NCE 2106

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

BUILDING PLUMBING
SYSTEM
MODULE 2A: PLUMBING
FUNDAMENTALS
DELIVERED BY:

ENGR. HADJI PEEJAY ARANDA

FACULTY – CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST - CALOOCAN
INTRODUCTION
●
Plumbing is the art and technique of installing
pipes, fixtures and other apparatus in buildings for
bringing in the supply, liquids and substances as
well as removing them
INTRODUCTION
●
Plumbing System includes water supply, drainage
and vent piping as well as all fixtures,
appurtenances and appliances that are connected
within the building premises
HISTORY OF PLUMBING
●
Plumbing, in its primitive form have existed at the
dawn of the earliest civilization.
●
The Indus Valley Civilization in Asia shows early
evidence of public water supply and sanitation.
●
A typical example is the Indus city of Lothal (c.
2350 BCE). There, all houses had their own private
toilet which was connected to a covered sewer
network constructed of brickwork held together with
a gypsum-based mortar that emptied either into the
surrounding water bodies or alternatively into
cesspits, the latter of which were regularly emptied
and cleaned.
HISTORY OF PLUMBING
●
The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen
in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently
discovered Rakhigarhi of Indus Valley civilization.
●
This urban plan included the world's first urban
sanitation systems. Within the city, individual
homes or groups of homes obtained water from
wells.
●
From a room that appears to have been set aside
for bathing, waste water was directed to covered
drains, which lined the major streets.
HISTORY OF PLUMBING
●
A qanāt is a gently sloping underground channel to
transport water from an aquifer or water well to
surface for irrigation and drinking.
●
This is an old system of water supply from a deep
well with a series of vertical access shafts.
HISTORY OF PLUMBING
●
The Roman Empire had indoor plumbing, meaning
a system of aqueducts and pipes that terminated in
homes and at public wells and fountains for people
to use.
HISTORY OF PLUMBING
●
Rome and other nations used lead pipes; while
commonly thought to be the cause of lead
poisoning in the Roman Empire, the combination of
running water which did not stay in contact with the
pipe for long and the deposition of precipitation
scale actually mitigated the risk from lead pipes.
HISTORY OF PLUMBING
●
Plumbing in the Philippines is traced back to the 16
th century when the walled city of Intramuros was
built by the Spaniards and transformed Manila into
a European style city.
●
Recognized Plumbers are called upon by the
“Illustrado” class to act as consultants on matters
pertaining to plumbing installations in their villas
and mansions
PRINCIPLES OF
PLUMBING
●
The plumbing practice revolves around a set of
principles that governs its practice both in design
and implementation
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 1:
All premises intended for human habitation,
occupancy, or use shall be provided with a supply
of pure and wholesome water, neither connected
with unsafe water supplies nor subject to the
hazards of backflow or back siphonage
●
Principle 2:
Plumbing fixtures, devices all appurtenances
shall be supplied with water in sufficient
volume and at pressures adequate to enable
them to function satisfactorily and without undue
noise under all normal conditions of use.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 3:
Plumbing shall be deigned and adjusted to use the
minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.
●
Principle 4:
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so
designed and installed as to prevent dangers from
explosion through overheating.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 5:
Every building having plumbing fixtures
installed and intended for human habitation,
occupancy, or use on premises abutting on a
street, alley, or easement in which there is a public
sewer shall have a connection with the sewer.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 6:
Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting
on sewer or with a private sewerage-disposal
system shall have, at least, one water closet and
one kitchen-type sink.
It is further recommended that a lavatory and
bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the
basic requirements of sanitation and personal
hygiene.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 6:
All other structures for human occupancy or
use on premises abutting on a sewer or with a
private sewage-disposal system shall have
adequate sanitary facilities but in no case less than
one water closet and one other fixture for cleansing
purposes.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 7:
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth
non-absorbent material, and shall be free from
concealed fouling surface.
●
Principle 8:
The drainage system shall be designed,
constructed, and maintained so as to guard
against fouling, deposit of solids, and clogging,
