Shaft Alignment:

Calculations for Horizontal

Shaft Alignment
Summary
This article is the third in a series designed to provide
maintenance personnel with the solid knowledge needed for
equipment shaft alignment. This article explains in detail the
method of calculation when performing shaft alignment.
Specifically, the reader is provided step-by-step help in dial
indicator alignment, rim-face alignment, reverse-rim alignment,
graphing and correction techniques, and twin-laser alignment.

Fixturlaser_03
38 pages
May 2003

SKF Reliability Systems

@ptitudeXchange
5271 Viewridge Court
San Diego, CA 92123
United States
tel. +1 858 496 3554
fax +1 858 496 3555
email: [email protected]
Internet: www.aptitudexchange.com

Use of this document is governed by the terms

and conditions contained in @ptitudeXchange.
 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Introduction......................................................................................................................................3

Dial Indicator Alignment Method....................................................................................................3

Dial Indicator Signs ..................................................................................................................3
Dial Indicator Bar Sag ..............................................................................................................3
Measuring Offset Using Dial Indicators...................................................................................5
Measuring Angularity with Face Dial Indicators .....................................................................5
Ensuring Accuracy of Dial Indicator Readings ........................................................................6

Rim-Face Alignment Method ..........................................................................................................7

Rim-Face Alignment Overview................................................................................................7
Rim-Face Fixture ......................................................................................................................7
Rim-Face Dimensions ..............................................................................................................9
Rim-Face Alignment Procedure ...............................................................................................9
Rim-Face Calculations............................................................................................................12
Rim-Face Graphing ................................................................................................................13
Rim-Face Corrections.............................................................................................................16

Reverse-Rim Alignment Method...................................................................................................20

Reverse-Rim Alignment Overview ........................................................................................20
Reverse-Rim Fixture...............................................................................................................21
Reverse-Rim Dimensions .......................................................................................................22
Reverse-Rim Alignment Procedure........................................................................................23
Reverse-Rim Calculations ......................................................................................................27
Reverse-Rim Graphing ...........................................................................................................28
Reverse-Rim Corrections........................................................................................................32

Twin Laser Alignment Method......................................................................................................33

Coning.....................................................................................................................................33
Comparison to Dial Indicator Methods ..................................................................................34

Further Reading .............................................................................................................................37

Additional Resources .....................................................................................................................38

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 2

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Introduction holding rod, which are in turn held by a jig or

magnetic base.
Shaft misalignment induces abnormal loads,
which causes equipment to run improperly Dial Indicator Signs
and eventually leads to a decreased life
expectancy. An introduction into shaft With the plunger set to approximately mid-
alignment including the various methods is position, the face dial is set to read zero. From
provided in the @ptitudeXchange article this zero reference point, two rules apply:
"Shaft Alignment: Introduction." In this
article, the calculation method behind each 1. As the plunger moves out of the case, the
technique is explained in detail. needle travels counter-clockwise, giving a
negative reading.
Dial Indicator Alignment Method 2. As the plunger moves into the case, the
Dial indicators are measuring devices needle travels clockwise, giving a positive
designed to measure relative position. The reading.
primary parts of a dial indicator are the face or
dial, the case, and the plunger. The plunger is
a spring-loaded part that can be depressed into
the case causing the dial to move clockwise.

Figure 2. Positive readings when the plunger moves in

to the case, negative when the plunger moves out.

Dial Indicator Bar Sag

The dial indicator bar sag describes a bending
of the hardware used to support the dial
Figure 1. The dial indicator. indicator or other part that spans the coupling.
The bending action occurs as a result of
The plunger is fully extended out of the case gravity and cannot be totally eliminated.
if no pressure is applied to it. The total travel Factors that influence how much bar sag exists
(all the way out to all the way in) varies include:
depending on the particular indicator model.
For shaft alignment, we typically use dial • Weight of the dial indicator and other parts
indicators with 0.250" - 0.300" total travel. that are overhung.
The plunger moves a needle clockwise when • Height of the supporting fixture required
pushed in, and counter clockwise when let out. to clear the coupling.
The face can be rotated so that the needle
points to zero. A clamp holds the case and • Span of the indicator bar(s).

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 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

• Stiffness of the fixture hardware materials. 3. Position the indicator plunger(s) at the
12:00 position and set the dial(s) to zero.
• Specific geometry of the hardware
arrangement.
In all cases of alignment, efforts should be
made to minimize the amount of sag present.
If it is not kept to a minimum, it is often not
repeatable and, therefore, introduces different
amounts of error. As long as the amount of bar
sag is known and is consistent, it can be
compensated for during the alignment process.

Indicator bar sag occurs for all types of

alignment readings. However, sag affects only
one particular type of reading in nearly all
alignment tasks. That type of reading is the
offset reading taken in the vertical plane. Figure 3. Determining bar sag, zero at 12:00.
Except in rare situations, sag has negligible
effect on offset readings taken in the 4. Rotate the fixtures to the 6:00 position and
horizontal plane and on conventional read the amount of sag.
angularity type readings taken on the face of a
coupling.

During each alignment task, after the

indicator(s) have been set up on the machine,
it is necessary to determine how much bar sag
exists. To determine the amount of sag, the
fixtures must be taken off the machine and
remounted on a rigid mandrel, such as a piece
of steel pipe. It is important to note that
indicator bar sag can not be determined from a
reading taken by rotating the shafts. The
reason is that as the fixtures are rotated from
12:00 to 6:00 while mounted on the machine, Figure 4. Determining bar sag, reading at 6 o’clock.
the reading given includes a combination of
sag and misalignment. Once the amount of sag is determined, you
must properly eliminate its adverse effects on
To determine sag, perform the steps below: all vertical offset readings. The simplest way
to eliminate the effects of sag is to dial it into
1. Mount the fixtures on the machine as they the readings at the initial measurement
will be mounted during the alignment task. position.
Verify fixture tightness, repeatability, etc.
For readings where the dial is normally zeroed
2. Dismount the fixtures from the machine at 12:00 and rotated to 6:00, set the dial to the
shafts and remount on a rigid mandrel. positive value of sag at the 12:00 position.

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 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

For readings where the dial is normally zeroed two shafts is 0.020” (0.508 mm), but the TIR
at 6:00 and rotated to 12:00, set the dial to the is 0.040” (1.016 mm).
negative value of sag at the 6:00 position.
Once sag is “dialed in” as described above, all
values are correct; no further sag
compensation means are required.

Measuring Offset Using Dial Indicators

To measure offset using dial indicators, a
fixture bracket is attached to one shaft and the
dial is setup to contact the other shaft. The dial
is set to zero at position #1, for example
12:00.

Figure 7. The offset is half the TIR (Total Indicator

Reading).

