Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greate

Noida

Object Oriented Concepts

Unit: 2

Problem Solving Using

Advanced Python

Course Details
(B Tech 2nd Sem /1st Year)

(Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2

1
7/27/2021
 CONTENTS

• Introduction to the Specialization

• Inheritance
• Types of Inheritance
• Invoking the parent Class Method
• Method Overriding
• Abstract Class
• MRO & Super()
• Polymorphism
• Introspection: Introspection types , Introspection objects
• Introspection scopes, Inspect modules, Introspect tools
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 COURSE OBJECTIVES

After you have read and studied this module, you should be ab
to:
• To learn the Object-Oriented Concepts in Python.
• To learn the concept of reusability through
inheritance polymorphism and Introspection tools.
• To impart the knowledge of functional programming.
• To learn the concepts of designing graphical user interfaces.
• To explore the knowledge of standard Python libraries.

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 COURSE OUTCOME

Course At the end of course , the student will be able Bloom’s

Outcome : Knowled
Level (K
( CO)
CO1 Define classes and create instances in python. K1, K2
CO2 Implement concept of inheritance and K3
polymorphism using python.
CO3 Implement functional programming in python. K3
CO4 Create GUI based Python application. K2

CO5 Apply the concept of Python libraries to solve K3,K6

real world problems.
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 CO-PO and PSO Mapping
Mapping of Course Outcomes and Program Outcomes:
Programming in Advanced Python
PO
CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 12
CO1 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 - 1 - 2 2
CO2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 - 1 1 2 2
CO3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 - 2 1 2 3
CO4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 3
CO5 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 2

Average 3 3 3 3 2.6 2 1.6 0.4 1.6 0.8 2 2.2

Mapping of Course Outcomes and Program Specific Outcomes

Programming in Advanced Python
CO.K PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4
CO1 2 3 2 2
CO2 2 3 2 2
CO3 2 3 3 3
CO4 3 3 3 3
CO5 3 3 3 3
Average 2.4 5 2.6 2.6
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 Prerequisite and Recap(CO2)

• Operators
• Loop
• Method
• Variables
• Class , Objects
• Constructor

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 Topic Objectives(CO2)

After you have read and studied this topic, you should be able to:
• Understand the concept of Object-Oriented Systems.

• Create class and objects.

• Understand the concept of Inheritance and its types.

• Able to know about Constructor.

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 Introduction to the Specialization(CO2)

• Python is used in Data Science Field.

• Python is implemented in IOT Field.
• Python Specialization in Artificial Intelligence tools.
• The python tools is also used in web Designing ,web crawling.
• Python is easily implemented in Machine Learning.
• We can specialized in Python Data Science tools.
• It is mostly used in Cloud Computing platform also.
• The specialization of Python is storing Data.
• The Specialization of Python is in Libraries of python.

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 Need for Object Oriented Approach (CO2)

• Challenges in developing a business application.

• If these challenges are not addressed, it may lead to

software crisis.
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 Need for Object Oriented Approach (CO2)

• Features needed in the business application to meet thes

challenges.

• Challenges can be addressed using object-oriented approach.

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 Pillars of OOPS (CO2)

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 Inheritance (CO2)

• The mechanism of deriving a new class from an old one (existin

class) such that the new class inherit all the members (variables an
methods) of old class is called inheritance or derivation.
• Parent class is the class being inherited from, also called bas
class.

• Child class is the class that inherits from another class, also calle
derived class.

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 Super Class and Sub Class (CO2)

The old class is referred to as the Super class and the new one is calle
the Sub class.
• Parent Class - Base Class or Super Class
• Child Class - Derived Class or Sub Class
Father
• Home
Parent Class • Money
• Business

Son
Child Class •
•
BMW
Job

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 13

 Advantage of Inheritance (CO2)
• All classes in python are built from a single super class called ‘obj
so whenever we create a class in python, object will become super
class for them internally.
class Mobile(object):
class Mobile:
• The main advantage of inheritance is code reusability.
• Python also allows the classes to inherit commonly used attributes
methods from other classes through inheritance.
• It is transitive in nature, which means that if class B inherits from
another class A, then all the subclasses of B would automatically
inherit from class A.
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 Type of Inheritance (CO2)

• Single Inheritance

• Multi-level Inheritance

• Hierarchical Inheritance

• Multiple Inheritance

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 Declaration of Child Class(CO2)

class ChildClassName (ParentClassName) :

members of Child class

class Mobile (object) :

members of Child class

class Mobile :
members of Child class

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 Single Inheritance(CO2)

If a class is derived from one base class (Parent Class), it is called

Single Inheritance.

object

Father Parent Class

Son Child Class

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 Single Inheritance Syntax(CO2)

Syntax:-
Parent Class
class ParentClassName(object):
members of Parent Class
Child Class
class ChildClassName(ParentClassName):
members of Child Class
Example:- Father
class Father:
members of class Father Parent Class
Son

class Son (Father):

Child Class
members of class Son
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 Single Inheritance(CO2)

• We can access Parent Class Variables and Methods using Child Cla
Object

• We can also access Parent Class Variables and Methods using Pare
Class Object

• We can not access Child Class Variables and Methods using Paren
Class Object

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 Single Inheritance Program (CO2)

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 Single Inheritance Program Output (CO2)

Output

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 Daily MCQs
1. A class can serve as base class for many derived classes.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A

2. Which of the following is not a type of inheritance?

A. Double-level
B. Multi-level
C. Single-level
D. Multiple
Answer: A

3. What does single-level inheritance mean?

A. A subclass derives from a class which in turn derives from another class
B. A single superclass inherits from multiple subclasses
C. A single subclass derives from a single superclass
D. Multiple base classes inherit a single derived class
Answer: C

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 The self Parameter (CO2)

• The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the clas

and is used to access variables that belongs to the class.
• self represents the instance of the class. By using the “self” keywor
we can access the attributes and methods of the class in python.
binds the attributes with the given arguments.