and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that
the pipes may be readily cleaned.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 9:
The piping of the plumbing system shall be of
DTI approved and of durable materials, free from
defective workmanship and so designed and
constructed as to give satisfactory from service
for its reasonable expected life.
●
Principle 10:
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage
system shall be equipped with a water-seal trap.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 11:
The drainage system shall be designed to provide
an adequate circulation of air in pipes with no
danger of siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap
seals under condition of ordinary use.
●
Principle 12:
Each terminal shall extend to the outer air and be
so installed as to minimize the possibilities of
clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 13:
The plumbing system shall be subject to such
tests as will effectively disclose all leaks and
defects in the work.
●
Principle 14:
No substance will clog the pipes, produce
explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints,
or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal
process shall be allowed to enter the building
drainage system.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 15:
Proper protection shall be provided to prevent
contamination of food, water, sterile goods, and
similar materials by backflow of sewage. When
necessary, the fixture, device, or appliance shall
be connected indirectly with the building drainage
system.
●
Principle 16:
No water closets nor urinal shall be located in
a room or compartment which is not properly
lighted and ventilated.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 17:
If water closet or other plumbing fixtures are
installed in buildings where there is no sewer
within a reasonable distance, suitable provision
shall be made for disposing of the building
sewage by some accepted method of sewage
treatment and disposal.
●
Principle 18:
Where a plumbing drainage system may be
subjected to backflow of sewage, suitable provision
shall be made to prevent its overflow in the
building.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 19:
Plumbing system shall be maintained in a sanitary
and serviceable condition.
●
Principle 20:
All plumbing fixtures shall be so installed with
regard to spacing as to be reasonably accessible
for their intended use.
PLUMBING PRINCIPLES
●
Principle 21:
Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to
preservation of the strength of structural
members and prevention of damage to walls and
other surface through fixture usage.
●
Principle 22:
Sewage or other waste from the plumbing
system which may be deleterious to surface or
subsurface waters shall not be discharged into the
ground or into any waterway unless it has first been
rendered innocuous through subjection to some
acceptable form of treatment.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
●
Plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which
can be connected to a plumbing system to deliver
and drain water.
●
Plumbing Fixtures are generally Classified as:
– Supply Fixtures
– Drainage Fixtures
●
Supply Fixtures are meant to provide water for
drinking and hygienic use.
●
Drainage fixtures are meant to convey water out of
the building and into approved conveyance and
treatment
PLUMBING FIXTURES
●
The most common water supply fixture available in
the market today are as follows:
– Shower
– Water Closet
– Kitchen Sink
– Lavatory
– Hose Bibb (Faucet)
– Floor Drain
– Urinals
– Bidets
PLUMBING FIXTURES
●
Other special fixtures that are also included in
certain plumbing projects includes
– Slop Sink
– Laundry Sink
– Shower Enclosures
●
Plumbing Appliances are those that are connected
to the plumbing pipes. Examples includes
– Point water heater
– Washing Machines
– Water Purifiers
MINIMUM PLUMBING
FIXTURES
●
For every structure, the minimum number of
plumbing facilities needed will depend upon the
type of occupancy.
●
Sec. 410 of the National Plumbing Code states that
Each building shall be provided with sanitary
facilities as prescribed by the National Building
Code or other authorities having jurisdiction.
●
In the absence of local requirements, a
recommended list of minimum facilities for various
occupancy is given on Table 4-1 of that code
EXAMPLE 1
●
An office building is to be rented by a company
whose operations has indicated that the number of
employees will be as follows:
– Male employees 25
– Female employees 30
– Customers (M or F) 80 max
●
Determine the number of plumbing fixtures for the
employees
●
Determine the plumbing fixtures for the customers
EXAMPLE 1
NOTE:
For customers and in public buildings includings
schools, assume that the maximum number of
customers can either be both male and female at
any given time
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR EMPLOYEES
To start solving this problem, a matrix of both sexes
and the fixtures to be used will be created:

