the electricity it produces for the
remainder of the system's lifespan, which could be as much as 15-20 years
depending on the quality of the system, is absolutely free! For grid-tie solar power
system owners, the benefits begin from the moment the system comes online,
potentially eliminating monthly electric bills or, and this is the best part, actually
earning the system's owner additional income from the electric company. How? If
you use less power than your solar electric system produces, that excess power can
be sold, sometimes at a premium, to your electric utility company.
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4.4 BATTERY BANK:
Batteries store direct current electrical energy for later use. This energy storage
comes at a cost, however, since batteries reduce the efficiency and output of the PV
system, typically by about 10 percent for lead-acid batteries. Batteries also increase
the complexity and cost of the system.
• Lead-acid batteries
o Gel cell
• Alkaline batteries
- Nickel-cadmium
- Nickel-iron
Sealed batteries are spill-proof and do not require periodic maintenance. Flooded
lead-acid batteries are usually the least expensive but require adding distilled water
at least monthly to replenish water lost during the normal charging process.
There are two types of sealed lead acid batteries: sealed absorbent glass mat (AGM)
and gel cell. AGM lead-acid batteries have become the industry standard, as they
are maintenance free and particularly suited for grid-tied systems where batteries are
typically kept at a full state of charge. Gel-cell batteries, designed for freeze-
resistance, are generally a poor choice because any overcharging will permanently
damage the battery.
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Alkaline Batteries – Because of their relatively high cost, alkaline batteries are
only recommended where extremely cold temperatures (-50oF or less) are
anticipated or for certain commercial or industrial applications requiring their
advantages over lead-acid batteries. These advantages include tolerance of freezing
or high temperatures, low maintenance requirements, and the ability to be fully
discharged or over-charged without harm.
Sizing Battery Banks – For grid-connected systems, batteries are usually sized
for relatively short time periods with 8 hours being typical. Size may vary, however,
depending on the particular needs of a facility and the length of power outages
expected.For comparison, battery banks for off-grid systems are usually sized for
one to three cloudy days.
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CHAPTER 5
From this work, we can control the moisture content of the soil of cultivated land.
According to soil moisture, water pumping motor turned on or off via the relay
automatically. This saves water, while the water level can be obtained in a
Preferred aspect of the plant, thereby increasing productivity of crops. Servo motor
from vegetation water uniformly dispersed in water, in order to ensure the maximum
Utilization of absorption through. Thus, there is minimal waste of water. The system
also allows the delivery to the plant when needed based on the type of plant, soil
moisture, and observed temperature. The proposed work minimizes the efforts of
major agricultural regions. Many aspects of the system can be customized and used
software to fine-tune the requirements of the plant. The result is a scalable,
supporting technology. Using this sensor, we can see that the soil is wet
or dry. If it is dry, the motor will automatically start pumping water.
5.2 CONCLUSION
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controlled monitoring. These will expand the working capability and efficiency of this
prototype. It can be implemented not in agriculture but in gardens in any places
using the sprinkler concept. It has a vast scope when it is mixed with IOT
.Automation will get a new dimension through this.
5.4 REFERENCES
en.wi!ipedia.org/wiki/aurdin5hg7gki
www.wi!ipedia.com
create.aurdino.cc/automic-plant-watering-system-8764ba
www.google.com
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