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 the __init__() Function(CO2)

• We want to add the __init__() function to the child class (instead

the pass keyword).
Example

• Add the __init__() function to the Student class:

class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
#add properties etc.

• When you add the __init__() function, the child class will no longer inherit
the parent's __init__() function.
• Note: The child's __init__() function overrides the inheritance of the
parent's __init__() function.
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 Example of the __init__() Function(CO2)

• To keep the inheritance of the parent's __init__() function, add

call to the parent's __init__() function:
class Person:
def __init__(self, fname, lname): Output
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname Nidhi Niet
def printname(self):
print(self.firstname, self.lastname)
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
Person.__init__(self, fname, lname)

x = Student(“Abhijit", “Niet")
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x.printname() (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 25
 Daily MCQs
1. What will be the output of below Python code?
class Student:
def __init__(self,name,id):
self.name=name
self.id=id
print(self.id)
std=Student("Simon",1)
std.id=2
print(std.id)

A. 1 1 B. 1 2 C. 2 1 D. 2 2
Answer: B

2. Which of the following is correct with respect to OOP concept in Python?

A. Objects are real world entities while classes are not real.
B. Classes are real world entities while objects are not real.
C. Both objects and classes are real world entities.
D. Both object and classes are not real.
Answer: A

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 Constructor in Inheritance(CO2)
By default, The constructor in the parent class is available to the child class.
class Father:
def __init__(self):
self.money = 2000
print("Father Class Constructor")
What will happen if we define
class Son (Father): constructor in both classes ?
def disp(self):
print(“Son Class Instance Method:”,self.money)

s = Son( )
s.disp()
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 Constructor Overriding(CO2)

• If we write constructor in the both classes, parent class and ch

class then the parent class constructor is not available to the ch
class.
• In this case only child class constructor is accessible which mea
child class constructor is replacing parent class constructor.
• Constructor overriding is used when programmer want to modify t
existing behavior of a constructor.

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 Constructor Overriding Program(CO2)
class Father:
def __init__(self):
self.money = 2000
print("Father Class Constructor")
class Son(Father): How can we call parent
def __init__(self): class constructor ?
self.money = 5000
print("Son Class Constructor")
def disp(self):
print(self.money)
s = Son()
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s.disp() (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 29
 Constructor with super( ) Method(CO2)

• If we write constructor in the both classes, parent class and ch

class then the parent class constructor is not available to the ch
class.
• In this case only child class constructor is accessible which mea
child class constructor is replacing parent class constructor.
• super ( ) method is used to call parent class constructor or metho
from the child class.

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 Daily MCQs
1. When a child class inherits from only one parent class, it is called?
A. single inheritance
B. singular inheritance
C. Multiple inheritance
D. Multilevel inheritance
Answer: A

2. The child's __init__() function overrides the inheritance of the parent's __init__() function.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. Can be true or false
D. Can not say
Answer: A

3. __________function that will make the child class inherit all the methods and properties from its parent.
A. self
B. __init__()
C. super
D. pass
Answer: C

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 Multi-level Inheritance(CO2)
In multi-level inheritance, the class inherits the feature of anoth
derived class (Child Class).

object

Father Parent Class

Son Child Class

GrandSon GrandChild Class

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 Multi-level Inheritance Syntax(CO2)

Syntax:- object
class ParentClassName(object):
members of Parent Class Parent Class

class ChildClassName(ParentClassName): Child Class

members of Child Class

Grand Child
class GrandChildClassName(ChildClassName):
members of Grand Child Class

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 Multi-level Inheritance Example(CO2)
object
class Father (object):
members of class Father
Parent Class Father

class Son (Father):

members of class Son Child Class Son

class GrandSon (Son): GrandChild Class GrandSon

members of class
GrandSon

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 Multi-level Inheritance Program(CO2)

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 Multi-level Inheritance Program(CO2)

OUTPUT

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 Daily MCQs
1. When two or more classes serve as base class for a derived class, the situation is known as ________
A. multiple inheritance
B. polymorphism
C. encapsulation
D. hierarchical inheritance
E. none of these
Answer: A

2. Multiple inheritance leaves room for a derived class to have _______ members.
A. dynamic
B. private
C. public
D. ambiguous
E. none of these
Answer: d

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 Hierarchical Inheritance(CO2)

object

Father Parent Class

Son Daughter Son

Child Class

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 Hierarchical Inheritance Syntax(CO2)