WATER
URINAL LAVATORY
CLOSET
MALE

FEMALE
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR EMPLOYEES
From table 4-1 look at the row that indicates
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR EMPLOYEES
Male Water Closet
The table indicates that for 1-15 male employees,
provide 1 water closet, 2WC if there are 16-35
employees and so forth.
Since we have 25 employees, provide 2 water
closets
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR EMPLOYEES
Male Urinals
The table indicated that when the number of male
employees is between 10-50, provide 1 urinal
Male and Female Lavatories
For the male and female lavatories, the table
indicates that for both sexes, provide 1 lavatories
per 40 employees. Since there are 25 male
employees and 30 female employees, provide at
least 1 lavatories for each gender
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR EMPLOYEES
Female water closet
For the female water closet, the table indicates that
3 water closets must be provided for around 16-35
female employees.
The table above will now be filled as follows:
WATER
URINAL LAVATORY
CLOSET
MALE 2 1 1

FEMALE 3 X 1
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR EMPLOYEES
Before we finalize these numbers we have to take
a closer look at the notes at the end of the table:
Whenever urinals are provided, one (1) water
closet is subtracted from the number specified
on the table, except that the number of water
closets in such cases shall not be reduced to
less than two-thirds (2/3) of the minimum
specified.
CHECK!
2 4
()
2WC∗ = WC≈2 WC
3 3
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR EMPLOYEES
If you notice the superscript 14 in the female water
closet, then note #13 of table 4-1 will apply.
The total number of water closets for females shall
be at least equal to the total number of water closet
and urinals provided for males
since there are 2 male WC and 1 male urinals, the
total number of female WC should be
2+1=3
which is just the same as that provided in the table
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR EMPLOYEES
The total number of fixtures for the employees shall
now be
WATER
URINAL LAVATORY
CLOSET
MALE 2 1 1

FEMALE 3 X 1
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR CUSTOMERS/VISITORS
For the Customers, the same principle apply. The
table will then be created and similarly, the
arrangement are as follows:
WATER
URINAL LAVATORY
CLOSET
MALE

FEMALE
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR CUSTOMERS/VISITORS
From table 4-1 look at the row that indicates
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR CUSTOMERS/VISITORS
Male Water Closet
The table indicates that for 1-100 male users,
provide 1 water closet, 1WC if there are 1-200
female users and so forth.
Since we have 80 users for both genders,
provide 1 water closet for each male and female
CR
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR CUSTOMERS/VISITORS
Male Urinals
The table indicated that when the number of male
employees is between 1-100, provide 1 urinal
Male and Female Lavatories
For the male and female lavatories, the table
indicates that for both sexes, provide 1 lavatories
for 1 – 200 users. Since there are 80 male or
female users, provide at least 1 lavatories for
each gender
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR CUSTOMERS/VISITORS
Female water closet
For the female water closet, the table indicates that
1 water closets must be provided for around 1-200
female users.
The table above will now be filled as follows:
WATER
URINAL LAVATORY
CLOSET
MALE 1 1 1

FEMALE 1 X 1
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR EMPLOYEES
Before we finalize these numbers we have to take
a closer look at the notes at the end of the table:
Whenever urinals are provided, one (1) water
closet is subtracted from the number specified
on the table, except that the number of water
closets in such cases shall not be reduced to
less than two-thirds (2/3) of the minimum
specified.
Since there is only 1 WC in the male CR, no
reduction is needed!
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR CUSTOMERS/VISITORS
If you notice the superscript 14 in the female water
closet, then note #13 of table 4-1 will apply.
The total number of water closets for females shall
be at least equal to the total number of water closet
and urinals provided for males
since there are 1 male WC and 1 male urinals, the
total number of female WC should be
1+1=2
which is more than what is provided in the table
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION: FOR EMPLOYEES
The total number of fixtures for the employees shall
now be
WATER
URINAL LAVATORY
CLOSET
MALE 1 1 1