Measuring Angularity with Face Dial

Figure 5. Measuring offset, position #1. Indicators
The dial is then rotated 180 degrees, for To measure angularity using dial indicators, a
example, to the 6:00 position. fixture bracket is attached to one shaft and the
dial is setup to contact the face of the other
coupling hub. The dial is set to zero at
position #1, for example, 12:00.

Figure 6. Measuring offset, position #2.

When shaft offset readings are obtained in this Figure 8. Measuring angularity, position #1.
way, the Total Indicator Reading (TIR) is
twice the amount of shaft-centerline offset. The dial is then rotated 180 degrees, for
You must divide offset TIR by two to example, to the 6:00 position.
determine offset. Referring to the next
illustration, notice that the offset between the
© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 5
 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

3. Watch indicators throughout the rotation

of the shafts to ensure that the proper
amount and sign of the reading is
determined and documented.

4. Eliminate error due to coupling backlash.

This can be achieved by holding opposing
pressures on the shafts while they are
rotated.
Figure 9. Measuring angularity, position #2. 5. If error is suspected, check readings for
mathematical validity. This is
When shaft angularity readings are obtained in accomplished by adding the top and
this manner, the amount of angularity equals bottom readings and comparing the
the Total Indicator Reading (TIR) divided by resulting sum to that of the side-to-side
the indicator circle diameter. For example, if readings. For readings that are valid, these
the 6:00 TIR is +0.010” (0.254 mm) and the sums are equal.
indicator circle diameter is 5” (127 mm), the
amount of angularity is +0.002” / ” (0.002 mm Consider the following sets of offset readings:
/ mm).

Ensuring Accuracy of Dial Indicator

Readings
The importance of obtaining accurate dial
indicator readings can not be overemphasized.
Regardless of the efficiency of any alignment
Figure 10. Validity rule. Top + bottom values equals
process, whether it involves graphing, left + right values.
calculations, or computers, the precision
obtained is dependent on the indicator Set “A”
readings that are obtained. After fixtures have
Note that the sum of the top and bottom, 0.000
been properly set up, several precautions
+ (+0.005), is equal to 0.005, and the sum of
should be observed to ensure the accuracy of
the side-to-side readings, -0.001 + (+0.006), is
all dial readings. Among them are the
also equal to +0.005. Since these sums are
following:
equal, we can conclude that the readings are
1. Take readings at the true clock positions: indeed valid.
12:00, 3:00, 6:00, and 9:00. Once these
Set “B”
positions are determined, some mechanism
(such as marks on the bearing housing or The sum of the top and bottom value, 0.000 +
shaft) should be utilized to ensure all (-0.008), is equal to -0.008, and the sum of the
readings are taken at these points. side-to-side readings, -0.004 + (+0.004), is
equal to +0.000. Since these sums are not
2. All readings should be checked for equal, we can conclude that the readings are
repeatability. This includes ensuring that not valid.
the dial comes back to zero at the first
measurement position, and double-
checking all readings for consistency.

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 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Set “C”
The sum of the top and bottom value, 0.000 +
(-0.027), equals -0.027, and the sum of the
side-to-side readings, +0.005 + (-0.011), is
equal to -0.006. Since these sums are not
equal, we can conclude that the readings are
not valid.

Rim-Face Alignment Method Figure 13. The face dial measures angularity or slope
Rim-Face Alignment Overview between the shafts.

The rim-face method is recognized as the Using the offset and angularity measurements
oldest method of shaft alignment. Many along with fixture setup and machine
different variations of the rim-face method are dimensions, the relative position of the
used, including straight-edge and feeler-gauge movable shaft is determined by performing
methods, single-dial rim-face, two-dial rim- calculations or by graphing/plotting.
face, trial and error rim-face, etc. In this
manual, we will focus on two-dial rim-face Rim-Face Fixture
alignment and how to accurately determine A variety of shaft alignment fixtures are
shaft positions using calculation and graphing. available for performing a rim-face alignment.
Selection and use of a commercial package
designed to accommodate a variety of shaft
diameters is recommended. The fixtures
should include an assortment of rods to span
various coupling lengths. These packages
expedite the precision alignment process. In
addition, sag values can be pre-determined for
the standard rod assortment.
Figure 11. Two dial indicators are used to determine
the relative position of the movable shaft with respect to For machines with sufficient space between
the stationary shaft. coupling halves, fixtures can be mounted such
that the dial indicators are in direct contact
with the coupling or the shaft. The alignment
can be performed with the shafts un-coupled.

Figure 12. The rim dial is used to measure offset in one

plane along the shaft lengths.

Figure 14. Uncoupled shafts.

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 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

When machines are close-coupled, there is

generally NOT sufficient room to mount
indicators to contact the coupling hub. In these
cases, rim-face alignment can be performed
with the shafts coupled. Indicators are often
mounted to contact a bracket, similar to the
illustrations below.
Figure 17. Mounting fixtures.

2. Span the coupling from the mounted

bracket with an indicator support rod.

3. Rotate the fixture to 12:00.

4. Attach a face dial indicator with the

plunger centered for equal positive and
negative travel.

5. Attach a rim dial indicator with the

plunger centered for equal positive and
negative travel.
Figure 15. Coupled shafts, rim dial.
Fixture Mounting Precautions
Regardless of the specific hardware being
used, the following precautions should be
observed.

• Never attach the fixture to the flexible

portion of the coupling.
• Maximize the sweep distance of the face
dial indicator for the geometry of the
machine being aligned. If the face dial
contacts the coupling face directly, ensure
that the plunger of the indicator contacts
Figure 16. Coupled shafts, face dial. the coupling near its outer edge.

Mounting Rim-Face Fixtures • Ensure fixtures are mounted at a position

where rotation is possible. It is desirable to
Fixture mounting procedures are obviously have 360 degrees of rotation.
dependent on the specific type of hardware
being used. Generally, to mount the fixtures • Before obtaining alignment measurements,
follow these steps: determine dial indicator bar sag of the rim
dial indicator and ensure that dial indicator
1. With the coupling broken, mount a fixture readings are valid and repeatable.
bracket to the stationary shaft or coupling
hub as illustrated in Figure 17.