Syntax:- object
class ParentClassName(object):
members of Parent Class
Parent Class

class ChildClassName1(ParentClassName):
members of Child Class 2 Child Class 1 Child Class 2

class ChildClassName2(ParentClassName):
members of Child Class 2

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 Hierarchical Inheritance(CO2)

class Father (object): object

members of class Father Parent Class

Father
class Son (Father):
members of class Son Child Class
Son Daughter

class Daughter (Father):

members of class Daughter Child Class

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 Hierarchical Inheritance Program(CO2)

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 Hierarchical Inheritance Program(CO2)

OUTPUT

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 Multiple Inheritance(CO2)

If a class is derived from more than one parent class, then it is calle
multiple inheritance.

object

Parent Class Parent 1 Parent 2 Parent Class

Child Child Class

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 Multiple Inheritance Syntax(CO2)

Syntax:- object
class ParentClassName1(object):
members of Parent Class
Parent 1 Parent 2

class ParentClassName2(object):
members of Parent Class Child

class ChildClassName(ParentClassName1, ParentClassName2):

members of Child Class

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 Multiple Inheritance(CO2)

object
class Father (object):
members of class Father Parent Class
Father Mother

class Mother (object):

members of class Mother Parent Class Son

class Son (Father, Mother):

Child Class
members of class Son

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 Multiple Inheritance Program(CO2)

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 Multiple Inheritance Program(CO2)

OUTPUT

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 Daily Quiz
1.Which of the following best describes inheritance?
a) Ability of a class to derive members of another class as a part of its own definition.
b) Means of bundling instance variables and methods in order to restrict access to certain class me
c) Focuses on variables and passing of variables to functions
d) Allows for implementation of elegant software that is well designed and easily modified.
Answer: a
2. All subclasses are a subtype in object-oriented programming.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
3. When defining a subclass in Python that is meant to serve as a subtype, the subtype Pytho
keyword is used.
a) True
b) False Answer: b

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 Daily Quiz
4. What will be the output of the following Python code?
class Test:
def __init__(self):
self.x = 0
class Derived_Test(Test):
def __init__(self):
self.y = 1
def main(): Answer:c
b = Derived_Test()
print(b.x,b.y)
main()
a) 0 1
b) 0 0
c) Error because class B inherits A but variable x isn’t inherited
d) Error because when object is created, argument must be passed like
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Derived_Test(1) (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 49
 Daily Quiz
5.What will be the output of the following Python code?
class A():
def disp(self):
print("A disp()")
class B(A):
pass
obj = B()
obj.disp() Answer: d

a) Invalid syntax for inheritance

b) Error because when object is created, argument must be passed
c) Nothing is printed
d) A disp()

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 Weekly Assignment
Q1. A) Create child class Bus that will inherit all of the variables and methods of
the Vehicle class
Given:
class Vehicle:

def __init__(self, name, max_speed, mileage):

self.name = name
self.max_speed = max_speed
self.mileage = mileage
B) Create a Bus object that will inherit all of the variables and methods of the
Vehicle class and display it.
Q2. How to check if a class is subclass of another?
Q3. How to access parent members in a subclass?
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 Weekly Assignment
Q4. What will be the output of the following Python code?
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.__i = 1
self.j = 5
def display(self):
print(self.__i, self.j)
class B(A):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.__i = 2
self.j = 7
c = B()c.display()
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 52
 Weekly Assignment
Q5. Consider the figure given below and answer the questions that follows:

• Name the base class and the derived class.

• Which concept of OOP is implemented in the figure given above?

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 Old Question Papers

Q1. Predict the output of the following program. Also state which concept of OO
is being implemented?
def sum(x,y,z):
print “sum= ”, x+y+z
def sum(a,b):
print “sum= ”, a+b
sum(10,20)
sum(10,20,30)

Q2. Write a program that uses an area() function for the calculation of area o
triangle or a rectangle or a square. Number of sides (3, 2 or 1) suggest the shape
which the area is to be calculated.

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 Old Question Papers

Q3. Give a suitable example using Python code to illustrate single level inheritan
considering COUNTRY to be BASE class and STATE to be derived class.
Q4. What is the difference between Multilevel inheritance and multiple
inheritance? Give suitable examples to illustrate.
Q5. What are the different ways of overriding function call in derived class of
python? Illustrate with example.

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 Expected Questions for University Exam

Q1.What is the need of object-oriented systems? Explain with the help of clas
and objects.

Q2. What is Inheritance? How code reusability is achieved using inheritan

Explain with the help of a program.

Q3. Write short note on hybrid inheritance.

Q4. What is the difference between Multilevel inheritance
and multiple inheritance? Give suitable examples to illustrate.

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 Expected Questions for University Exam

Q5. Based on the diagram, answer the following:

• Write the name of the base class and the derived classes.
• Write the type of inheritance depicted in the above diagram.

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 SUMMARY

Inheritance allows us to define a class that inherits all the

methods and properties from another class. Parent class is the class
being inherited from, also called base class.

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 Class, methods and polymorphism

(Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2

59
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 CONTENTS

• Class Method
• Concrete method
• Abstract Class
• Instance Method
• MRO & Super()
• Polymorphism
• Method Overriding

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 Prerequisite and Recap(CO2)

• Operators
• Loop
• Method

• Variables
• Class , Objects
• Constructor

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 Topic Objectives(CO2)

After you have read and studied this topic, you should be able to
• Understand the class types and method.