FEMALE 2 X 1
POTTY PARITY
●
Parity may be defined in various ways in relation to
facilities in a building.
●
The simplest is as equal floor space for men's and
women's washrooms.
●
Since men's rooms include urinals, which take up
less space than stalls, this still results in more
facilities for men.
●
An alternative parity is by number of fixtures within
washrooms. However, since women on average
spend more time in washrooms more men are
able to use more facilities per unit time.
FIXTURE UNITS
●
Fixture Unit is defined as an arbitrary quantity in
terms of which the load producing effects or
water requirements on the plumbing system of
different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in
some arbitrarily chosen scale
●
There are two kinds of fixture units:
– Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU)
– Drainage Fixture Units (DFU)
FIXTURE UNITS
●
Both the water supply and the drainage fixture units
are defined by the plumbing code as listed in
several tables such as
– Table 6-4 – Flush Valves WC and Ur
– Table 6-5 – Typical Fixtures
– Table A-1 – Same with Table 6-5
– Table 7-2 – Drainage with trap diameter
WATER SUPPLY
FIXTURE UNITS
●
Water supply fixture units represents the arbitrary
constant that define the amount of water required
for a fixture to operate normally.
●
The plumbing code of the Philippines lists the water
supply fixture units in Table 6-5, Table 6-4 and
Table A-1 for flush valve fixtures
EXAMPLE 2
A two story residential house have the following
fixtures.
– 2 Water Closet WC
– 2 Shower Head SH
– 2 Lavatory LAV
– 1 KS
– 5 Hose Bibb (HB) or Faucet
Determine the water supply fixture units
EXAMPLE 2
SOLUTIONS:
Since the problem states that the structure is a
residential house. Fixture use falls under
private
From table 6-5
FIXTURE WSFU # PCS TOTAL WSFU
WC 3 2 6
SH 2 2 4
LAV 1 2 2
HB 3 5 15
KS 2 1 2
TOTAL 29 WSFU
EXAMPLE 3
For a public CR with the following fixtures:
– 3 Lav
– 4 Ur (flush valve or Flushometer valve)
– 7 WC (flush valve or Flushometer valve)
Determine the water supply fixture units
EXAMPLE 2
SOLUTIONS:
Since the problem states that the structure is a
public CR, fixture use falls under public. For
flush valves, refer to table 6-4
From table 6-5
FIXTURE WSFU # PCS TOTAL WSFU
LAV 2 3 6
TOTAL 6 WSFU

From table 6-4

FIXTURE WSFU # PCS TOTAL WSFU
WC 115+20 5+2 135
UR 53 4 53
TOTAL 188 WSFU
EXAMPLE 3
SOLUTION:
The total water supply fixture unit is taken to be at
194wsfu
From table 6-4; the water supply fixtures units for
the first 5 flushometer valve operated water closet
is 115 and the excess will be given 10 wsfu each.
●
Therefore the total water supply fixture units for the
urinals will be 135 wsfu
EXAMPLE 3
SOLUTION:
The same principle applies for the flush valve
operated urinals. Table 6-4 lists that 4 urinals will
be given 53 wsfu.
Since there are only 4 urinals in our problems, we
have to set 53 wsfu for the urinals.
EQUIVALENT FLOW
RATE
●
Conversion of water supply fixture units to volume
flow rate is not linear.
●
While it was defined that 1 water supply fixture unit
is equal to 1 gallon per minute (0.063 liters/second)
the next increment is not. (2wsfu is not equal to
2gpm).
●
The conversion of fixture unit to volume flow rate is
done using Hunter’s Curve (see Appendix A Chart
A2/A3 of the Plumbing Code)
EQUIVALENT FLOW
RATE

