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Soc. Sci. Understanding Culture Activity

1. The document outlines 6 stages of societal development: hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial. 2. In early hunting and gathering societies, people relied on foraging for wild plants and animals for subsistence. As societies developed, horticultural stages emerged where people began domesticating plants and pastoral stages emerged where people domesticated animals. 3. Agricultural societies arose around 5000 years ago with inventions like the plow and wheel that allowed for larger scale farming of crops. Industrial societies replaced agriculture with factories and machines as the primary mode of production in the 1700s. 4. Currently, many societies have become post-industrial where service jobs

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140 views4 pages

Soc. Sci. Understanding Culture Activity

1. The document outlines 6 stages of societal development: hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial. 2. In early hunting and gathering societies, people relied on foraging for wild plants and animals for subsistence. As societies developed, horticultural stages emerged where people began domesticating plants and pastoral stages emerged where people domesticated animals. 3. Agricultural societies arose around 5000 years ago with inventions like the plow and wheel that allowed for larger scale farming of crops. Industrial societies replaced agriculture with factories and machines as the primary mode of production in the 1700s. 4. Currently, many societies have become post-industrial where service jobs

Uploaded by

aomine daiki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Soc. Sci.

understanding culture

Activity 1

Stages

1. Hunting and Gathering


Forms of economic Subsistence
Foraging, sometimes known as hunting and gathering, describes societies that
rely primarily on “wild” plant and animal food resources. Pastoralism is a
subsistence system in which people raise herds of domesticated livestock.
Social developments
The First Social Revolution—the domestication of plants and animals—led to the
birth of the horticultural and pastoral societies.
hunting-and-gathering implies, people in these societies both hunt for food and
gather plants and other vegetation. They have few possessions other than some
simple hunting-and-gathering equipment. To ensure their mutual survival,
everyone is expected to help find food and also to share the food they find. To
seek their food, hunting-and-gathering peoples often move from place to place.
Because they are nomadic, their societies tend to be quite small, often consisting
of only a few dozen people.
Cultural development
relies on hunting and fishing animals and foraging for wild vegetation and other
nutrients like honey, for food.
2. Horticultural
Forms of economic subsistence
involves at least part time planting and tending of domesticated food
plants.
Social developments
people use hoes and other simple hand tools to raise crops.
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
men live in communal houses away from women and children. The men’s
communal houses are usually placed in areas that were easily defensible.
The women and children live in natal groups near their gardens where they
can keep a close eye on the crops. Women are also responsible for raising
pigs. Currently, the traditional patterns of residence are breaking down and
nuclear families are becoming more common.

3. Pastoral
FORMS OF ECONOMIC SUBSISTENCE
Pastoralism is a subsistence pattern in which people make their living by
tending herds of large animals.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
pastoral societies, people raise and herd sheep, goats, camels, and other
domesticated animals and use them as their major source of food and also,
depending on the animal, as a means of transportation.
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
the pastoralists and their herds subsist in an ecological symbiosis, the herds
supplying products for the herders—nourishment, clothing, shelter, dung
for fuel—and, further, products for the herders’ trade with farming
peoples.
4. Agricultural
FORMS OF ECONOMIC SUBSISTENCE
farmers grow food crops to meet the needs of themselves and their
families on smallholdings. farm output is targeted to survival and is mostly
for local requirements with little or no surplus. Planting decisions are made
principally with an eye toward what the family will need during the coming
year, and secondarily toward market prices.[1
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
Agricultural societies developed some 5,000 years ago in the Middle East,
thanks to the invention of the plow. When pulled by oxen and other large
animals, the plow allowed for much more cultivation of crops than the
simple tools of horticultural societies permitted. The wheel was also
invented about the same time, and written language and numbers began to
be used.
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
The memory of agriculture and associated civilisations is carried by
landscapes, seeds, plants, animals and by farmers' knowledge and
technologies, but also by oral traditions, languages, arts, rituals, culinary
traditions, and unique forms of social organization.
5. INDUSTRIAL
FORMS OF SUBSISTENCE
New technology introduced gasoline-powered farm tools such as tractors,
seed drills, threshers, and combine harvesters. Farmers were encouraged
to plant large fields of a single crop to maximize profits. With improved
transportation and the invention of refrigeration, produce could be shipped
safely all over the world
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
emerged in the 1700s as the development of machines and then factories
replaced the plow and other agricultural equipment as the primary mode of
production.
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Technological development can be considered as a cyclic process in which
the diverging elements of the regional industrial culture, and the
converging elements of the global industrial society are dynamically
related.
6. POST-INDUSTRIAL
FORMS OF ECONOMIC SUBSISTENCE
A post-industrial economy is a period of growth within an industrialized
economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing
reduces and that of services, information, and research grows.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
In postindustrial societies, then, information technology and service jobs
have replaced machines and manufacturing jobs as the primary dimension
of the economy (Bell, 1999).Bell, D. (Ed.). (1999).
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
education itself becomes more and more oriented towards producing
people capable of answering the need for self-actualization, creativity, and
self-expression, successive generations become more endowed with the
ability to contribute to and perpetuate such industries. This nuanced
change in education, as well among the emerging class of young
professionals, is itself initiated by what James D Wright identifies as an
“unprecedented economic affluence and the satiation of basic material
needs.”

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