• Understand how Polymorphism is done.

• Understand how method overriding is done.

(Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2

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 Type of Methods(CO2)

• Instance Methods
– Accessor Methods
– Mutator Methods

• Class Methods

• Static Methods Unit-1 Read already

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 Instance Method(CO2)
• Instance methods are the methods which act upon the instance
variables of the class.
• Instance method need to know the memory address of the instance
which is provided through self variable by default as first paramete
for the instance method.
Syntax:-
def method_name(self): Instance Method without Parameter/Formal Arguments
function body

def method_name(self, f1, f2): Instance Method with Parameter/Formal Arguments

function body

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 Calling Instance Method w/o Argument(CO2)
Instance methods are bound to object of the class so we call instance
method with object name.

Syntax:- object_name.method_name()
Ex:- realme.show_model()
class Mobile:
def show_model(self):
print(“RealMe X”)
realme = Mobile( )
realme.show_model() Calling Instance Method w/o Argument

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 Calling Instance Method with Argument(CO2)
Syntax:- object_name.method_name(Actual_argument)
Ex:- realme.show_model(1000)
class Mobile:
def __init__(self):
self.model = ‘RealMe X’
def show_model(self, p):
self.price = p
print(self.model, self.price)

realme = Mobile( )
realme.show_model(1000) Calling Method with argument

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 Accessor Method(CO2)

This method is used to access or read data of the variables. This meth
do not modify the data in the variable. This is also called as getter
method.
class Mobile:
Ex:-
def __init__(self):
def get_value(self): self.model = ‘RealMe X’
def get_result(self): def get_model(self):
def get_name(self): return self.model
def get_id(self):
realme = Mobile( )
m = realme.get_model()
print(m)
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 Mutator Method(CO2)

This method is used to access or read and modify data of the variable
This method modify the data in the variable. This is also called as set
method.
class Mobile: class Mobile:
Ex:-
def __init__(self):
def set_value(self): self.model = def set_model(self,
def set_result(self): ‘RealMe X’ m):
def set_name(self): self.model = m
def set_id(self): def set_model(self):
self.model = realme = Mobile( )
‘RealMe 2’ realme.set_model(‘Real
realme = Mobile( ) Me X’)
realme.set_model()
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 Class Methods(CO2)

Class methods are the methods which act upon the class variables or
static variable of the class.
Decorator @classmethod need to write above the class method.
By default, the first parameter of class method is cls which refers to the class itse
Syntax:-
Decorator
@classmethod
def method_name(cls):
Class Method without Parameter/Formal Arguments
method body
Decorator
@classmethod
def method_name(cls, f1, f2): Class Method with Parameter/Formal Arguments
method body
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 Class Method without Parameter(CO2)

class Mobile: class Mobile: Class Variable

Decorator
@classmethod fp = ‘Yes’ Decorator
Class Method
def show_model(cls): @classmethod
print(“RealMe X”) def show_model(cls): Class Method
print(cls.fp)
realme = Mobile( ) Accessing Class variable
realme = Mobile( ) Inside Class Method

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 Calling Class Method without Argument(CO2)

Syntax:- Classname.method_name()

class Mobile:
@classmethod
def show_model(cls):
print(“RealMe X”)

realme = Mobile( ) Calling Class Method w/o Argument

Mobile.show_model()

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 Class Method with Parameter(CO2)

class Mobile:
Class Variable
fp = ‘Yes’
Defining Method with parameter
Decorator
@classmethod
def show_model(cls, r):
cls.ram = r
print(cls.fp, cls.ram)

realme = Mobile( )

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 Class Method with Parameter Program(CO2)

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 Calling Class Method with Argument(CO2)

Syntax:- Classname.method_name(Actual_argument)
Ex:- Mobile.show_model(‘4GB’)
class Mobile:
fp = ‘Yes’
@classmethod
def show_model(cls, r):
cls.ram = r
print(cls.fp, cls.ram)
realme = Mobile( )
Mobile.show_model(101) Calling Method with argument
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 Static Methods(CO2)

• Static Methods are used when some processing is related to the class but does
need the class or its instances to perform any work.
• We use static method when we want to pass some values from outside
perform some action in the method.

Decorator @staticmethod need to write above the static method.

Syntax:-
Decorator
@staticmethod
def method_name():
Static Method without Parameter/Formal Arguments
method body
Decorator
@staticmethod
def method_name(f1, f2):
Static Method with Parameter/Formal Arguments
method body
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 Static Method without Parameter(CO2)

class Mobile: Decorator

class Mobile:
@staticmethod fp = ‘Yes’
Static Method
def show_model(): @staticmethod
print(“RealMe X”) def show_model(): Static Met

print(Mobile.fp)
realme = Mobile( )
realme = Mobile( )

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 Calling Static Method without Argument(CO2)

Syntax:- Classname.method_name()

class Mobile:
@staticmethod
def show_model():
print(“RealMe X”)

realme = Mobile( )
Mobile.show_model() Calling Static Method w/o Argument

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 77

 Static Method with Parameter(CO2)

class Mobile:
Decorator @staticmethod Defining Method with parameter

def show_model(m, p):

model = m
price = p
print(model, price)
realme = Mobile( )

