THEN

You have learned how to perform

operations on whole numbers.

NOW
In this chapter, you will:
Write algebraic expressions and
use the order of operations.
Define appropriate quantities for
descriptive modeling.
Represent and interpret relations
and functions.
Interpret the graphs of functions.

G WHY
SCUBA DIVING A scuba diving store
rents air tanks and wet suits. An
algebraic expression can be written
to represent the total cost for a
group to rent this equipment.
Use the Mathematical Practices
to complete the activity.
1. Use Tools Use the Internet or
another source to find the rental
fees for scuba diving equipment.
2. Sense-Making Make a table that
displays the cost of renting the
equipment for 1through 7 days.
3. Model With Mathematics Use the
Line Graph tool in ConnectED to plot
each data point. Let x be the number
of days and y be the rental cost.
oa. Otfpft

O'Mr1~&ab!EifJP"IIIIH

--
0

""'

4. Discuss Suppose a scuba rental

charges $200 per week. Compare
this fee to the data you found.
m Go Online to Guide Your Learning
Explore & Explain Organize

The Geometer's Sketchpad Foldables

Visualize the order of operations using the Get organized! Create an
Order of Operations sketch in Lesson 1-2. Expressions and Functions
Foldable before you start the
chapter to arrange your notes on
expressions and functions.

Tools
_
Cti-.t»•._....._..,..,_ ......
... ..................,...,..,
_ . . , .. ,_..,.._Tod~Mfe•-.dick

"-* liMite
Explore relations and functions with the

DD
Mapping tool. How can you tell if a relation
is a function?
Collaborate

~~ ... Chapter Project

In the Want to Be Your Own Boss?
project, you will use what you have
i§:tfflil learned about expressions to
represent quantities that relate to
Interactive Student Guide business. -- --- -- .
Before starting the chapter, answer the __.._________ - ---- --
~---
Chapter Focus preview questions. Check ~~~-;;_~~ -·- ------

~~r.
your answers as you complete each lesson. -------·
At the end of the chapter, try the
Performance Task. ·~ 1
::-.:==:::-..

Focus

LEARNSMART. ALEKs·
Need help studying? ~.-
1-= ........ You can use the Arithmetic
Complete the Readiness, Real Numbers, and
Analyze and Linear Equations topics in
Interpret Functions ALEKS to find out what you
domains in LearnS mart to know about expressions and
review for the chapter test. functions and what you are
ready to learn.*'

11< Ask your teacher if this is part of your program.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 3
Get Ready for the Chapter
Connecting Concepts New Vocabulary

Concept Check English Espanol

Review the concepts used in this chapter by answering algebraic expression p.S expression algebraica
each question below.
variable p.S variable
1. A fraction is in simplest form if the numerator and
denominator have no common factors. If you know term p.S termino
that 54 out of 180 customers choose cookie-dough ice power p.S potencia
cream as their favorite flavor, how can you express
coefficient p.26 coeficiente
this information as a fraction in simplest form?
metric p.33 met rico
2. Explain what it means to find the perimeter of a
geometric figure. accuracy p.34 exactitud
3. How do you find the perimeter of a triangle? relation p.42 relacfon
1 .
4. How do you evaluate 6
2 m. domain p.42 domino
P = 2£ + 2wfor the
rectangle shown?
b d 2tin
range
independent variable
p.42
p.44
ran go
variable independiente

5. How can you use P = 2£ + 2wto find the amount of dependent variable p.44 variable dependiente
fencing needed to enclose a rectangular garden that function p.49 funci6n
measures 6 meters by 4 meters?
intercept p.58 intersecci6n
6. Describe what method you would use to evaluate a
numeric expression. line symmetry p.59 simetrfa

7. Describe the first step to cut a board measuring end behavior p.59 comportamiento final
72 feet into three equal pieces.

Performance Task Preview

You can use the concepts and
skills in this chapter to solve
problems about determining
how far horizontally a rock will
fall from a cliff and how long it
takes to fall. Understanding how
__
~==~=::..:.=~.:_
...... __ M
EIJ-
....
Review Vocabulary
~:::..==.::::::. ::::. =:=- :
to make and graph a table of
values ford= 2t will help you -
L E-:;2~12~~~.*§:~
additive inverse inverso aditivo a number and its opposite
multiplicative inverse inverso multiplicative
finish the Performance Task at
two numbers with a product of 1
the end of the chapter.
perimeter perfmetro the distance . - - - - p -----.,
~ In this Performance Task you will:
around a geometric figure
• make sense of problems
• reason abstractly
h
• model with mathematics

4 I Chapter 1 I Expressions and Functions

• You performed
operations on
•1 Write verbal
expressions for
• Cassie and her friends are at a
baseball game. The stadium is
integers. algebraic expressions. running a promotion where hot dogs
are $0.10 each. Suppose d represents
2
Write algebraic
expressions for verbal
expressions.
the number of hot dogs Cassie and
her friends eat. Then 0.10d represents
the cost, in dollars, of the hot dogs
they eat.