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 8

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Rim-Face Dimensions The “C” Dimension

To accurately determine the position of the The “C” Dimension is the distance between
movable shaft using rim-face calculations or front and rear foot bolt centers. This
graphing procedures, the diameter of face dial dimension is measured parallel to the shaft.
indicator travel and the relative position of the
rim dial indicator and the front and rear feet of Rim-Face Alignment Procedure
the movable machine must be determined. Measurement Process Overview

These dimensions should be determined using The rim-face dial measurement process
a standard tape measure. Each dimension consists of the following procedures:
should be measured to the nearest 1/8”.
• Measuring and documenting as-found
misalignment conditions.
• Measuring vertical misalignment
conditions.
• Measuring horizontal misalignment
conditions.
Obtaining a set of as-found readings is
considered optional in some facilities, but is
Figure 18. Rim-face dimensions. highly recommended here. For most
alignment tasks, it is desirable to obtain and
The “A” Dimension document a complete set of as-found readings
along with the A, B, and C dimensions. The
The “A” dimension is the diameter of the face
as-found readings are used for a variety of
dial indicator travel. When reading directly on
purposes:
the coupling face, the “A” dimension should
be slightly less than the coupling diameter.
• Documenting alignment conditions before
This is the most critical dimension and should
removing equipment from service for
be measured very carefully. As mentioned
repair.
earlier, when setting up fixtures for rim-face
alignment, care should be exercised to • Determining whether suspected
maximize the circle diameter of the face dial misalignment is realistic or not.
travel based on the machine geometry and
space available. • Supporting and justifying actions taken to
equipment suppliers, vendors, and
The “B” Dimension manufacturers.
The “B” dimension is the distance from the • Maintenance of equipment history files.
rim dial indicator to the front foot bolt center.
This dimension is measured parallel to the • Better communication between different
shafts. Especially on larger machines, it is personnel involved with the alignment
sometimes helpful to use a string or straight task.
edge to transfer the position of the rim dial Obtaining As-found Readings
plunger to the machine base, before measuring
this dimension. To obtain a complete set of as-found readings,
perform the steps below:

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 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

1. Rotate the dial indicators to 12:00.

2. Set the rim dial indicator to the positive

sag value.

3. Set the face dial indicator to zero.

4. Record the setting of both dials at 12:00.

Figure 20. Measuring vertical misalignment, 6:00.
5. Rotate the dial indicators to 3:00.
2. Measure vertical misalignment, 6:00.
6. Determine and record the reading on both
dials. 3. Set the face dial indicator to read zero.
7. Rotate the dial indicators to 6:00. 4. Set the rim dial indicator to the sag value.
For example, if the amount of sag for the
8. Determine and record the reading on both rim dial fixture is determined to be -9 mils,
dials. the dial would be set to read - 9 at the 6:00
position.
9. Rotate the dial indicators to 9:00.

10. Determine and record the reading on both

dials.

11. Rotate the dials to 12:00 and ensure that

both dials return to their original setting.

To document as-found results, use a format

similar to that shown below. Note that “DIF”
stands for Dial Indicator on the Face and
”DIR” stands for Dial Indicator on the Rim.

Figure 21. Setting the sag value.

5. Rotate both shafts (if possible) to 12:00.

Figure 19. Documenting as found readings.

Measuring Vertical Misalignment

To measure vertical misalignment, perform
the following steps:

1. Rotate the dial indicators to 6:00.

Figure 22. Measuring vertical misalignment, 12:00.

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 10

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

6. Record the DIR and DIF dial indicator standing behind the movable machine facing
TIR values. the stationary machine.

Interpreting Vertical Misalignment Data

To determine offset and angularity from the
12:00 TIR’s, use the following rules:

Rim Dial (DIR) TIR

Coupling Offset =
2
Figure 24. Measuring horizontal misalignment.
Face Dial ( DIF ) TIR
Shaft Angularity = To measure horizontal misalignment, perform
A
the following steps:
Example: Consider the following rim-face 1. Rotate the dial indicators to 9:00.
12:00 total indicator readings (TIR’s).

Figure 25. Measuring horizontal misalignment, 9

o’clock.

2. Set both dial indicators to zero.

Figure 23. Example, TIR readings. 3. Rotate both shafts to 3:00.

1. The rim dial TIR is -34 mils (-0.864 mm).

The shaft coupling offset is -17 mils
(-0.432 mm), or 17 mils low.

2. The face dial TIR is +24 mils (+0.610

mm). Given the A dimension of 4 inches
(101.6 mm), the vertical angularity would
be +24 mils / 4” (0.006 mm / mm) = 6.0
mils per inch (0.6 mm / 100 mm). Figure 26. Measuring horizontal misalignment, 3
o’clock.
Measuring Horizontal Misalignment
A major precaution for measurement and 4. Record the DIF and DIR dial indicator
interpretation of horizontal misalignment data TIR values.
is the establishment of the direction of view.
For this training, all clock positions are
referenced from the viewpoint shown below,

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 11

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Interpreting Horizontal Misalignment Data shaft angularity as determined from the face
To determine offset and angularity from the dial indicator (DIF).
3:00 TIR’s, use the following rules:
Calculations apply to both the vertical and
Rim Dial ( DIR ) TIR horizontal planes of misalignment. However,
Coupling Offset = they are typically applied primarily to the
2 vertical plane. Correcting misalignment in the
horizontal plane may be accomplished without
Face Dial ( DIR) TIR
Shaft Angularity = calculating or graphing the exact front and
A rear feet positions.

Example: Consider the following rim-face Calculating the Front Feet and Rear Feet
3:00 total indicator readings (TIR’s). Positions
The position of the movable machine’s front
feet is determined using the equation:

The position of the movable machine’s rear

feet is determined using the equation:

Where:
Figure 27. Example, horizontal TIR readings. • Face TIR = Total Indicator Reading from
the face dial
1. The rim dial TIR is +16 mils (+0.406
mm). The coupling offset is +8 mils • Rim TIR = Total Indicator Reading from
(+0.203 mm), or 8 mils to the right. the rim dial
2. The face dial TIR is -16 mils (-0.406 mm). • A = the diameter of the face dial indicator
Given an A dimension of 4 inches (101.6
mm), the horizontal angularity would be • B = the distance from the rim dial
-16 mils / 4” (-0.004 mm / mm) = -4.0 indicator plunger to the movable
mils per inch (-0.4 mm / 100mm). machine’s front feet bolt center
Rim-Face Calculations • C = the distance between the movable
Many different equations may be used for machine’s front and rear feet bolt centers
various rim-face calculations. The information
presented here applies to a rim-face dial setup. Positive values mean the foot is too high
The equations presented are used to calculate (vertical) or too far to the right (horizontal)
the position of the movable machine’s front
and rear feet from DIR offset value, and the Negative values mean the foot is too low
(vertical) or too far to the left (horizontal)

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 12

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Rim-Face Calculation Examples 4. Do NOT make human errors substituting

Assume the vertical misalignment data: real values into the equations.

• The rim dial (DIR) 12:00 TIR is +24 mils 5. Ensure that the A, B, and C dimensions
(+0.610 mm). are accurate and are properly entered into
the equations.
• The face dial (DIF) 12:00 TIR is +12 mils
(+0.305 mm). Rim-Face Graphing

• A = 6 inches (152.4 mm) One way to determine the position of the

movable machine’s front and rear feet from
• B = 7 inches (177.8 mm) DIR and DIF TIR values is to perform rim-
face calculations. Another way is to construct
• C = 24 inches (609.6 mm) a scaled graph. The main advantage of
Front foot position calculation: graphing methods is that the shaft centerlines
and misalignment conditions are represented
visually. The information presented here
applies to a rim-face dial setup where both
dial indicators are attached at the same
location around the circumference.