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 78

 Calling Static Method with Argument(CO2)

Syntax:- Classname.method_name(Actual_argument)
Ex:- Mobile.show_model(1000)
class Mobile:
@staticmethod
def show_model(m, p):
model = m
price = p
print(model, price)
realme = Mobile( )
Mobile.show_model(‘RealMe X’, 1000) Calling Method with argument

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 79

 Daily MCQs
1. To create a class, use the keyword?
A. new
B. except
C. class
D. Object
Answer: C
2. ___is used to create an object.
A. class
B. constructor
C. user-defined functions
D. In-built functions
Answer: B
3. _____ represents an entity in the real world with its identity and behavior.
A. A method
B. An object
C. A class
D. An operator
Answer:B

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 80

 Daily MCQs
4. Special methods need to be explicitly called during object creation.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
5. Overriding means changing behaviour of methods of derived class methods in the base class.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer: B
6. Which of the following is not a class method?
A. Non-static
B. Static
C. Bounded
D. Unbounded
Answer:A

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 81

 Abstract Class(CO2)
1. A class derived from ABC class which belongs to abc module
known as abstract class in Python.
2. ABC Class is known as Meta Class which means a class that defi
the behavior of other classes. So we can say, Meta Class A
defines that the class which is derived from it becomes an abstr
class.
3. Abstract Class can have abstract method and concrete methods.
4. Abstract Class needs to be extended and its method implemented
5. PVM can not create objects of an abstract class.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 82

 Abstract Class Program(CO2)

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 83

 Abstract Class Program(CO2)

OUTPUT

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 84

 Abstract Method(CO2)
An abstract method is a method whose action is redefined in the child
classes as per the requirement of the object.
We can declare a method as abstract method by using
@abstractmethod decorator.
Ex:-
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
Class Father(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def disp(self):
pass

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 85

 Concrete Method(CO2)
A Concrete method is a method whose action is defined in the abstrac
class itself.
Ex:-
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
Class Father(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def disp(self):
pass
def show(self): Abstract Method / Method Without Body

print(“Concrete Method”) Concrete Method / Method with Body

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 86

 Rules of Abstract Class (CO2)

• PVM cannot create objects of an abstract class.

• It is not necessary to declare all methods abstract in an abstra
class.
• Abstract Class can have abstract method and concrete methods.
• If there is any abstract method in a class, that class must be abstrac
• The abstract methods of an abstract class must be defined in
child class/subclass.
• If you are inheriting any abstract class that have abstract metho
you must either provide the implementation of the method or mak
this class abstract.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 87

 When use Abstract Class(CO2)

We use abstract class when there are some common feature shared by
all the objects as they are.
Defence Force Gun is the common feature
Gun = AK 47
Area = shared by all Forces but area
is different for them.

Army Air Force Navy

Gun = AK 47 Gun = AK 47 Gun = AK 47
Area = Land Area = Sky Area = Sea

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 88

 Daily MCQs
1. What is an abstract class?
A. An abstract class is one without any child classes.
B. An abstract class is any parent class with more than one child class.
C. An abstract class is class which cannot be instantiated, but can be a base class.
D. abstract class is another name for "base class."
Answer: C
2. Can an abstract parent class have non-abstract children?
A. No—an abstract parent must have only abstract children.
B. No—an abstract parent must have no children at all.
C. Yes—all children of an abstract parent must be non-abstract.
D. Yes—an abstract parent can have both abstract and non-abstract children.
Answer: D

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 89

 Method Resolution Order (MRO)(CO2)

In the multiple inheritance scenario members of class are searched fir

in the current class. If not found, the search continues into pare
classes in depth-first, left to right manner without searching the sam
class twice.
• Search for the child class before going to its parent class.
• When a class is inherited from several classes, it searches in t
order from left to right in the parent classes.
• It will not visit any class more than once which means a class in t
inheritance hierarchy is traversed only once exactly.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 90

 Method Resolution Order (MRO)(CO2)
s = Son()
• The search will start from Son. As the object of
Son is created, the constructor of Son is called.
• Son has super().__init__() inside his
constructor so its parent class, the one in the object
left side ‘Father’ class’s constructor is called.
• Father class also has super().__init__() inside
his constructor so its parent ‘object’ class’s
Father Mother
constructor is called.
• Object does not have any constructor so the
search will continue down to right hand side
class (Mother) of object class so Mother class’s
Son
constructor is called.
• As Mother class also has super().__inti__() so
its parent class ‘object’ constructor is called
but as object class already visited, the search
will stop here.
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 91
 Use the super() Function(CO2)

Python also has a super() function that will make the child
class inherit all the methods and properties from its parent.