·f:bl New
Vocabulary
algebraic expression
variable
1Write Verbal Expressions An algebraic expression consists of sums and/or
products of numbers and variables. In the algebraic expression O.lOd, the letter dis
called a variable. In algebra, variables are symbols used to represent unspecified numbers
term or values. Any letter may be used as a variable.
factor
product O.lOd 2x +4 3 + 6z p•q 4cd ...;- 3mn
power
exponent A term of an expression may be a number, a variable, or a product or quotient of
base numbers and variables. For example, O.lOd, 2x, and 4 are each terms.

A term that contains x or other A term that does not

G Mathematical letters is sometimes referred to
as a variable term.
2x +4 have a variable is a
constant term.
Practices
4 Model with
mathematics. In a multiplication expression, the quantities being multiplied are factors, and the result
is the product. A raised dot or set of parentheses is often used to indicate a product. Here
are several ways to represent the product of x and y.
xy x·y x(y) (x)y (x)(y)

An expression like xn is called a power. The word xn

~ (lxponent )
power can also refer to the exponent. The exponent indicates
the number of times the base is used as a factor. In an
expression of the form xn, the base is x. The expression
xn is read "x to the nth power." When no exponent is
shown, it is understood to be 1. For example, a = a1.

Example1 Write Verbal Expressions

Study Tip Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression.
Using Your Text Notice that
new terms are listed at the a. 3x 4 b. 5z 4 + 16
beginning of the lesson and three times x to the 5 times z to the fourth power
also highlighted in context.
fourth power plus sixteen

uided Practlc
1A. 16u 2 - 3 18. ta + ~ 7

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 5
 2Write Algebraic Expressions Another important skill is translating verbal
expressions into algebraic expressions.

aS, Key Concept Translating Verbal to Algebraic Expressions

Operation Verbal Phrases
Addition more than, sum, plus, increased by, added to

Subtraction less than, subtracted from, difference, decreased by, minus

GoOnline! ~ Multiplication product of, multiplied by, times, of

Personal Tutors for each

Division quotient of, divided by
...

example let you follow

along as a teacher solves a
problem. Pause and rewind
as you need.
Example2 Write Algebraic Expressions
Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.
r ... .n.t.,...t
.......,
tt.o....t.ot.,...{ a. a number t more than 6
-~ ~~..J. ~
~~"j The words more than suggest addition.
1c..sk.¥sf""'-
Thus, the algebraic expression is 6 + tort+ 6.

b. 10 less than the product of 7 and f

Less than implies subtraction, and product suggests multiplication.
So the expression is written as 7f- 10.

c. two thirds of the volume v

The word of with a fraction implies that you should multiply.
The expression could be written as iv 2
or ; .

Guided Practice
2A. the product of p and 6 28. one third of the area a

Variables can represent quantities that are known and quantities that are unknown. They
are also used in formulas, expressions, and equations.

Real-World Example 3 Write an Expression

SPORTS MARKETING Mr. Martinez orders 250 key chains printed with his athletic
SPORTS MARKETING
....srs=
· Sports marketers promote team's logo and 500 pencils printed with its Web address. Write an algebraic
and manage athletes, teams, expression that represents the cost of the order.
facilities, and sports-related
Let k be the cost of each key chain and p be the cost of each pencil. Then the cost of
businesses and organizations.
A minimum of a bachelor's the key chains is 250k, and the cost of the pencils is 500p. The cost of the order is
degree in sports represented by 250k + 500p.
management or business

~
administration is preferred.
Guided Practice {/)

~
3. COFFEE SHOP Katie bakes 40 pastries and makes coffee for 200 people. Write an ~
algebraic expression to represent the cost of this situation. ~

I
6 I Lesson 1-1 I Variables and Expressions
 Check Your Understandln = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11.
Example 1 Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression.
1. 2m 2. tr 4 3. a2 - 18b

Example 2 Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.

4. the sum of a number and 14 5. 6 less a number t
6. 7 more than 11 times a number 7. 1 minus the quotient of r and 7
8. two fifths of the square of a number j 9. n cubed increased by 5

Example 3 10. GROCERIES Mr. Bailey purchased some groceries that cost d dollars. He paid with a
$50 bill. Write an expression for the amount of change he will receive.