Graphing procedures may be applied to both

The front feet are 26 mils (0.66 mm) too high; the vertical and horizontal planes of
shims need to be removed. misalignment. However, they are typically
applied primarily to the vertical plane.
Rear foot position calculation: Misalignment determination in the horizontal
plane may be accomplished without
calculating or graphing the exact front and
rear feet positions.

Setting Up the Graph

To construct a scaled rim-face graph, perform
the following steps:
The rear feet are 74.0 mils (1.88 mm) too
high; shims need to be removed. 1. Obtain graph paper with 10 divisions
between bold lines.
Rim-Face Calculation Precautions
1. Ensure that the rim and face dial indicator 2. Turn the graph paper so that the long side
TIR’s are properly determined from the is horizontal.
dials before performing calculations.
3. Draw a horizontal line at the center of the
2. Be careful NOT to make mathematical page. This line represents the stationary
errors when subtracting signed numbers. shaft center. It is helpful if this line is on
top of one of the bold lines.
3. Observe parentheses in the equations.
Perform operations inside parenthesis first. 4. Determine the horizontal plotting scale.
Always use the largest scale possible.
Measure the distance from the stationary
© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 13
 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

indicator plunger to the centerline of the 6. Make a second vertical line representing
rear feet of the movable machine. Standard the point along the shaft length of the front
graph paper is about 10 inches across. The feet of the movable machine (FF).
largest horizontal scale will be the
machine distance divided by the page 7. Make a third vertical line representing the
width. Note your horizontal scale. point along the shaft length of the rear feet
of the movable machine (RF).
5. Make a vertical line on the extreme left of
the movable machine. This mark Upon completion of the steps above, the graph
represents the point where the rim dial looks similar to the one shown below. For this
indicator contacts the shaft or coupling example, the B and C dimensions both equal
hub and is labeled: DIR. 10 inches.

Figure 28. Setting up the graph.

Plotting Offsets where the offsets will not fit on the page,
After setting up the graph, the next step is to a larger scale, such as 2-3 mils per
plot two offset points. One is the offset division, is sometimes required.
measured in the plane of the rim dial
indicator (DIR). The other offset point is • Plot the offset from the rim dial indicator
derived from the face dial indicator (DIF) on line DIR.
reading and the “A” dimension. To plot the
• Use the horizontal line representing the
offsets, perform the following steps:
stationary shaft centerline as the
• Determine the vertical scale. The vertical reference. All points above this
scale is typically 1 mil (0.001”) per horizontal line are positive (+) and all
division. In cases of gross misalignment points below the line are negative (-).

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 14

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

• Ensure you divide the rim dial TIR by In the example below, the DIR offset is -10
two to obtain an offset value. mils and the shaft slope is +4 mils over an A
dimension of 5”.
• Plot the second offset point using the
shaft slope (Face TIR / “A” dimension).

• Plot this point counting from the DIR

offset point!

Figure 29. Plotting.

Determining Movable Shaft Position 2. Count the number of squares in the plane
After plotting the two points, to determine of the front and rear feet to determine the
the movable shaft position perform the position and corrections needed.
following steps:
In the example below, the front feet of the
1. Using a ruler or straightedge, draw a line machine are 2 mils low; shims need to be
through the two offset points that added. The rear feet are positioned 6 mils
extends to the rear feet of the movable too high; shims need to be removed from
machine. both rear feet.

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 15

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Figure 30. Graph, feet positions.

Rim-Face Graphing Precautions • If the movable shaft is below the

1. Ensure that proper horizontal and horizontal stationary shaft
vertical scaling techniques are reference line, the shaft is too
consistently used. low.

2. Always double-check the position of 6. When interpreting the graph to

vertical lines drawn to represent the determine the movable shaft’s front and
DIR, FF, and RF. rear feet positions in the horizontal
plane, view the graph the way you view
3. Ensure that the two plot points are the machine, that is, standing behind the
properly determined from TIR’s. movable machine facing the stationary
machine. Observe the following rules:
4. Ensure that positive offsets are plotted
above the horizontal reference line and If the movable shaft is above the
negative offsets are plotted below the horizontal stationary shaft reference line,
line. the shaft is positioned to the right.

5. When interpreting the graph to If the movable shaft is below the

determine the movable shaft’s front and horizontal stationary shaft reference line,
rear feet positions in the vertical plane, the shaft is positioned to the left.
observe the following rules:
Rim-Face Corrections
• If the movable shaft is above the Correction Process Overview
horizontal stationary shaft
reference line, the shaft is too To correct misalignment involves a number
high. of different procedures. The sequence of
steps in a correction process varies slightly
© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 16
 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

according to the specific alignment • Document final results.

conditions of the machine. Before correcting
misalignment, the following procedures are When it comes to actually moving the
to be performed: machine, that is, solving the problem,
several questions are often asked:
• Perform pre-alignment checks and
corrections. • Do I start with the vertical or horizontal
plane?
• Setup the rim-face fixtures. • What about use of precut shims?
• Correct soft foot. • Should I take a new set of readings after
moving vertically or horizontally?
• Measure misalignment.
• Do I need to use dial indicators to
• Determine alignment tolerances. monitor the horizontal moves?
The Sequence of Corrections
• Compare alignment conditions to
specified tolerances. Correcting misalignment involves initial and
final corrections. Initial corrections are made
After correcting misalignment, the following to minimize the amounts of misalignment
procedures are to be performed. and improve the accuracy of alignment
measurements. Before making any moves,
• Re-measure alignment conditions. look at the horizontal and vertical positions
of the movable machine. In general, you will
• Compare alignment conditions to start the correction process by making initial
specified tolerances. corrections in the plane where the
misalignment is worse.
Making Corrections If Then

Both vertical and horizontal Misalignment is • Make final vertical corrections.

front and rear feet 0.025” or less
• Make final horizontal corrections.

Both vertical and horizontal Misalignment is • Make initial vertical and horizontal
front and rear feet greater than corrections.
0.025”
• Make final vertical corrections.

• Make final horizontal corrections.

Either vertical or horizontal Misalignment is • Make initial vertical or horizontal

front and rear feet greater than corrections.
0.025”
• Make final vertical corrections.

• Make final horizontal corrections.