Example
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
super().__init__(fname, lname)

By using the super() function, you do not have to use the nam
of the parent element, it will automatically inherit the metho
and properties from its parent.
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 92
 Use the super() Function(CO2)
1. __________function that will make the child class inherit all the methods and properties from its parent.
A. self
B. __init__()
C. super
D. pass
Answer: C

2. What will be output for the folllowing code?

class A:
def __init__(self, x= 1):
self.x = x
class der(A):
def __init__(self,y = 2):
super().__init__()
self.y = y
def main():
obj = der()
print(obj.x, obj.y)
main()
A. Error, the syntax of the invoking method is wrong
B. The program runs fine but nothing is printed
C. 1 0
D. 1 2
Answer: D
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 93
 Polymorphism(CO2)

• Polymorphism is a word that came from two greek words, poly

means many and morphos means forms.
• If a variable, object or method perform different behavior
according to situation, it is called polymorphism.

• Method Overriding
• Method Overloading
• Operator Overloading

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 94

 Polymorphic len() function(CO2)

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 95

 Method overriding (CO2)
• The method overriding in Python means creating two methods with t
same name but differ in the programming logic.

• The concept of Method overriding allows us to change or override

Parent Class function in the Child Class.

• You can’t override a method within the same class. It means you ha
to do it in the child class using the Inheritance concept.

• To override the Parent Class method, you have to create a method

the Child class with the same name and the same number of
7/27/2021 parameters. (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 96
 Method overriding Syntax(CO2)
# Python Method Overriding
class Employee:
def message(self):
print('This message is from Employee Class')
class Department(Employee):
def message(self):
print('This Department class is inherited from Employee')
emp = Employee()
emp.message()
print('------------')
dept = Department()
dept.message()
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 97
 Method overriding(CO2)

Output:

This message is from Employee Class

------------
This Department class is inherited from Employee

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 98

 Method Overriding with arguments(CO2)
class Employee:
def add(self, a, b):
print('The Sum of Two = ', a + b)
class Department(Employee):
def add(self, a, b, c):
print('The Sum of Three = ', a + b + c)
emp = Employee()
emp.add(10, 20)
print('------------')
dept = Department()
dept.add(50, 130, 90)
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 99
 Method Overriding with arguments(CO2)

Output:

The Sum of Two = 30

------------
'The Sum of Three = 270

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 100

 Method Overriding(CO2)

class Add:
def result(self, a, b):
print(“Addition:”, a+b)

class Multi(Add):
def result(self, a, b):
print(“Multiplication:”, a*b)

m = Multi()
m.result(10, 20)
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 101
 Method with super( ) Method(CO2)

• If we write method in the both classes, parent class and child cla
then the parent class’s method is not available to the child class.
• In this case only child class’s method is accessible which mea
child class’s method is replacing parent class’s method.

• super ( ) method is used to call parent class’s constructor or metho

from the child class.
Syntax:- super().methodName()

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 102

 Weekly Assignment

Q1.Write short notes on:

1) MRO
2) Super()
3) Abstract Class
Q2.What are the different ways of overriding function call in derived class
python? Illustrate with example.

Q3.Why use Abstract Base Classes?

Q4.How Abstract Base classes work?

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 103

 Weekly Assignment

Q5. What is the output of following program:

class A:
def rk(self):
print(" In class A")
class B(A):
def rk(self):
print(" In class B")

r = B()
r.rk()

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 104

 Daily MCQs
1.Which of the following represents a template, blueprint, or contract
that defines objects of the same type?
a. A class Answer: a
b. An object
c. A method
d. A data field
2.Which of the following represents a distinctly identifiable entity in
the real world?
Answer: b
a. A class
b. An object
c. A method
d. A data field

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 105

 Daily MCQs
1. Overriding means changing behaviour of methods of derived class methods in the base class.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
2. What will be the output of the following Python code?
class A:
def __repr__(self):
return "1"
class B(A):
def __repr__(self):
return "2"
class C(B):
def __repr__(self):
return "3"
o1 = A()
o2 = B()
o3 = C()
print(obj1, obj2, obj3)
A. 1 1 1
B. 1 2 3
7/27/2021 C. ‘1’ ‘1’ ‘1’ (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 106
D. An exception is thrown
 Daily Quiz
1.Which of the following best describes polymorphism?
a) Ability of a class to derive members of another class as a part of its own definition
b) Means of bundling instance variables and methods in order to restrict access to certain cla
members
c) Focuses on variables and passing of variables to functions
d) Allows for objects of different types and behaviour to be treated as the same general type
Answer: d
2.A class in which one or more methods are only implemented to raise an exception is called
abstract class.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
3.Overriding means changing behaviour of methods of derived class methods in the base cl
a) True
b) False
Answer: b

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 107

 Daily Quiz
4.What will be the output of the following Python code?
class A:
def __repr__(self):
return "1"
class B(A):
def __repr__(self):
return "2”
class C(B):
def __repr__(self):
Answer: b
return "3"
o1 = A()
o2 = B()
o3 = C()
print(obj1, obj2, obj3)
a) 1 1 1
b) 1 2 3
c) ‘1’ ‘1’ ‘1’
d) An exception is thrown
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 108
 Old Question Papers
Q1. What is the output of following python code?
class Parent():
def __init__(self):
self.value = "Inside Parent"
def show(self):
print(self.value)
class Child(Parent):
def __init__(self):
self.value = "Inside Child"
def show(self):
print(self.value)
obj1 = Parent()
obj2 = Child()
obj1.show()
obj2.show()
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 109
 Old Question Papers
Q2. What should be the output of calling the parent's class method inside t
overridden method?
class Parent():
def show(self):
print("Inside Parent")
class Child(Parent):
def show(self):
Parent.show(self)
print("Inside Child")
obj = Child()
obj.show()

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 110

 Old Question Papers

Q3.What is super method? Explain with example.

