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1.5 Image Sampling and Quantization

The document discusses image sampling and quantization which are the two processes used to convert continuous sensed image data into digital form, involving digitizing the coordinate values through sampling and digitizing the amplitude values through quantization. It also covers topics like representing digital images, spatial and intensity resolution, effects of reducing resolution, and different interpolation methods used to estimate values during operations like zooming and rotation.

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782 views17 pages

1.5 Image Sampling and Quantization

The document discusses image sampling and quantization which are the two processes used to convert continuous sensed image data into digital form, involving digitizing the coordinate values through sampling and digitizing the amplitude values through quantization. It also covers topics like representing digital images, spatial and intensity resolution, effects of reducing resolution, and different interpolation methods used to estimate values during operations like zooming and rotation.

Uploaded by

kuladeep varma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Image Sampling and

Quantization
Prepared By
E.T.JABA JASPHIN M.E
Assistant Professor(SG)
Sampling and Quantization
• Objective: To generate digital images from sensed data
• Converting continuous sensed data into digital form involves two
processes.
• Sampling
• Quantization
• An image may be continuous w.r.to the x and y coordinates and also
in amplitude.
• Digitizing the coordinate values – sampling
• Digitizing the amplitude values – Quantization.
• The method of sampling is determined by the sensor arrangement
used to generate the image.
• Single sensing element combined with mechanical motion.
• Sensing strip.
• Sensing array
Representing Digital Images
• 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 − Value of the image at any coordinates 𝑥, 𝑦
• 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠.
• The section of the real plane spanned by the coordinates of an image
is called the spatial domain, with 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 being referred to as spatial
variables or spatial coordinates.
Three ways to represent 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓(0,0) 𝑓 0,1 … 𝑓(0, 𝑁 − 1)
𝑓(1,0) 𝑓(1,1) … 𝑓(1, 𝑁 − 1)
• 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 =
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑓(𝑀 − 1,0) 𝑓(𝑀 − 1,1) … 𝑓(𝑀 − 1, 𝑁 − 1)

• Each element of this matrix is called an image element, picture


element, pixel or pel.

𝑎0,0 𝑎0,1 … 𝑎0,0


𝑎0,0 𝑎0,0 … 𝑎0,0
•𝐴= ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑎0,0 𝑎0,0 … 𝑎0,0
• 𝑀 × 𝑁 – Size of the image
• 𝐿-Discrete intensity levels
• 𝐿 = 2𝑘
• Dynamic range of an imaging system- Ratio of the maximum
measurable intensity to the minimum detectable intensity level in the
system.
• The upper limit is determined by saturation and the lower limit by
noise.
• Contrast- The difference in intensity between the highest and lowest
intensity levels in an image.
• High dynamic range- High contrast and Vice versa.
Saturation and Noise
• The number, b, of bits required to store a digitized image is

𝑏 =𝑀×𝑁×𝑘

• When 𝑀 = 𝑁

𝑏 = 𝑁 2𝑘
Spatial and Intensity Resolution
• Spatial resolution is a measure of the smallest discernible detail in an
image.
• Spatial resolution can be stated as line pairs per unit distance and
dots(pixels) per unit distance.
• Image resolution is the largest number of discernible line pairs per
unit distance.
• Dots per unit distance is a measure of image resolution used
commonly in printing and publishing industry.
• In US this measure is usually expressed as dots per inch(dpi).
• Newspapers are printed with a resolution of 75 dpi.
• Magazines at 133dpi.
• Glossary brochures at 175dpi.
• Digital image processing book page is printed at 2400dpi.

• Intensity Resolution refers to the smallest discernible change in


intensity level.
• The number of bits used to quantize intensity as the intensity
resolution.
Effects of reducing spatial resolution
• 1250,300,150, and 72dpi.
Reducing the number of intensity levels from
256 to 2, in integer powers of 2
Three images with varying N and k
&
Isopreference curves
Image Interpolation
• Used in tasks like zooming, shrinking, rotating, and geometric corrections.
• Interpolation is the process of using known data to estimate values at
unknown locations.
• 1. Nearest neighbour interpolation –the intensity of its nearest neighbour
in the original image is assigned to each new location.
• Disadvantage: Produce undesirable artifacts. (used infrequently)
• 2. Bilinear Interpolation- The four nearest neighbors are used to estimate
the intensity at a given location.
𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥𝑦 + 𝑑
𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 denote the intensity value at the location 𝑥, 𝑦
• Bilinear interpolation gives much better results than nearest neighbour
interpolation, with modest increase in computational burden.

• Next level complexity is bicubic interpolation- involves sixteen nearest


neighbors of a point.

• Intensity value assigned to point (𝑥, 𝑦)is obtained using the equation
3 3

𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑦 𝑖
𝑖=0 𝑗=0
Preserves fine details than bilinear interpolation.

• Bicubic Interpolation is the standard used in commercial image editing


programs, such as Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photopaint.

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