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 17

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Consider the following sets of data: Making Horizontal Corrections

When using the rim-face method, two
• Front feet vertical position: +8 mils different procedures are commonly used for
horizontal corrections:
• Rear feet vertical position: +24 mils
1. Determining the corrections using
• Front feet horizontal position: -15 mils calculation or graphing techniques,
followed by monitoring movement,
• Rear feet horizontal position: -52 mils
using dial indicators positioned at the
In this example, the horizontal misalignment machine’s feet.
is over twice the vertical misalignment. 2. Monitoring movement, using dial
Therefore, an initial horizontal adjustment indicators mounted at the coupling.
will be made, then, final vertical and
horizontal corrections will be made. Dial indicators at the machine’s feet

Making Vertical Corrections To correct horizontal misalignment by

monitoring movement at the movable
Determine the vertical position of the machine’s feet, perform the following steps:
movable machine using calculation and/or
graphing techniques. 1. Measure horizontal misalignment.
Positive values at the feet mean that the 2. Determine the horizontal position of the
movable machine is too high; you should movable machine using calculation or
remove shims. graphing.
Negative values mean that the movable 3. Ensure that you are standing with the
machine is low, so shims should be added. movable machine on your right and the
Vertical correction tips: stationary machine on your left. Positive
values at the feet mean that the movable
1. Make shim changes to both front feet machine is away from you; it should be
and both rear feet as needed. moved towards yourself. Negative
values at the feet mean that the movable
2. Always check shim thickness with an machine is towards you; it should be
outside micrometer. Precut shims are not moved away from yourself.
always what they are marked; many
shim manufacturers designate shims 4. Position dial indicators at the front and
with the “nominal” thickness. rear feet.
5. Move front and rear feet the amounts
3. Use consistent and correct torquing
needed while watching the dial
procedures.
indicators.
4. As shim changes are made, check for
and take precautions to avoid creating
soft foot conditions.

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 18

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Figure 31. Horizontal corrections. Dial indicator at

the feet.

Dial indicators at the coupling Figure 32. Horizontal corrections. Monitoring dial
indicators mounted at the coupling.
To correct horizontal misalignment by using
dial indicators mounted at the coupling, Horizontal correction tips:
perform the following steps:
1. Start making moves at the feet where the
1. Rotate the dial indicators to 9:00 and misalignment is greatest.
zero them.
2. If not already present, install jack bolts
2. Rotate shafts to 3:00. wherever possible.
3. Adjust the dial indicators to one-half 3. Bring the front and rear feet into
their values. alignment together; they are a team.
4. Move the front feet of the movable 4. When the feet are within 2 mils, start
machine as you watch the rim dial torquing and watch the dial indicators.
indicator move to zero. Use the proper criss-cross torquing
sequence.
5. Move the rear feet of the movable
machine as you watch the face dial After Making Vertical and Horizontal
indicator move to zero. Corrections

6. Repeat steps 4 & 5 until both dial After making final vertical and horizontal
indicators read zero. corrections, you should:

1. Obtain new measurements.

2. Compare results to specified tolerances.

3. Repeat corrections until results are

within tolerances.

4. Obtain and document a final set of

measurements.

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 19

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

5. Restore equipment in accordance with

procedures at your facility.

Reverse-Rim Alignment Method

Reverse-Rim Alignment Overview
The reverse-rim method is widely
acknowledged as the “preferred method” of
shaft alignment.

Figure 35. The movable indicator (DIM) measures

offset in a plane along the movable shaft or hub.

Figure 33. Reverse-rim alignment method.

Using two offset readings along with fixture
setup and machine dimensions, the relative
Two rim dial indicators are used to measure position of the movable shaft is determined
the relative position of the movable shaft by performing calculations or by graphing.
with respect to the stationary shaft at two
Comparison Rim-Face Dial Method
planes along their length.
When the rim-face method is used on
machines which shafts have axial end float
greater than about 0.001”, and especially on
machines with plain bearings, errors are
introduced into the face reading. Since the
reverse-rim method requires no face
readings, measurement errors that occur
when using a rim-face setup due to shaft end
float are eliminated.

Figure 34. The stationary indicator (DIS) measures

offset in a plane along the stationary shaft or hub.

Figure 36. Comparison to rim-face method; errors

due to shaft end float are eliminated.

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 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Reverse-Rim Fixture at the same location along the shaft

A variety of shaft alignment fixtures are circumference (as shown above), or 180
available for performing reverse-rim degrees opposite one another, that is, in a
alignment. Selection and use of a cross dial arrangement.
commercial package designed to
accommodate a variety of shaft diameters is
recommended. The fixtures should include
an assortment of rods to span various
coupling lengths. These packages expedite
the precision alignment process. In addition,
sag values can be pre-determined for the
standard rod assortment.

While some fixtures are designed to permit

reverse-rim alignment with the shafts un-
coupled, others require that the shafts be
coupled during the alignment process.

Figure 39. Fixtures mounted opposite one another.

Mounting Reverse-Rim Fixtures

Fixture mounting procedures are obviously
dependent on the specific type of hardware
being used.

To mount the fixtures follow these steps:

1. With the coupling assembled, mount the

Figure 37. Fixtures, uncoupled shafts. brackets to the shafts or coupling hubs as
illustrated below.

Figure 38. Fixtures, coupled shafts. Figure 40. Fixture mounting.

Many fixtures accommodate reverse-rim 2. Span the coupling from each bracket
alignment with the indicators mounted either with rods.

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 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

3. Rotate the brackets to 12:00. earlier, when setting up fixtures for reverse-
rim alignment, care should be exercised to
4. Attach the dial indicators with the maximize the distance between the indicator
plungers centered for equal positive and plungers based on the machine geometry
negative travel. and space available.
Regardless of the specific hardware being
used, the following precautions should be
observed.

• Never attach the fixture to the flexible

portion of the coupling.
• Maximize the distance between the dial
indicators for the geometry of the
machine being aligned. As a general
rule, the plungers should be positioned at Figure 41. Reverse-rim dimensions.
least 4” apart.
The “B” Dimension
• Ensure that fixtures are mounted at a
position where rotation is possible. It is The “B” dimension is the distance from the
desirable to have 360 degrees of movable side indicator to the front foot bolt
rotation. center. This dimension is measured parallel
to the shafts. Especially on larger machines,
• Before obtaining alignment it is sometimes helpful to use a string or
measurements, determine dial indicator straight edge to transfer the position of the
bar sag and ensure that dial indicator movable dial plunger to the machine base
readings are valid and repeatable. before measuring this dimension.
Reverse-Rim Dimensions
The “C” Dimension
To accurately determine the position of the
The “C” dimension is the distance between
movable shaft using reverse-rim calculations
front and rear foot bolt centers. This
or graphing procedures, the relative position
dimension is measured parallel to the shaft.
of the dial indicators and the front and rear
feet of the movable machine must be Reverse-Rim Signs
determined.
When doing a reverse-rim measurement, it
These dimensions should be determined is important to know that different setups
using a standard tape measure. Each affect the sign of the readings differently.
dimension should be measured to the nearest This effect is caused by the fact that both
1/8”. dial indicators have the same plus/minus
direction and are mounted, as the name of
The “A” Dimension the method indicates, in reverse.
The “A” dimension is the distance between
The effects of different set ups are:
indicator plungers. The ”A” dimension is
measured parallel to the shafts. This is the • The setup does not affect the sign of the
most critical dimension and should be dial indicator readings (horizontally and
measured very carefully. As mentioned vertically).
© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 22
 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Figure 42. No effect on the signs.