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R1.

Example 1 Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression.

1
11. 4q 12. sY 13. 15 +r 14. w- 24
r4
15. 3x 2 16. 9 (17) 2a +6 18. r 4 • t3

Example 2 Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.

19. x more than 7 20. a number less 35
21. 5 times a number 22. one third of a number
23. f divided by 10 24. the quotient of 45 and r
25. three times a number plus 16 26. 18 decreased by 3 times d
2l k squared minus 11 28. 20 divided by t to the fifth power

Example 3 29. GEOMETRY The volume of a cylinder is 7\ times the radius

r squared multiplied by the height h. Write an expression
for the volume.
h

30. FINANCIAL LITERACY Jocelyn makes x dollars per hour working

at the grocery store and n dollars per hour babysitting. Write
an expression that describes her earnings if she babysat for
25 hours and worked at the grocery store for 15 hours.

Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression.

31. 25 + 6x 2 32. 6f 2 + Sf 33. 3as
2

34. G SENSE-MAKING A local gym membership costs $20 per month plus additional
activity charges. If xis the number of exercise classes taken above the planned amount
and y is the number of massages taken above the planned amount, interpret each
expression.
a. 15x
b. 55y
c. 15x + 55y + 20

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 7
 @ DREAMS It is believed that about t of our dreams involve people that we know.
a. Write an expression to describe the number of dreams that feature people you know
if you have d dreams.
b. Use the expression you wrote to predict the number of dreams that include people
you know out of 28 dreams.

36. SPORTS In football, a touchdown is awarded 6 points and the team then may attempt a
kick for a point after a touchdown.
a. Write an expression that describes the number of points scored on
touchdowns T and points after touchdowns p by one team in a game.
b. If a team wins a football game 27-0, write an equation to represent the possible
number of touchdowns and points after touchdowns by the winning team.
c. If a team wins a football game 21-7, how many possible number of touchdowns and
points after touchdowns were scored during the game by both teams?

37. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will explore the multiplication of
powers with like bases.
a. Tabular Copy and complete the table.
102 X 10 1 = 10 X 10 X 10 = 103
102 X 102 = 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 = 10 4
102 X 10 3 = 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 = ?
102 X 10 4 = ? = ?

b. Algebraic Write an equation for the pattern in the table.

c. Verbal Make a conjecture about the exponent of the product of two powers
with like bases.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

38. G REASONING Explain the differences between an algebraic expression and a verbal
expression.

39. OPEN ENDED Define a variable to represent a real-life quantity, such as time in minutes
or distance in feet. Then use the variable to write an algebraic expression to represent
one of your daily activities. Describe in words what your expression represents, and
explain your reasoning.

40. ERROR ANALYSIS Consuela and James are writing an algebraic expression for three
times the sum of n squared and 3. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Consuela )0\'MeS

3(n2. + 3) ,~2 +'3

41. CHALLENGE For the cube, x represents a positive whole number.

Find the value of x such that the volume of the cube and 6 times the area
of one of its faces have the same value.

42. WRITING IN MATH Describe how to write an algebraic expression from

a real-world situation. Include a definition of algebraic expression in your
own words.

8 I lesson 1-1 I Variables and Expressions

Preparing for Assessment
43. Which of the following best represents "five more 46. Which equation best describes the data in the
than the product of 7 and a number t?" G 2 table? G 2
0 A 5 > 7t
8 4 2
0 B 7t +5 2 -2 -4

0 c 5t +7 0 A y=x-7-4
0 D 5 • 7t 0 B y = -0.5x
0 C y=x+6

44. The volume of this cube can be expressed as 5 3 .

OD y=x-6

5
47. Which equation best represents the verbal description
"the quotient of a and 2"? G 2
5
0A ~
2
V= 53
0B a
0 C a+2
Which expression can be used to find the volume 0 D 2a
of a cube with edges that are x units shorter?
G4
0 A (x- 5) 3 48. MULTI-STEP Karima earns $400 per week plus a
holiday bonus of $250. Write an expression to
0 B 53 - x3 represent the total amount Karima earns after
working w weeks. G 2, 4
0 C (5- x) 3
a. Write an equation to represent this situation.
0 D 5-x
J
b. Find the amount Karima earns after she works
4, 12, and 36 weeks.
45. Elsie buys a pizza for $16 and several bottles of
water for $2 each. Let C represent the total amount
of money that Elsie spends and let w represent how 49. Which situation(s) can be represented by the
many bottles of water she buys. G 2, 4 expression 24- n? Choose all that apply.
a. Which equation best represents this G4
situation? DA Grace pays 24 dollars plus n dollars in tax
0 A C= 2 + 16w for a shirt.