Q4. Explain method overriding with suitable example.

Q5.What is method resolution operator? Support your answer with suitable

example.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 111

 Expected Questions for University Exam

Q1. Write short note on- (a) Method overriding

(b) Polymorphism
Q2. Explain method overriding with suitable example.
Q3. What is method resolution operator? Support your answer with suitable
example.
Q4. Explain the concept of polymorphism by giving suitable examples.
Q5. Explain calling the parent's class method inside the overridden method .

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 112

 SUMMARY

Polymorphism lets us define methods in the child class that

have the same name as the methods in the parent class.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 113

 Introspection

(Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2

114
7/27/2021
 CONTENTS

• Introspection: Introspection types , Introspection objects

• Introspection scopes, Inspect modules, Introspect tools

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 115

 Prerequisite and Recap(CO2)

• Loop
• Method
• Variables
• Class , Objects
• Constructor

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 116

 Topic Objectives(CO2)

After you have read and studied this topic, you should be able to:
• Understand Introspection using python.

• Understand Introspection tools using python.

(Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2

7/27/2021 117
 Introspection(CO2)

• Introspection is an ability to determine the type of an object

runtime.
• Everything in python is an object.
• Every object in Python may have attributes and methods.
• Introspection reveals useful information about your program
objects.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 118

 Code Introspection(CO2)

• Code Introspection is used for examining the classes, metho

objects, modules, keywords and get information about them so th
we can utilize it.

• Python, being a dynamic, object-oriented programming langua

provides tremendous introspection support. Python’s support
introspection runs deep and wide throughout the language.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 119

 Introspection Types(CO2)

Python provides some built-in functions that are used for co

introspection. These are following:
• type() : This function returns the type of an object
• dir() :This function return list of methods and attributes associa
with that object.
• str() :This function converts everything into a string
• id() :This function returns a special id of an object.
• isinstance(): Using this function, we can determine if a certain obj
is an instance of the specified class.
• hasattr(): to check if it has the attribute

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 120

 Code Introspection(CO2)

type() : This function returns the type of an object

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 121

 Code Introspection(CO2)

dir() :This function return list of methods and attributes

associated with that object.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 122

 Code Introspection(CO2)

str() :This function converts everything into a string

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 123

 Code Introspection(CO2)

id() :This function returns a special id of an object.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 124

 Method Of Code Introspection(CO2)

Function Description
help() It is used to find what other functions do.
hasattr() Checks if an object has an attribute.
getattr() Returns the contents of an attribute if there are some.
repr() Return the string representation of object.
callable() Checks if an object has a callable object or not.
Issubclass() Checks if a specific class is a derived class of another
class.
Isinstance() Checks if an object is an instance of a specific class.
sys() Give access to system specific variables and functions.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 125

 Introspection Objects(CO2)
1. In computer programming, introspection is the ability to determ
the type of an object at runtime.
2. It is one of Python's strengths. Everything in Python is
an object and we can examine those objects:
• type()
• dir()
• id()
• getattr()
• hasattr()
• globals()
• locals()
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 126
 Introspection Scopes(CO2)
• Python contains two built-in functions for examining the conten
scopes.
• The first function is globals().
• This returns a dictionary which represents the global namespace.
• Let’s define a variable a = 42 and call globals() again, and we can
that the binding of the name 'a' to the value of 42 has been adde
the namespace.
• In fact, the dictionary returned by globals() is the global namesp
Let's create a variable tau and assign value 6.283185.
• We can now use this variable just like any other variables. The sec
function is locals().
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 127
 Introspection Scopes(CO2)

• To really see locals() in action, we're are going to create another lo

scope, which we can do by defining a function that accepts a sin
argument, defines a variable X to have a value of 496, and then pri
the locals() dictionary with a width of 10 characters.
• When run, we see that this function has the expected three entries
in its local namespace. By using locals() to provide the dictionary
we can easily refer to local variables in format strings.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 128

 Inspect Module (CO2)

• The inspect module helps in checking the objects present in the co

that we have written.

• As Python is an OOP language and all the code that is writ

is basically an interaction between these objec
hence the inspect module becomes very useful in inspecti
certain modules or certain objects.

• We can also use it to get a detailed analysis of certain

function calls or tracebacks so that debugging can be easier.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 129

 Methods to verify the type of token(CO2)
• The inspect module provides a lot of methods, these methods can
classified into two categories i.e. methods to verify the type of tok
and methods to retrieve the source of token.
• The most commonly used methods of both catego
are mentioned below.
• isclass(): The isclass() method returns True if that object is a class
or false otherwise.
• When it combined with the getmembers() functions it shows the cla
and its type. It is used to inspect live classes.
• ismodule(): This returns true if the given argument is an
imported module.
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 130
 Methods to verify the type of token(CO2)
The most commonly used methods of both categories a
mentioned below.
• isfunction(): This method returns true if the given argument is
inbuilt function name.
• ismethod(): This method is used to check if the argument passed
the name of a method or not.

o/p---True

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 131

 Methods to retrieve the source of token(CO2)
• getclasstree(): The getclasstree() method will help in getting a
inspecting class hierarchy. It returns a tuple of that class and that
its preceding base classes. That combined with the getmro() meth
which returns the base classes helps in understanding the cla
hierarchy.
• getmembers(): This method returns the member functio
present in the module passed as an argument of this method.