CHART A2
EQUIVALENT FLOW
RATE

CHART A3
EXAMPLE 4
For the two storey house in the previous example;
the water supply fixture unit is calculated to be 29
wsfu.
Determine the equivalent flow rate using hunter’s
chart
EXAMPLE 4
SOLUTIONS:
It can be noticed that there are two lines in the
chart.
Line 1 represents systems that consists mainly of
flush valves such as public CR and Malls.
Line 2 represents systems that consists mainly of
flush tanks, which is typical of small commercial
entities and residential structures.
From the figure it can be seen that 29 wsfu is
equivalent to around 1.3 li/s.
EXAMPLE 5
For the public CR in the previous example,
determine the maximum flow rate that can pass
through the pipe if the computed water supply
fixture unit is 194.
EXAMPLE 5
SOLUTIONS:
It can be noticed that there are two lines in the
chart.
Line 1 represents systems that consists mainly of
flush valves such as public CR and Malls.
Line 2 represents systems that consists mainly of
flush tanks, which is typical of small commercial
entities and residential structures.
From the figure it can be seen that 29 wsfu is
equivalent to around 1.3 li/s.
EXAMPLE 5
Since the water supply fixture unit is too small for
chart A2, we can refer to chart A3
EXAMPLE 5
From the figure, 194 water supply fixture unit is
approximately equal to 5.5 lps.
There is not need to set the line exactly on the
chart although that can help a lot if possible.
The importance of converting the water supply
fixture to volume flow rate will be seen later in
pipe sizing
DRAINAGE
FIXTURE UNITS
●
Drainage fixture unit is the amount of waste water
loading into the drainage plumbing system.
●
Just like water supply fixture unit knowing the
drainage fixture unit will be helpful in pipe sizing
●
Drainage fixture units are listed on table 7-2 of the
plumbing code.
●
The list also includes the minimum trap and trap
arm diameter of the drainage pipes for a particular
fixture.
EXAMPLE 6
A two story residential house have the following
fixtures.
– 2 Water Closet WC
– 2 Shower Head SH
– 2 Lavatory LAV
– 1 KS
– 5 Hose Bibb (HB) or Faucet
Determine the drainage fixture units
EXAMPLE 6
SOLUTIONS:
Regardless of it being a private or public, the
use of fixture is already indicated in table 7-2
From table 7-2

FIXTURE DFU # PCS TOTAL WSFU

WC 4 2 8
SH 2 2 4
LAV 1 2 2
FD 2 2 4
KS 2 1 2
TOTAL 20 DFU
EXAMPLE 7
For a public CR with the following fixtures:
– 3 Lav (in set)
– 4 Ur (wall urinal, integral trap, trap arm)
– 7 WC (flush valve or Flushometer valve)
Determine the drainage fixture units
EXAMPLE 7
SOLUTIONS:
●
Regardless of it being a private or public, the
use of fixture is already indicated in table 7-2
From table 7-2
FIXTURE DFU # PCS TOTAL WSFU
WC 6 7 42
UR 3 4 12
LAV 2 3 6
TOTAL 60 DFU
●
Total drainage fixture unit is 60 dfu
DISCHARGE
EQUIVALENT
●
Just like in water supply fixture unit, there is also a
need to convert the drainage fixture unit into
equivalent flow rate.
●
There are two types of flow rate conversion for
drainage fixtures.
– Intermittent flow rate
– Continuous flow rate
DISCHARGE
EQUIVALENT
●
Intermittent flow rate is described as large, but
infrequent flow of waste water.
●
Continuous flow rate on the other hand is the
amount of water that continuously flow at the
bottom of the building/house sewer.
●
Normally this is the flow that is observed at the
entry to the sump pit.
DISCHARGE
EQUIVALENT
EXAMPLE 8
A two story residential house have the following
fixtures.
– 2 Water Closet WC
– 2 Shower Head SH
– 2 Lavatory LAV
– 1 KS
– 2 Floor Drain FD
Determine the intermittent and continuous flow rate
EXAMPLE 8
SOLUTIONS: FOR CONTINUOUS FLOW RATE
From the previous example we have computed the
drainage fixture unit to be 20 dfu.
FIXTURE DFU # PCS TOTAL WSFU
WC 4 2 8
SH 2 2 4
LAV 1 2 2
FD 2 2 4
KS 2 1 2
TOTAL 20 DFU
EXAMPLE 8
SOLUTIONS: FOR CONTINUOUS FLOW RATE