0 B C= 16 +2+w D B Sarah takes n bottles of water out of a case of

24 bottles.
0 C C= 16 + 2w
D C Eliana has n fewer games than Joshua, who
0 D C = 2(w + 16) has 24 games.

b. Write an expression for the total D D Mazzy bought n concert tickets for
amount of money Elsie spends if she 24 dollars each.
buys 2 pizzas and w bottles of water.
D E Kayleigh is n years younger than her cousin
Elizabeth, who is 24 years old.

connectEO.mcgraw-hill.com 9
• You expressed
algebraic expressions
•1 Evaluate numerical
expressions by using
• The admission prices for an aquarium
theme park are shown in the table. If
verbally. the order of operations. four adults and three children go to
the park, the expression below
Evaluate algebraic
2 expressions by using
the order of operations.
represents the cost of admission for
the group.
4(78.95) + 3(68.95)

'lh:s~ New
Vocabulary
evaluate 1Evaluate+ Numerical Expressions
4(78.95)
its value.
To find the cost of admission, the expression
3(68.95) must be evaluated. To evaluate an expression means to find
order of operations

Example 1 Evaluate Expressions

Evaluate 3 5 •
G Mathematical
Practices 35 =3 •3 •3 •3 •3 Use 3 as a factor 5 times.
7 Look for and make use
of structure. = 243 Multiply

Guided Practice
1A. 2 4 18. 4 5 1C. 7 3

The numerical expression that represents the cost of admission contains more than one
operation. The rule that lets you know which operation to perform first is called the
order of operations .

5I Key Concept Order of Operations

Example 2 Order of Operations

Evaluate 16 - 8 + 2 2 + 14.
16 - 8 -;- 2 2 + 14 = 16 - 8 -;- 4 + 14 Evaluate powers.
= 16-2 + 14 Divide 8 by 4. "'"'
= 14 + 14 Subtract 2 from 16. li?
~
= 28 Add 14 and 14. ~
~
Guided Practice ~
2A. 3 + 42 • 2 - 5 28. 20 - 7 +8 2
- 7 • 11 -- ~

10 I Lesson 1-2
Study Tip When one or more grouping symbols are used, evaluate within the innermost grouping
symbols first.
Grouping Symbols Grouping
symbols such as parentheses
( ), brackets [],and braces {} Example3 Expressions with Grouping Symbols
are used to clarify or change
the order of operations. A Evaluate each expression.
fraction bar is considered a
grouping symbol. So, evaluate a. 4 + 2 + 5(10 - 6)
expressions in the numerator 4 7 2 + 5(10 - 6) =4 7 2 + 5(4) Evaluate inside parentheses.
and denominator before = 2 + 5(4) Divide 4 by 2.
completing the division.
= 2 + 20 Mult1ply 5 by 4.
= 22 Add2to20.

b. 6[32- (2 + 3) 2 ]
6[ 32 - (2 + 3)2] = 6[ 32 - (5)2] Evaluate innermost expression first.
= 6[32- 25] Evaluate power.
= 6[7] Subtract 25 from 32.
= 42 Multiply.
2 3 -5
c. 15 + 9
2 3 - 5 - 8-5
Evaluate the power in the numerator.
15 + 9 - 15 + 9
3
Subtract 5 from 8 in the numerator.
15 + 9
3 1
= 24 or 8 Add 15 and 9 in denominator. and simplify.

Guided Practice
+ (3 +6 3C. (4 + 5)2
3A. 5 • 4(10 - 8) + 20 38. 15 - [10 - 2)2]
3(7- 4)

Evaluate Algebraic Expressions

2 To evaluate an algebraic expression, replace the
variables with their values. Then find the value of the numerical expression using the
order of operations.

Example 4 Evaluate an Algebraic Expression

Evaluate 3x 2 + {2y + z 3 } if x = 4, y = 5, z = 3.
Go Online! I~J 2 3
3x + (2y + z )
Graphing calculators and
= 3 (4) 2 + (2 • 5 + 3 3 ) Replacexwith4.ywith5,andzwith3.
scientific calculators will use = 3(4)2 + (2. 5 + 27) Evaluate 33.
the order of operations
when you enter the = 3(4)2 + (10 + 27) Multiply 2 by 5.
grouping symbols in an = 3(4)2 + (37) Add 10to27.
expression.
= 3(16) + 37 Evaluate 42.

