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• FLUID STATICS
• the study of fluids at rest in equilibrium
situations.
• it is based on Newton’s first and third
laws
FLUID • density, pressure, and buoyancy.
MECHANICS • FLUID DYNAMICS
• the study of fluids in motion
• analyze many important situations by
using simple idealized models and
familiar principles such as Newton’s
laws and conservation of energy.

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is any substance that can flow and

change the shape of the volume
that it occupies

FLUID both gases and liquids

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DENSITY DENSITY
• mass per unit volume

• The SI unit of density is the kilogram per cubic meter (1 kg/m3).

• The cgs unit is the the gram per cubic centimeter 1 g/cm3

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Which
has
higher
density?

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Specific
Gravity
Average • The specific gravity of a

Density
material is the ratio of
its density to the density
of water at 4.0C, 1000
kg/m3; it is a pure
For materials having the number without units.
densities which varies 𝜌
from point to point 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝜌

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Sample Problem Sample Problem

• You purchase a rectangular piece of metal that has dimensions 5.0 × 15.0 × • You win the lottery and decide to impress your friends by exhibiting a
30.0mm and mass 0.0158 kg. The seller tells you that the metal is gold. To check million-dollar cube of gold. At the time, gold is selling for $1282 per
this, you compute the average density of the piece. What value do you get? Were
you cheated?
troy ounce, and 1.0000 troy ounce equals 31.1035 g. How tall would
your million-dollar cube be?

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Sample Problem
• A uniform lead sphere and a uniform aluminum sphere have the
same mass. What is the ratio of the radius of the aluminum sphere to
the radius of the lead sphere?

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PRESSURE

• the normal force per

unit area
𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴
• The SI unit of pressure is
the pascal
1 pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2

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Pressure
And
Depth

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PRESSURE in
terms of the
depth below
the surface
PRESSURE AND DEPTH of a fluid

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the pressure of the earth’s atmosphere, the

pressure at the bottom of this sea of air in
which we live

varies with weather changes and with

elevation.
Atmospheric
Pressure
Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level (an
average value) is 1 atmosphere (atm), defined
PRESSURE in terms of the depth to be exactly 101,325 Pa.

below the surface of a fluid

1 atm = 1.013 * 105 Pa = 1.013 bar = 1013
millibar = 14.70 lb/in.2 (psi)

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PRESSURE
• ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
• The total pressure in a
fluid
• GAUGE PRESSURE
• Difference between
absolute pressure and
atmospheric pressure
• The excess pressure
above atmospheric
pressure

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Sample Problem
• Scientists have found evidence that Mars may once have had an ocean 0.500 km
deep. The acceleration due to gravity on Mars is 3.71 m/s2. (a) What would be the
gauge pressure at the bottom of such an ocean, assuming it was freshwater? (b)
To what depth would you need to go in the Earth’s ocean to experience the same
gauge pressure?

𝑝 =𝑝 +𝑝

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Sample Problem
• A barrel contains a 0.120-m layer of oil floating on water that is 0.250
m deep. The density of the oil is 600kg/m3. (a) What is the gauge
pressure at the oil–water interface? (b) What is the gauge pressure at
the bottom of the barrel?

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Sample Problem
• The liquid in the open-tube manometer
in the figure is mercury, y1 = 3.00 cm,
and y2 = 7.00 cm. Atmospheric pressure
is measured as 980 millibars. What is
• the absolute pressure at the bottom of the
U-shaped tube.
• the absolute pressure in the open tube at
a depth of 4.00 cm below the free surface.
• the absolute pressure of the gas in the
container.
• the gauge pressure of the gas in pascals?

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Sample Problem

• A lake in the far north of the Yukon is covered with a 1.75 -m-thick
layer of ice. Find the absolute pressure and the gauge pressure at a
depth of 2.50 m in the lake.

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Sample Problem
A cylindrical disk of wood weighing 45.0 N
and having a diameter of 30.0 cm floats on a PASCAL’S Pressure applied to an
cylinder of oil of density 0.850 g/cm3. The
cylinder of oil is 75.0 cm deep and has a LAW enclosed fluid is
diameter the same as that of the wood. transmitted
a. What is the gauge pressure at the top undiminished to every
of the oil column? portion of the fluid
b. Suppose now that someone puts a and the walls of the
weight of 83.0 N on top of the wood, containing vessel.
but no oil seeps around the edge of the
wood. What is the pressure at
i. the bottom of the oil?
ii. halfway down in the oil?

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Sample Problem
For a hydraulic lift, what must be the ratio of the diameter of the
vessel at the car to the diameter of the vessel where the force F1 is
applied so that a 1520 kg car can be lifted with a force F1 of just 125N?

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Sample Problem Sample Problem

The piston of a hydraulic automobile lift is 0.30 m in diameter. What A force of 100 N is applied to the brake pedal, which acts on the pedal
gauge pressure, in pascals, is required to lift a car with a mass of 1200 cylinder—called the master—through a lever. A force of 500 N is exerted
kg? Also express this pressure in atmospheres. on the pedal cylinder. Pressure created in the pedal cylinder is
transmitted to four-wheel cylinders. The pedal cylinder has a diameter
of 0.500 cm, and each wheel cylinder has a diameter of 2.50 cm.
Calculate the force F2 created at each of the wheel cylinders.

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