Since 0.063 liters per second is allotted for every 2

DFU, the continuous flow rate is then determined
as follows:
0.063 lps
20DFU∗ =0.63 lps
2DFU
The value of 0.63lps means that for the given house, it is
expected that at any given moment, the flow of water out
Into the drainage or septic tank will be about 0.63lps.
This flow is due to the random use of the given fixture at
any given moment
EXAMPLE 8
SOLUTIONS: INTERMITTENT FLOW RATE
To compute the intermittent flow rate set the
values in table 7-3 to maximum.
FIXTURE DFU
WC 4
SH 2
LAV 1
FD 2
KS 2
EXAMPLE 8
SOLUTIONS: INTERMITTENT FLOW RATE
The intermittent discharge per fixtures are
given as follows:
FIXTURE DFU FLOW PCS TOTAL
FLOW
WC 4 1.89 2 3.78
SH 2 0.95 2 1.90
LAV 1 0.47 2 0.94
FD 2 0.95 2 1.90
KS 2 0.95 1 0.95
TOTAL
9.47 lps
FLOW
EXAMPLE 8
SOLUTIONS: INTERMITTENT FLOW RATE
It should be noted that the 10.42 lps discharge
is only the highest theoretical discharge that
can occur in the system.
It will still depend on the number of fixtures that
were randomly used at any given time
EXAMPLE 9
For a public CR with the following fixtures:
– 3 Lav (in set)
– 4 Ur (wall urinal, integral trap, trap arm)
– 7 WC (flush valve or Flushometer valve)
Determine the intermittent and continuous flow rate
EXAMPLE 9
SOLUTION: INTERMITTENT FLOW