• stack(): This method helps in examining the interpreter stack

or the order in which functions were called.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 132

 Methods to retrieve the source of token(CO2)

• getsource(): This method returns the source code of a modu

class, method, or a function passes as an argume
of getsource() method.
• getmodule(): This method returns the module name of
particular object pass as an argument in this method.

• getdoc(): The getdoc() method returns the documentation

the argument in this method as a string.

• signature(): The signature() method helps the user in

understanding the attributes which are to be passed on to a functio

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 133

 Program of Inspect(CO2)

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 134

 Introspect Tools(CO2)
• We'll now build a tool to introspect objects by leveraging
interesting techniques we've discussed and bring them together i
a useful program.

• Our objective is to create a function, which when passed

single object prints out a nicely formatted dump of that objec
attributes with rather more clarity.

• This is a small tool that we are going to create and the main u
case of this tool is to help us identify a different aspect of th
objects with respect to its type, methods, attributes, an
documentation.

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 135

 Weekly Assignment
Q1. Python provides some built-in functions that are used for code
introspection. Explain them with examples.
Q2. Write short note on following functions:
Type()
Dir()
Str()
Q3. What are methods of code introspection? Explain.
Q4. What does isinstance() and issubclass() describes?
Q5. What does getattr() and hasattr() method are used for?

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 136

 MCQs
1. Which is not introspection method?
a) help()
b) sys()
Answer: d
c) repr()
d) remove()
2.Which of the following is not an introspection object?
a) type()
b) id()
Answer: d
c) dir()
d) Unbounded()
3.Special methods need to be explicitly called during object creation.
a) True
b) False Answer: b

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 137

 Daily Quiz
1. Is the following Python code valid?
class B(object):
def first(self):
print("First method called")
def second():
print("Second method called")
ob = B()
B.first(ob)
a) It isn’t as the object declaration isn’t right
b) It isn’t as there isn’t any __init__ method for initializing class members
c) Yes, this method of calling is called unbounded method call
d) Yes, this method of calling is called bounded method call
Answer: c
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 138
 Old Question Papers
Q1. In the following program find out which objects are callable.
Callable.py
class Car(object):
def setName(self, name):
self.name = name
def fun():
pass
c = Car()
print(callable(fun))
print(callable(c.setName))
print(callable([]))
print(callable(1))
Q2. Explain various methods used for introspection
(Programming in Advanced Python)
in python.
Unit No:2
7/27/2021 139
Q3.What does callable() describes?
 Old Question Papers

Q4. Explain various ways of inspecting Python objects.

Q5. What should be the output of the following program?
# subclass.py
class Object(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
class Wall(Object):
def __init__(self):
pass
print(issubclass(Object, Object))
print(issubclass(Object, Wall))
print(issubclass(Wall, Object))
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 140
print(issubclass(Wall, Wall))
 Expected Questions for University Exam
Q1.What does callable() describes?
Q2. Explain various ways of inspecting Python objects.
Q3. What are introspection tools? Explain them briefly.
Q4. Explain with example issubclass() and getattr() functions.
Q5. Explain inspect modules with example.
Q6. What should be the output of the following program?
class Object(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
class Wall(Object):
def __init__(self):
pass
print(issubclass(Object, Object))
print(issubclass(Object, Wall))
print(issubclass(Wall, Object))
print(issubclass(Wall, Wall))
7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 141
 Video Links/You Tube Links

– https://www.python-course.eu/python3_inheritance.php
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9x475OGj_U
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byHcYRpMgI4
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsAPt_9Bf3U

7/27/2021 (Programming in Advanced Python) Unit No:2 142

 TEXT & REFERENCE BOOKS
Text books:
(1) Magnus Lie Hetland, "Beginning Python-From Novice to Professional"—Third Edition, Apre

(2) Peter Morgan, Data Analysis from Scratch with Python, AI Sciences

(3) Allen B. Downey, “Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist”, 2nd
edition, Updated for Python 3, Shroff/O‘Reilly Publishers, 2016

(4) Miguel Grinberg, Developing Web applications with python, OREILLY

Reference Books:
(1) Dusty Phillips, Python 3 Object-oriented Programming - Second Edition, O’Reilly

(2) Burkhard Meier, Python GUI Programming Cookbook - Third , Packt

(3) DOUG HELLMANN, THE PYTHON 3 STANDARD LIBRARY BY EXAMPLE, :Pyth 3
Libr Exam _2 (Developer's Library) 1st Edition, Kindle Edition.

(4) Kenneth A. Lambert, ―Fundamentals of Python: First Programs‖, CENGAGE Learning, 201
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 SUMMARY

Introspection is an ability to determine the type of an

object at runtime. Everything in python is an object. Every
object in Python may have attributes and methods.

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 THANK YOU

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