An Overview of the Gender Situation in the Philippines

Carlos Antonio Q. Anonuevo

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Philippine Office
September 2000

The gender situation in the Philippines is characterized by sharp contradictions.It

About Us graphically showcases samples of women’s advancement in politics, academic and
Core Themes professional excellence, and even legislation. But this is contrasted by images of
prostituted women, battered wives, economically disadvantaged women and exploited
Activities
migrant workers.
Publications
Online Materials The socio-cultural traditions are clashing with the MTV and cyberspace generation. The
long history of colonialism has embedded a patriarchal culture among Filipinos. The
conception of women as full-time homemakers, as subordinated to men, violence
against them is private, as reserve labor force, and as sexual objects is now being
eroded by modern women asserting themselves in many aspects of life. But on the
FES Dialogue on other hand, some are either marginalized, discriminated, or even exploited by the harsh
Globalization realities of global economy and consumerism.

FES International Policy Both the changes and the inertia of traditions are the backdrop of a very active and
Analysis Unit
dynamic women’s movement. The Philippines is a main player in the international
women’s arena and this is anchored on a very vibrant local women’s movement.
FES Journal - Numerous organizations and NGOs exist for the cause of gender equality and other
International Politics and
Society related women issues.

This puts the gender equality issues at the forefront of national discourse and precludes
further downslide of women status in the modern Philippine society. Indeed, there are
many handles for the changes to happen. These legal and policy gains resulted from
the strong voice of women that started even during the anti-dictatorship struggle that
culminated with the ascension of Corazon Aquino as the first woman president of the
country.

The 1987 Constitution states two prominent provisions. The first in the Declaration of
Principles Article II Section 14 which asserted that "The State recognizes the role of
women in nation-building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of
women and men." Additionally, the Article XIII-Labor: Section 14 provided that "The
state shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions
taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that
will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of
the nation".

Following from constitutional provisions and the subsequent efforts to broaden the its
principles, numerous legislation were enacted that relates to the various aspects of
women and gender concerns, The list include:

z Gender and Development Law (5% of government agencies' budget is for gender
concerns)
z Party-List Law (women as a particular sector for representation in the legislature
through party-list elections)
z Anti-Sexual Harassment Law (defining SH and providing mechanisms)
z Anti-Rape Law (elevation of rape as crime against person)
 z Barangay Day Care Center Law (day care center for every village)
z Women in Nation-Building Law (allocation of budget for women from development
funds from foreign governments and multilateral institutions)
z Anti Mail-Order-Bride Law (making the practice unlawful)
z Repatriation Law (repatriation of Filipinas who lost citizenship by marriage in case
of need)
z Non-Discrimination Law in Labor Code (women protection in hiring and pay)
z Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (equal rights for women to be recipients of
land)
z Military Training equality (women can enter the military and police schools and
providing facilities for them)

While the legal framework is there, the actual situation mirrors the deep gender divide.
In the aspect of women in politics, the notable success of several women is
overshadowed by the actual ground level statistics. The lady Vice-President is up to now
a shoo-in in the next presidential elections in 2004.

But the big picture shows that of all the elective positions occupied through the 1998
elections, only 15% are women.

In the two-chamber Congress, the Senate (Upper House) has 17.4% women
membership (4 out of 23 seats) which the House of Representatives (Lower House) has
12.4% (27 out of 217 seats). The first party-list elections in 1998--wherein sectoral
groups like women competed to get a maximum of 3 seats per party in the House of
Representatives--resulted in the winning of one (1) seat for a single women's party.
Five (5) other women's party did not make the minimum votes required.

At the local government level, women Provincial Governors constitute 17% while Vice-
Governors are at 11.5% level. Among the City and Town Mayors, 14.5% of them are
women while the ranks of the Vice-Mayors are at low of 10.8%.

The labor force statistics show also a mixed picture. Since there was a notable
feminization of the workforce in the past years, July 2000 figures showed that there are
1.942 million unemployed women while there are 2.631 million unemployed men.
However, more women are taken in for labor flexibility arrangements especially in the
big services sector like in retail trade. This leaves them exposed to employment
insecurity and unfair compensation schemes.

Women still accounts for 53% of the unpaid family workers while they constitute only
37.7% of the wage and salary earners. Though this shows that the regular income
possibilities for women are still limited, the average household annual income of
female-headed families is higher. The situation also pushes them to seek
employment overseas. Increasing numbers of domestic helpers and entertainers are
also being deployed both legally and illegally.

Within organizations, the gender balance is under overhaul. Trade union leadership is
still male-dominated but women committees and affirmative actions have changed the
complexion of decision-making. The public sector unions have made great inroads
as four (4) of the major federations are under the strong leadership of women.

However, the social fabric remains tainted by arrogance of male power. Police statistics
remains indicative of the traditional ways of how women are seen in the social and
family context. In 1998, 6,518 cases of violence against women were reported with
rape accounting for 1,054 cases and physical injuries at a high of 2,633 cases. Last
year, the former was pegged at 13.79% and the latter reached 35.17% of the cases
reported.

In response to problems that continue to face the Filipina, numerous civil society groups
were organized and pioneering projects were initiated. The vocal women’s movement
was instrumental in the enactment of the laws that seek to protect women and
broaden their role in the society. Sub-sectoral groupings of women guaranteed the
articulation of specific interests and agendas while issue-based networks and coalitions
advocated and lobbied to policy-makers and legislators. The campaign for the sexual
harassment and the anti-rape laws saw the synergy of the different organizational
forms within the women’s movement. Their current engagement deals with the law that
deals with domestic violence, abortion and divorce.

Such advocacy work is also complemented with concrete projects at the ground
level. Community-based groups tackle violence against women, rural and urban
women establish economic undertakings that help them increase their income, wives
and families of migrant workers establish their own savings and insurance network, and
crisis centers are organized in some parts of the country. Even prostituted women have
found both protection and solidarity within their organizations.

These activities have seen successes and failures but they constitute as challenges to
the socio-cultural bondage and blinders that up to this age of Internet and globalization
has victimize the Filipina. The gender situation in the Philippines can be describe in sum
as:

1. The legal framework has provided basic frameworks and processes for
women empowerment and gender fairness but the dynamics of political and
social institutions reinforced by the cultural standpoints continue to provide
a push-pull effect on gender equality.

2. Women have made significant advances in politics. Though there may

be several factors that tends to lessen its importance --like belonging to a
political dynasty, the role of women in national and local decision-making
can no longer be ignored and their competence, in some cases, suits up or
even exceeds that of male politicians.

3. The women's voice in the society is very strong due the the vibrant
women's movement. Recognized for their work in the international and
national levels, the movement has been instrumental in pushing for many
changesin the various facets of the Philippine society. Additionally, the
various organizations have worked on --with pioneering educational
approaches and service-specific projects-- the "culture shift" of both men
and women.

4. The statistics on women remain indicative of the deep-rooted and

widespread problems they encounter in their daily lives. The labor market
has stereotyped women, disadvantaged them in jobs and incomes, and
even forced them into prostitutions and slave-like work. The social image of
a Filipina is still that of a weak person, poster girl of domestic help, expert
in double burden, and a sexual object.While the mainframe of gender
politics is changing, the struggle of women to escape from the traditional
mold everyday life continues.

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Copyright Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2000

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