= 48 + 37 Multiply 3 by 16.

= 85 Add 48to37.

ided Practic
Evaluate each expression.
4A. a2 (3b + 5) 7 c if a= 2, b = 6, c = 4 48. 5d + (6f- g) if d = 4, f = 3 g = 12I

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 11
 Real-World Example 5 Write and Evaluate an Expression
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Science on a Sphere (SOS)® demonstrates the effects
of atmospheric storms, climate changes, and ocean temperature on the environment.
The volume of a sphere is four thirds of 'IT multiplied by the radius r to the third power.
a. Write an expression that represents the volume of a sphere.

Words 1r mu ltiplied by radius

four thirds of
The National Oceanic &
Atmospheric Administration
......
Variable Let r =radius.
to the third power

(NOAA) developed the

Science on a Sphere system 0
to educate people about 4
Equation X 1rr 3 or i1rr 3
Earth's processes. 3 3
Source: NOAA

b. Find the volume of the 3-foot radius sphere used for SOS.
V = i'ITr
3
3 Volume of a sphere

= !7\(3)3 Replace r with 3.

3
~
= ( )7\(27) Evaluate 33 = 21

= 367\ Multiply~ by 21
The volume of the sphere is 367\ cubic feet.

5. FOREST FIRES According to the California Department of Forestry, an average of

539.2 fires each year are started by burning debris, while campfires are responsible
for an average of 129.1 fires each year.
A. Write an algebraic expression for the total number of fires in f years due to
debris fires and campfires.
B. How many total fires would there be over a 5-year period?

Check Your Understanding Q = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11.

Examoles 1-3 Evaluate each expression.
1. 92 2. 4 4 3. 3 5
4. 30 - 14 -;- 2 ~ 5·5-1·3 6. (2 + 5)4
(4 • 3) 2
7. [8(2) - 4 2 ] + 7(4) 8 .11-8
-- 9. 9+"3

Example4 Evaluate each expression if a= 4, b = 6, and c = 8.

b(9- c)
10. 8b - a 11. 2a + (b2 -;- 3) 12. - -
a
z
ExampleS 13. BOOKS Akira bought one new book for $20 and three used books for $4.95 each. ~
l>
Write and evaluate an expression to find how much money the books cost. "0::;,.-
8
14. G REASONING Koto purchased food for herself and her friends. She bought 4 ~
~
cheeseburgers for $3.99 each, 3 French fries for $1.79 each, and 4 drinks for $5.16. g
Write and evaluate an expression to find how much the food cost.
I
12 I Lesson 1-2 I Order of Operations
 Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R1.

Examples 1-3 Evaluate each expression.

15. 7 2 16. 14 3 17. 2 6
18. 35- 3. 8 19. 18 ...;- 9 +2•6 20. 10 + 8 3 ...;- 16
21. 24 ...;- 6 + 2 3 • 4 22. (11 • 7) - 9 • 8 23. 29- 3(9- 4)
24. (12 - 6) • 5 2
25. 35 - (1 + 10 2) 26. 108 ...;- [3(9 + 3 2)]
27. [(6 3 9) ...;- 23]4 8 + 33 29. (1 + 6)9
- 28
· 12-7 5 2 -4

Example4 Evaluate each expression if g = 2, r = 3, and t = 11.

30. g + 6t 31. 7- gr 32. r2 + (g 3 - 8) 5
(2t + 3g) ...;- 4 34. t 2 + 8rt + r2 35. 3g(g + r)2 - 1

ExampleS 36. GEOMETRY Write an algebraic expression

to represent the area of the triangle. Then
evaluate it to find the area when h = 12 inches. h

h+6

37. AMUSEMENT PARKS In 2013, there were 3344 amusement parks and arcades. Suppose
by 2018 this number decreased by 148. Write and evaluate an expression to find the
number of amusement parks and arcades in 2018.

38. G sTRUCTURE Marcos sells tickets at a university's athletic ticket University Football
Ticket prices
office. If p represents a preferred season ticket, b represents a blue
zone ticket, and g represents a general admission ticket, interpret Preferred Season Ticket $100
and then evaluate the following expressions. Blue Zone $80
a. 45b b. 15p + 35g c. 6p + 11b + 22g General Admission $70

Evaluate each expression.