For the given fixture units as well as the flow from

table 7-3

FIXTURE DFU FLOW PCS TOTAL

FLOW
WC 6 3.15 7 22.03
UE 3 1.42 4 5.68
LAV 2 0.95 3 2.85
30.57 lps

The rate of 1.42 li/s was arbitrarily set to

approximate the values for 3 DFU fixtures
EXAMPLE 9
SOLUTION: CONTINUOUS FLOW

For the given fixture units as well as the flow from

table 7-3

FIXTURE DFU PCS TOTAL

DFU
WC 6 7 42
UR 3 4 12
LAV 2 3 6
60 DFU
EXAMPLE 9
SOLUTION: CONTINUOUS FLOW

For the given fixture units as well as the flow from

table 7-3

0.063 lps
60 DFU∗ =1.89 lps
2 DFU
The value of 0.63lps means that for the given house, it is
expected that at any given moment, the flow of water out
Into the drainage or septic tank will be about 0.63lps.
This flow is due to the random use of the given fixture at
any given moment
PLUMBING MATERIALS
●
The 1999 Revised National Plumbing Code (Hence
known as the Plumbing Code or The Code) has
stipulated the permissible materials of plumbing
pipes and conduits in the following sections:
– Sec 604 – For water supply piping
– Sec 701 – For drainage piping
PLUMBING MATERIALS
●
Sec 604 of the Code states that water pressure
pipes shall be made of the following:
– Brass
– Copper
– Centrifugal cast iron (CCI)
– B&S and F&F ends
– Ductile cast iron (DCI)
– Galvanized wrought iron,
– Galvanized steel
– PE & PVC water pressure pipe
PLUMBING MATERIALS
●
Since 1999, there were new piping materials that
were introduced in the market.
●
These materials are mostly made of plastics and
approved by DTI through the Bureau of Product
Standards.
●
Some of these materials are given as follows:
– HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)
– PPR (Polypropylene Pipes)
– PEX (Cross linked Polyethylene)
PLUMBING MATERIALS
●
The advantages of using these modern plastic
pipes are as follows:
– Durable
– High degree of flexibility
– Can be fused together and creating a
homogenous material with the same property
without the fear of joint failure (if done
properly!)
PLUMBING MATERIALS
●
Section 701 of the plumbing code states the
following materials that can be used for excreta
drainage pipings are as follows:
–
copper –
cast iron
–
Brass –
ductile iron
–
Series 1000 PVC DWV. –
galvanized steel
–
extra-strength vitrified clay pipe or –
galvanized wrought
other approved materials having iron
smooth and uniform bore –
lead
PLUMBING MATERIALS
●
The most common materials used today among the
listed drainage piping materials are:
– Cast Iron Pipes
– PVC pipes
●
Extra strength Vitrified Clay pipes are used in
industrial application specially of the material being
drained are highly corrosive
PLUMBING MATERIALS
COPPER PIPES;
Traditionally used for Hot
Water piping. Copper Pipes
must be insulated to prevent
heat loss

BRASS PIPES;
Brass pipe fittings are typically
used for carrying water,
chemicals, flammable gases,
slurries, and other plumbing
substances. It is used for
draining corrosive substances
PLUMBING MATERIALS
CAST IRON PIPES;
Traditionally used for drainage
piping but once upon a time
used for water supply pipe and
still is a legal water pipe for
drainage pipings in many old
building .

Cast Iron pipes can’t be joined

together by welding
TRIVIA:
The drainage piping of the
Engineering Building of the
University of the East – Caloocan
predominantly consists of CAST
IRON PIPES many of which are
already 40 years old
PLUMBING MATERIALS
GALVANIZED WROUGHT
IRON PIPES;
Traditionally used for water
supply and also for fire
protection system. It is
protected against corrosion by
galvanic layers

DUCTILE IRON PIPES;

Ductile iron pipes are
still used for communal
water transmission in
municipal water supply
piping system
PLUMBING MATERIALS
PVC PIPES;
PVC or Polyvinyl Chloride
pipes are commonly used as
piping materials for small and
medium construction. Its
availability and ease of use
PVC PIPE FOR WATER makes it popular for both
SUPPLY PIPING water supply and drainage
piping materials

SERIES 1000 PVC PIPE

FOR DRAINAGE
PLUMBING MATERIALS
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPES;
Once common material for
water supply, it is now largely
replaced by plastic pipes but
this is still used for gas piping
and high pressure delivery
system
PLUMBING MATERIALS
LEAD PIPES;
Once common plumbing
material for water supply and
drainage.

It was used since the time of

the Romans until the 1920’s
and it was only phased out
because it was medically
proven to be a health hazard
PLUMBING MATERIALS
PPR PIPE;
An emerging piping material
for water supply piping. This
pipe is not only flexible but
also weldable in such a way
that it fuses together
PLUMBING MATERIALS
HDPE PIPE;
HDPE pipe is a type of flexible
plastic pipe used for fluid and gas
transfer and is often used to
replace ageing concrete or steel
mains pipelines.

Made from the thermoplastic

HDPE (high-density polyethylene),
its high level of impermeability and
strong molecular bond make it
suitable for high pressure
pipelines.
PLUMBING MATERIALS
EXTRA STRENGTH
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE;
Extra strength Clay Pipes are
used for drainage. Among the
piping materials, it offers the
longest service life available
for wastewater systems. The
long service life,
environmentally responsible
nature and structural integrity
of clay are all leading to a
renewed interest in VCP.