• When using the setup in the next figure • When using the same setup but instead
and zeroing at 12:00 or 3:00 the sign of zeroing at 6:00 or 9:00 the sign of the
the movable dial indicator value DIM stationary dial indicator value (DIS) has
has to be reversed. to be reversed.

Figure 43. Zeroing at 12:00 or 3:00, change the sign of DIM. Zeroing at 6:00 or 9:00, change the sign of DIS.

The following measuring procedures • Measuring and documenting as-found

describe both situations in the setup shown misalignment conditions.
in Figure 43.
• Measuring vertical and horizontal
Reverse-Rim Alignment Procedure misalignment conditions.
Measurement Process Overview Obtaining a set of as-found readings is
The reverse-rim dial measurement process considered optional in some facilities, but is
consists of the following steps: highly recommended here. For most
alignment tasks, it is desirable to obtain and
document a complete set of as-found
readings along with the A, B, and C
© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 23
 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

dimensions. As-found readings are used for To document as-found results, use a format
a variety of purposes: similar as the one shown below.

• Documenting alignment conditions

before removing equipment from service
for repair.

• Determining whether suspected

misalignment is realistic or not. Figure 44. Documenting as-found readings.

• Supporting and justifying actions taken Measuring Vertical Misalignment

to equipment suppliers, vendors, and
To measure vertical misalignment, perform
manufacturers.
the following steps:
• Maintenance of equipment history files.
• Rotate the dial indicators to 12:00.
• Better communication between different
personnel involved with the alignment
task.

Obtaining As-found Readings

To obtain a complete set of as-found
readings, perform the steps below:

1. Rotate the dial indicators to 12:00.

2. Set both dials to the positive sag value.

3. Record the setting of both dials at 12:00.

4. Rotate the dial indicators to 3:00.

Figure 45. Rotate the dial indicators to 12.00.
5. Determine and record the reading on
both dials. • Set both dial indicators to the positive
sag value. For example, if the amount of
6. Rotate the dial indicators to 6:00. sag for a fixture is determined to be -10
mils (-0.254 mm), the dial would be set
7. Determine and record the reading on to read +10 mils (+0.254 mm) at the
both dials. 12:00 position.
8. Rotate the dial indicators to 9:00.

9. Determine and record the reading on

both dials.

10. Rotate the dials to 12:00 and ensure that

both dials return to their original
settings.

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 24

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

To determine vertical angularity from the

two reverse-rim offsets, use the rule:
( Movable Side Offset − Stationary Side Offset )
Shaft Angularity =
A Dimension

Example. Consider the following reverse-

rim 6:00 total indicator readings (TIR’s).

Figure 46. Set dial indicator to positive sag value.

• Rotate both shafts (if possible) to 6:00.

Figure 48. Example dial indicators.

1. The stationary dial TIR is +24 mils

(0.610 mm). The stationary side offset is
+12 mils, or 12 mils high (0.305 mm).

2. The movable dial TIR is -35 mils (-0.889

Figure 47. Rotate both shafts to 6:00. mm). The stationary offset is +17.5 mils,
or 17.5 mils high (0.444 mm).
• Record the DIS and DIM dial indicator (Remember, you have to change the sign
TIR values. of the DIM reading to determine offset.)

Interpreting Vertical Misalignment Data 3. Vertical offset at the coupling centerline

To determine vertical offset from 6:00 is (+ 12 + 17.5) / 2 = +14.75 mils, or
TIR’s, use the following rules: 14.75 mils high (0.375 mm).

4. Given an A dimension of 8 inches (203.2

• Stationary side offset = DIS TIR / 2
mm), the vertical angularity would be
• Movable side offset = DIM TIR / 2 and (17.5-12) / 8 = +0.69 mils per inch
reverse the sign (+ to -) or (- to +) ((0.444-0.305) / 203.2=0.069 mm / 100
mm).
• Coupling centerline offset = (stationary
side offset + movable side offset) / 2
© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 25
 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Measuring Horizontal Misalignment

A major precaution for the measurement and
interpretation of horizontal misalignment
data is the establishment of the direction of
view. All clock positions are referenced
from the viewpoint shown below; standing
behind the movable machine facing the
stationary machine.

Figure 51. Rotate both shafts to 3.00.

Interpreting Horizontal Misalignment

Data
To determine horizontal offset from 3:00
TIR’s, use the following rules:
Figure 49. Measuring horizontal misalignment
• Stationary side offset = DIS TIR / 2 and
To measure horizontal misalignment, reverse the sign (+ to -) or (- to +)
perform the following steps:
• Movable side offset = DIM TIR / 2
1. Rotate the dial indicators to 9:00.
• Coupling centerline offset = (stationary
side offset + movable side offset) / 2.

To determine horizontal angularity from the

two reverse-rim offsets, use the rule:
( Movable Side Offset − Stationary Side Offset )
Shaft Angularity =
A Dimension

Example. Consider the following reverse-

rim 3:00 total indicator readings (TIR’s).
Figure 50. Rotate dial indicators to 9.00.

2. Set both dial indicators to zero.

3. Rotate both shafts to 3:00.

4. Record the DIS and DIM dial indicator

TIR values.

Figure 52. Clock readings at 3.00.

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 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

1. The stationary dial TIR is +34 mils. The

stationary side offset is -17 mils, or 17
mils to the left. (Remember, you have to
change the sign of the DIS reading to
determine offset).

2. The movable dial TIR is +8 mils. The

movable side offset is +4 mils, or 4 mils
to the right.

3. Vertical offset at the coupling centerline

is (-7 + -4) / 2 = -6.5 mils, or 6.5 mils to Figure 53. Setup, dimensions, and offset
the left. designations.

4. Given an A dimension of 8 inches, the The position of the movable machine’s rear
horizontal angularity is (4 – (-17)) / 8 = feet is determined by:
2.63 mils per inch.