39. 4 2 40. 12 3 41. 3 6
2
42. 11 5 43. ( 3 - 4 2 ) +8 44. 23 - 2(17 + 3 3)
46. 2 • 8 ~ ~ 2
2
45. 3[4- 8 + 4 2 (2 + 5)] • 8

47. 25 + [ (16 - 3 • 5) + 12 : 3
] 48. 7 3 - t(13. 6 + 9)4

Evaluate each expression if a= 8, b = 4, and c = 16.

2 2
2
49. a be - b
2
50.
c
b2 b2
+~ S1. 2b + 3c
4a 2 - 2b
52. 3ab + c2
53. (ba)2 - a_c
-b
54 2a-
. ab b2 c- a
+--
b2

55. SALES One day, 28 small and 12 large merchant

spaces were rented. Another day, 30 small and
15 large spaces were rented. Write and evaluate
an expression to show the total rent collected.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 13
 56. SHOPPING Isabel is shopping for back-to-school clothes. She bought
3 skirts, 2 pairs of jeans, and 4 sweaters. Write and evaluate an expression
skirt $35.99
to find how much she spent, not including sales tax.
jeans $49.99
@ PYRAMIDS The pyramid at the Louvre has a square base with a side of sweater $32.99
35.42 meters and a height of 21.64 meters. The Great Pyramid in Egypt
has a square base with a side of 230 meters and a height of 146.5 meters.
The expression for the volume of a pyramid is iBh, where B is the area of
the base and h is the height.
a. Draw both pyramids and label the dimensions.
b. Write a verbal expression for the difference in volume of the two pyramids.
c. Write an algebraic expression for the difference in volume of the two pyramids. Find
the difference in volume.

58. FINANCIAL LITERACY Ginger is determining her monthly expenses. She has monthly
rent r, monthly utilities u, weekly food expense f, and weekly auto expense a. Assume
there are 4 weeks in a month.
a. Write an algebraic expression to represent her spending in one month.
b. Suppose her monthly rent is $550, her monthly utilities are $115, her weekly food
expenses are $75, and her weekly auto expenses are $125. Determine her total
monthly expenses.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

59. ERROR ANALYSIS Tara and Curtis are simplifying [4(10) - 3 2 ] + 6(4). Is either of them
correct? Explain your reasoning.

Tara Cv.vHs

[Lf-(10)- 32.] + 6(4-) [4(10) -'5 2 ]+ '(4)

= [Lf-(10) - 9] + 6(4-) == [ 4( I 0) - "1] + 'C4)

= Lf-(1) + 6(4-) == (40 - "J) + '(4)

= 4- + 6(4-) ==>I + 'C4)

= 4- + 2.4- ==>I+ 24
= 2.8 ==55

60. ~ REASONING Explain how to evaluate a[ (b - c) . .;-. d] - f if you were given values for
a, b, c, d, and f How would you evaluate the expression differently if the expression
was a • b - c ...;-. d - f?

61. ~ PERSEVERANCE Write an expression using the whole numbers 1 to 5 using

all five digits and addition and/ or subtraction to create a numeric expression with a
value of 3.

62. OPEN ENDED Write an expression that uses exponents, at least three different
operations, and two sets of parentheses. Explain the steps you would take to evaluate
the expression.

63. WRITING IN MATH Choose a geometric formula and explain how the order of
operations applies when using the formula.

64. WRITING IN MATH Equivalent expressions have the same value. Are the expressions
(30 + 17) X 10 and 10 X 30 + 10 X 17 equivalent? Explain why or why not.

14 I Lesson 1-2 I Order of Operations

Preparing for Assessment
65. The smallest circle in the figure has a radius of Find the total number of grams of protein she
2 inches. Which equation gives the area A of the consumed. 0 4
shaded part of the target? Recall that A = 7\r.
02 0 A 24

0 A A= 47\
0 B 37.5
0 c 39.5
0 B A= 367\
0 D 42
0 C A= 607\

0 D A= 687\
69. The table shows the prices of various fruits and
vegetables. Find the total cost of four oranges, three
66. Edgar buys a apples, b bananas, and c cantaloupes cucumbers, and one head of lettuce. 0 4
at the farmer's market. The prices at the market are
shown in the table.
Fruit I Price Each
Apples $0.50
Bananas $0.20 0 A $5.50
Cantaloupes $1.50 0 B $7.50
Edgar has a coupon for a free apple. If he gets 0 c $4.00
5 apples, 4 bananas, and 2 cantaloupes, how much 0 D $5.00
money does he spend? 0 2
0 A $2.20

0 B $4.50 70. Maya has one bran muffin, 16 ounces of orange

juice, 3 ounces of sunflower seeds, 2 slices of
0 c $5.80
turkey, and half of a cup of spinach.
0 D $6.30 Food I Protein (g)
bran muffin (1) 3
orange juice (8 oz) 2
67. Evaluate 27 -;- 3 + (12 - 4). 0 7 sunflower seeds (1 oz) 2
0 A 3 turkey (1 slice) 12

0 B 16 spinach (1 cup) 5

0 c 17
0 D 38
71. MULTI-STEP Consider the expression
6 + 12-;- 3- 2 X 4. 01
+ (b)
2 2
68. Evaluate the expression -6a-- b a if a = 2
2
a. What is the value of the expression?
and b = 4. 07
0 A 2 b. Use grouping symbols so the expression has a
value greater than the value from part a.
0 B 6
c. Use grouping symbols so the expression has a
0 c 10.25 value less than the value from part a.

0 D 36

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 15
• You used the order
of operations to
•1 Recognize the
properties of equality
• Natalie lives 32 miles away from
the mall. The distance from her
simplify expressions. and identity properties. house to the mall is the same as
the distance from the mall to her
Recognize the
2
Commutative and
Associative
house. This is an example of the
Reflexive Property.
Properties.

·~~ New
Vocabulary The expressions 4k + 8k and 12k are called
equivalent expressions
additive identity
1Properties of Equality and Identity
equivalent expressions because they represent the same number. The properties
below allow you to write an equivalent expression for a given expression.
multiplicative identity
multiplicative inverse . I

reciprocal rt; Key Concept Properties of Equality

-· Property Words Symbols Examples

G Mathematical
Reflexive
Property
Any quantity is equal to itself. For any number a,
a= a.
5=5
4+7=4+7
Practices
2 Reason abstractly and If one quantity equals a second For any numbers lf8=2+6,
quantitatively. Symmetric quantity, then the second a and b, if a = b, t hen 2 + 6 = 8.
3 Construct viable Property quantity equals then b= a.
arguments and critique the first.
the reasoning of others.
If one quantity equals a second For any numbers lf6 + 9 = 3 + 12
quantity and the second quantity a, b, and c, if a = band and 3 + 12 =15, then
Transitive
equals a third quantity, then the b = c, then a = c. 6 + 9 = 15.
Property
first qantity equals the third
quantity.

A quantity may be substituted If a = b, then a may be If n = 11, then

Substitution for its equal in any expression. replaced by b in any 4n = 4 ·11.
Property expression.

The sum of any number and 0 is equal to the number. Thus, 0 is called the
additive identity

rSKey Concept Addition Properties

Property Words Symbols Examples

For any number a, the sum of 2+0=2

Additive Identity a+O=O+a=a
a and 0 is a. 0+2=2
~
.,
A number and its opposite a+ (-a)=O ~
cO
are additive inverses of each 3+(-3) =0 m
Additive Inverse .J

other. -4+4=0
i
16 I lesson 1-3
 There are also special properties associated with multiplication. Consider the
following equations.

4 •n= 4 6 •m =0
The solution of the equation is 1. Since the The solution of the equation is 0. The
product of any number and 1 is equal to product of any number and 0 is equal to 0.
the number, 1 is called the multiplicative This is called the Multiplicative Property of
identity. Zero.

Two numbers whose product is 1 are called multiplicative inverses or reciprocals.

Zero has no reciprocal because any number times 0 is 0.

~Key Concept Multiplication Properties

1
Study Tip I Property Words Symbols Examples
Using Your Text Look for Multiplicative For any number a, the product of a · 1 =a 14 ·1 = 14
Key Concepts to learn Identity a and 1 is a. 1· a= a 1 ·14 = 14
important properties,
definitions, and concepts. Multiplicative For any number a, the product of a•O=O 9·0=0
Property of Zero a and 0 is 0. 0•a 0 0. 9= 0

For every number~· where a, b 1= 0, a b 4 5 20

-·-=-or1
-·-=1
Multiplicative b a 5 4 20
there is exactly one number.!!_ such
Inverse a b a 5 4 20
-·-=-or1
that the product of~ and~ is 1.
-·-=1
a b 4 5 20

Example1 Evaluate Using Properties

Study Tip Evaluate 7(4 - 3) - 1 +5• t· Name the property used in each step.
~ Construct Arguments 7(4- 3) -1 + 5 •% = 7(1) -1 + 5 •% Substitution:4-3=1
As you evaluate an expression,
you are constructing an 1
=7-1+5·- Multiplicative Identity: 7 • 1 = 7
argument using stated 5
assumptions, definitions, and
previously established
=7-1+1 i-
Multiplicative Inverse: 5 • = 1
results. The properties of =6+1 Substitution: 7 - 1= 6
numbers are valid reasons
for steps in the argument. =7 Substitution: 6 + 1 = 7

Guided Practice
Name the property used in each step.
1A. 2 • 3 + (4 • 2 - 8) 18. 7 • -} + 6(15 7 3 - 5)
= 2 • 3 + (8 - 8) _1 = 7 • 1 + 6(5 - 5) ?
= 2. 3 + (0) ? 7

=6+0 ? = 7. 17 + 6(0) ?
=6 ? = 1 + 6(0) ?
=1+0 ?