Reverse-Rim Calculations
Many different equations may be used for
With:
various reverse-rim calculations. The
information presented here applies to a
• M = the offset in the plane of the
reverse-rim dial setup such as that shown in
movable indicator.
Figure 53. The equations presented are used
to calculate the position of the movable • S = the offset in the plane of the
machine’s front and rear feet from DIS and stationary indicator.
DIM offset values.
• A = the distance between the stationary
Calculations apply to both the vertical and
and movable dial indicator plungers.
horizontal planes of misalignment.
However, they are typically applied • B = the distance from the movable dial
primarily to the vertical plane. As presented indicator plunger to the movable
earlier, misalignment determination in the machine’s front feet bolt center.
horizontal plane may be accomplished
without calculating or graphing the exact • C = the distance between the movable
front and rear feet positions. machine’s front and rear feet bolt
centers.
Calculating the Front Feet and Rear Feet
Positions
• Positive results mean the foot is high
The following setup, dimensions, and offset (vertical) or to the right (horizontal.)
designations apply as in Figure 53.
• Negative results mean the foot is low
The position of the movable machine’s front (vertical) or to the left (horizontal.)
feet is determined by:
Reverse-Rim Calculation Examples
Consider the vertical misalignment data:

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 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

• The stationary side offset (S) is +12 mils Reverse-Rim Graphing

(0.305 mm), or 12 mils high. As discussed earlier, one way to determine
• The movable side offset (M) is +17.5 the position of the movable machine’s front
mils (0.444 mm), or 17.5 mils high. and rear feet from DIS and DIM offset
values is to perform reverse-rim
• A = 5 inches (127 mm), B = 7 inches calculations. Another way is to construct a
(177.8 mm), C = 24 inches (609.6 mm) scaled graph. A main advantage of graphing
methods is that the shaft centerlines and
Front foot position calculation:
misalignment conditions are represented
visually.

The information presented here applies to a

reverse-rim dial setup where both dial
indicators are attached at the same location
around the circumference.

Graphing procedures may be applied to both

The front feet are 25.2 mils (0.64 mm) too the vertical and horizontal planes of
high; shims need to be removed. misalignment. However, they are typically
applied primarily to the vertical plane. As
Rear foot position calculation: presented earlier, misalignment
determination in the horizontal plane may be
accomplished without calculating or
graphing the exact front and rear feet
positions.

Setting Up the Graph

To construct a scaled reverse-rim graph,
The rear feet are 51.6 mils (1.31 mm) too
perform the following steps:
high; shims need to be removed
1. Obtain graph paper with 10 divisions
Reverse-Rim Calculation Precautions
between bold lines.
1. Ensure that offsets for the stationary and
movable indicators are properly 2. Turn the graph paper so that the long
determined from TIR’s before side is horizontal.
performing calculations.
3. Draw a horizontal line at the center of
2. Be careful not to make mathematical the page. This line represents the
errors when subtracting signed numbers. stationary shaft center and is drawn
across the page midway down the graph
3. Observe parentheses in the equations. dividing the page. It is helpful if this line
Perform operations inside parenthesis is on top of one of the bold lines.
first.
4. Determine the horizontal plotting scale.
4. Do not make human errors substituting Always use the largest scale possible.
real values into the equations. Measure the distance from the stationary
indicator plunger to the centerline of the
© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 28
 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

rear feet of the movable machine. 7. Make a third small vertical line
Standard graph paper is about 10 inches representing the point along the length of
across (254 mm). The largest horizontal the front feet of the movable machine
scale will be the machine distance (FF).
divided by the page width. Note your
horizontal scale. 8. Make the fourth vertical line
representing the point along the length of
5. Make a small vertical line on the left of the rear feet of the movable machine
the horizontal line. This mark represents (RF).
the point along the length of the
stationary indicator plunger and is Upon completion of the steps above, the
labeled DIS. graph will look similar to the one shown
below. For this example, the A, B, and C
6. Using the proper scale, make a second dimensions all equal 10 inches.
vertical line to the right of the first on
the horizontal line. This line represents
the point along the length of the movable
indicator plunger and is labeled DIM.

Figure 54. Setting up the graph.

Plotting Offsets
After setting up the graph, the next step is to 1. Determine the vertical scale. The vertical
plot the offsets in the planes of the dial scale is typically 1 mil (0.001”) per
indicators on the stationary side (DIS) and division. In cases of gross misalignment
movable side (DIM). To plot the offsets, where the offsets will not fit on the page,
perform the following steps: a larger scale, such as 2-3 mils per
division, is sometimes required.

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 29

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

2. Plot the offset from the stationary side 4. Plot the offset from the movable side on
on line DIS. line DIM.

3. Use the horizontal line representing the In the example below, the DIS offset is -10
stationary shaft centerline as the mils and the DIM offset is -5 mils.
reference. All points above this
horizontal line are positive (+) and all
points below the line are negative (-).

Figure 55. Plotting offset.

Determining Movable Shaft Position 2. Count the number of squares in the plane
After plotting the stationary and movable of the front and rear feet to determine the
shaft offsets, to determine the movable shaft position and corrections needed.
position perform the following steps:
In the example below, the front feet of the
1. Using a ruler or straightedge, draw a line machine are properly aligned; no shim
through the two offset points that changes are required. The rear feet are
extends to the rear feet of the movable positioned 5 mils too high; shims need to be
machine. removed from both rear feet.

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 30

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Figure 56. Determining movable shafts position.

Reverse-Rim Graphing Precautions reference line, the shaft is too

1. Ensure that proper horizontal and high.
vertical scaling techniques are
consistently used. • If the movable shaft is below the
horizontal stationary shaft
2. Always double-check the position of reference line, the shaft is too
vertical lines drawn to represent the DIS, low.
DIM, FF, and RF.
6. When interpreting the graph to
3. Ensure that offsets for the stationary and determine the movable shaft’s front and
movable indicators are properly rear feet positions in the horizontal
determined from TIR’s before plotting plane, view the graph the way you view
points on the graph. the machine, that is, standing behind the
movable machine facing the stationary
4. Ensure that positive offsets are plotted machine. Observe the following rules:
above the horizontal reference line and
negative offsets are plotted below the • If the movable shaft is above the
line. horizontal stationary shaft
reference line, the shaft is
5. When interpreting the graph to positioned to the right.
determine the movable shaft’s front and
rear feet positions in the vertical plane, • If the movable shaft is below the
observe the following rules: horizontal stationary shaft
reference line, the shaft is
• If the movable shaft is above the positioned to the left.
horizontal stationary shaft

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 31

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Reverse-Rim Corrections To correct horizontal misalignment by

Correction Process Overview monitoring movement at the movable
machine’s feet, perform the following steps:
To correct misalignment involves a number
of procedures that are similar to the ones 1. Measure horizontal misalignment.
listed under the Rim-Face Method. A few
details are different, as described below. 2. Determine the horizontal position of the
movable machine using calculation or
Making Vertical Corrections graphing procedures.
Determine the vertical position of the
movable machine using calculation and/or 3. Ensure that you are standing with the
graphing techniques, see Figure 56. movable machine on your right and the
stationary machine on your left. Positive
Vertical correction tips: values at the feet mean that the movable
machine is away from you; it should be
1. Make shim changes to both front feet moved towards you. Negative values at
and both rear feet as needed. the feet mean that the movable machine
is towards you; it should be moved away
2. Always check shim thickness with an from you.
outside micrometer. Precut shims are not
always what they are marked; many 5. Position dial indicators at the front and
shim manufacturers designate shims rear feet.
with the “nominal” thickness.
6. Move front and rear feet the amounts
3. Use consistent and correct torquing needed while watching the dial
procedures. indicators.

4. As shim changes are made, check for

and take precautions to avoid creating
soft foot conditions.

Horizontal Correction Process

When using the reverse-rim method, two
different procedures are commonly used for
horizontal corrections:

1. Determining the corrections using

calculation or graphing techniques,
followed by monitoring movement using Figure 57. Monitoring movement using dial
dial indicators positioned at the indicators at the feet.
machine’s feet.
Dial indicators at the coupling
2. Monitoring movement, using dial
indicators mounted at the coupling. To correct horizontal misalignment by
monitoring using dial indicators mounted at
Dial indicators at the machine’s feet the coupling, perform the following steps:

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 32

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

1. Rotate the dial indicators to 9:00 and indicators. Use the proper criss-cross
zero them. torquing sequence.

2. Rotate shafts to 3:00. After Making Vertical and Horizontal

Corrections
3. Adjust the dial indicators to one-half After making final vertical and horizontal
their values. corrections, you should:
4. Move the front feet of the movable 1. Obtain new measurements.
machine as you watch the movable
indicator move to zero. 2. Compare results to specified tolerances.
5. Move the rear feet of the movable 3. Repeat corrections until results are
machine as you watch the stationary within tolerances.
indicator move to zero.
4. Obtain and document a final set of
6. Repeat steps 4 & 5 until both dial measurements.
indicators read zero.
5. Restore equipment in accordance with
procedures at your facility.

Twin Laser Alignment Method

Coning
As mentioned in the first sections, shaft
alignment is all about making two rotating
shafts co-linear. To achieve this, different
kinds of methods are used to determine the
axis of rotation of one unit and compare it to
another one. When using the twin laser
method a special method is used called
Figure 58. Monitoring movements using dial “coning” to project the axis of rotation. The
indicators in the coupling. fact that light from the laser creates a
perfectly straight line with no sag makes it
Horizontal correction tips: possible to project the axis of rotation of any
rotating object even over very long
1. Start making moves at the feet where the distances. By attaching a laser to the rotating
misalignment is greatest. object, the laser beam will describe a cone.
When the “cone” is projected in one plane
2. If not already present, install jack-bolts the beam will describe a circle and its center
wherever possible. is the center of rotation in that particular
plane. The direction of the axis of rotation is
3. Bring the front and rear feet into determined by projecting the center of
alignment together; they are a team. rotation in two planes.
4. When the feet are within 2 mils or so,
start torquing and watch the dial

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 33

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Comparison to Dial Indicator

Methods
By using the coning technique (principle 1),
the twin laser based alignment instruments
basically use the same method as alignment
with dial indicators. In fact, the reversed dial
indicator method uses exactly the same
principle to determine the position of a
rotating axis by defining the offset in two
planes. While a dial indicator measures the
Figure 59. Coning principle 1. The center of the offset by needle and plunger, the laser
circle is the rotational center of the shaft. transmitter/detector (TD) unit measures the
offset by detecting the movement of a laser
By adjusting the angle of the out-coming beam on a single axis detector. The text
laser beam on the transmitter, the diameter bellow describes the relationship between
of the projected circle decreases until the the reversed dial method and the method
beam eventually creates a spot. The coning used with twin lasers.
technique can be used to create “points” at
different distances from the rotational object Figures 61 and 62 compare the two methods
to project the axis of rotation. when measuring the offset in the plane of
the stationary side of the coupling DIS or
TD-S. The pictures are exaggerated to show
the principle of how readings are taken. In
the example, the rotational center of the
movable shaft is +2.5 above the stationary
shaft. The offset is +2.5 in the plane of the
stationary coupling (DIS / TD-S).

Figure 60. Coning principle 2. The axis of rotation is

made into a single point at a distance from the shaft
end.

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 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Figure 61. Reverse-rim dial indicator method. Measurement of stationary side offset, DIS.

Figure 62. Twin laser method. Measurement of stationary side offset, TD-S.

In a twin laser system, the same type of reversed in the TD-M unit. In the figures
measurement is simultaneously performed in below the distance (offset) between both
the second plane. Sign changes are not axes of rotation in the second plane is +4.80.
necessary as the plus/minus direction is

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 35

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Figure 63. Reverse-rim method. Measurement of movable side offset, DIM.

Figure 64. Twin laser method. Measurement of movable side offset, TD-M.

When having the two offset values in two correction values. In laser alignment, these
planes it is now possible to determine the calculations are made quickly and
position of the axis of rotation for the continuously in the display unit making it
movable machine. By adding the values for possible to update adjustments to the
distance B and C, we can use the same machine while they are being made (real
calculation that is used in the reversed-dial time).
indicator method to determine the feet

© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 36

 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

Figure 65. Equations for twin laser alignment.

Figure 66. Example twin laser alignment feet calculation.

Further Reading • “Pre-Alignment”

Consult www.aptitudexchange.com for • “Rough Alignment”
detailed articles, covering topics such as:
• “Horizontal Shaft Alignment”
• "Couplings"
• “Vertical Shaft Alignment”
• "Shaft Alignment: Introduction "
• “Alignment of Offset Drives”
• “Benefits to Shaft Alignment”
© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 37
 Shaft Alignment: Calculations for Horizontal Shaft Alignment

• “Machine Train Alignment” SKF Maintenance Products

Kelvinbaan 16
• “Straightness” NL-3439 MT Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

Piotrowski, J., Shaft Alignment Handbook. Internet: http://mapro.skf.com

Marcel Dekker, April 1986.

Additional Resources
Fixturlaser AB -Fixturlaser AB develops,
manufactures, and markets laser based
alignment systems globally in a 70+
countries. Fixturlaser was founded in 1980
and the first laser alignment system
developed in 1984. Since then the
technology has been accepted in mostly
every industry. Their mission is to become
the leading provider of easy solutions,
including equipment and application
knowledge for measurement and alignment
of machinery in any industry.

Fixturlaser AB
Östergårdsgatan 9
SE-431 21 Mölndal, Sweden

Internet: http://www.fixturlaser.se

Machine Support BV - The

comprehensive capabilities of Machine
Support include the highest proficiency in
the installation support of diesel engines,
turbines, and the alignment to generators,
pumps, compressors, and shaft lines.
Machine Support also specializes in
geometric alignments such as measuring the
line bore of diesel engines and measuring
the straightness of stern tubes onboard
marine vessels.

Machine Support BV
Kaartenmakerstraat 7
NL-2984 CB Ridderkerk, The Netherlands

Internet: http://www.machinesupport.com

SKF Maintenance Products - Delivers

various tools for shaft and belt alignment.
© 2004 SKF Reliability Systems All Rights Reserved 38