=1 ?

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 17
Go Online! ,,~ · 2 Use Commutative and Associative Properties Nikki walks 2 blocks to her
friend Sierra's house. They walk another 4 blocks to school. At the end of the day,
Nikki and Sierra walk back to Sierra's house, and then Nikki walks home.
Look for the blue Watch
icons for concepts that have The distance from the distance from the
video animations. Log into Nikki's house to school equals school to Nikki's house.
ConnectED to see them.
2+4 4+2

This is an example of the Commutative Property for addition.

Key Concept Commutative Property

Words The order in which you add or multiply numbers does not change their sum or product.

Symbols For any numbers a and b, a+ b = b +a and a • b = b • a.

Examples 4+8=8+4 7 ·11 = 11.7

An easy way to find the sum or product of numbers is to group, or associate, the
numbers using the Associative Property.

Key Concept Associative Property

Words The way you group three or more numbers when adding or multiplying does not
change their sum or product.

Symbols For any numbers a, b, and c,

(a+ b) + c = a+ (b + c) and (ab)c = a( be).
Examples (3 + 5) + 7 = 3 + (5 + 7) (2 • 6) • 9 = 2 • (6 • 9)

Real-~orld Example 2 Apply Properties of Numbers

PARTY PLANNING Eric makes a list of items that ~·"'I'

;.: :
, .
Party Supplies .
. • '
·
he needs to buy for a party and their costs. Find
Item Cost ($)
the total cost of these items.
balloons 9.75
Balloons Decorations Food Beverages decorations 18.50
9.75 + 18.50 + 53.25 + 22.50 food 53.25
beverages 22.50
9.75 + 18.50 + 53.25 + 22.50
= 9.75 + 53.25 + 18.50 + 22.50 Commutative (+)

A birthday party may cost

= (9.75 + 53.25) + (18.50 + 22.50) Associative (+)
about $200 depending on = 63.00 + 41.00 Substitution
the number of people = 104.00 Substitution
invited.
The total cost is $104.00
Source: Family Corner
~
;:;;·
Guided Practice ~
-~
2. FURNITURE Rafael is buying furnishings for his first apartment. He buys a couch for ~
$450, lamps for $55.50, a rug for $43.50, and a table for $75. Find the total cost of i
these items. j
i
18 I lesson 1-3 I Properties of Numbers
 Example3 Use Multiplication Properties
Evaluate 5 • 7 • 4 • 2 using the properties of numbers. Name the property used
in each step.
5·7·4·2=5·2·7·4 Commutative (x)

= (5 • 2) • (7 • 4) Associative (x)

= 10. 28 Substitution

= 280 Substitution

Guided Practice
Evaluate each expression using the properties of numbers. Name the property
used in each step.
5
3A. 2.9 • 4 • 10 38. 3 . 25 • 3 • 2

Check Your Understanding Q = Step-by:St~p Solutions begin on page R11.

Example 1 Evaluate each expression. Name the property used in each step.
1. (1 + 5)5 • 14 2. 6 + 4(19 - 15) 3. 5(14 - 5) + 6(3 + 7)
Example 2 4. FINANCIAL LITERACY Carolyn has 9 quarters, 4 dimes, 7 nickels, and 2 pennies, which
can be represented as 9(25) + 4(10) + 7(5) + 2. Evaluate the expression to find how
much money she has. Name the property used in each step.

Examples 3 Evaluate each expression using the properties of numbers. Name the property used in
each step.
5. 23 + 42 + 37 6. 2.75 + 3.5 + 4.25 + 1.5
7. 3 • 7 • 10 • 2 8. 4. 24.32
1

Practice and Problem Sol~ing;;;...,._--~~~~~~~-~~~- Extra Practice is on page R1.

Example 1 Evaluate each expression. Name the property used in each step.
!) 3(22 - 3 • 7) 10. 7 + (9 - 3 2)
11. t [4 + (7- 4)] 12. [3 + (2. 1)] t
1 13. 2{3 • 2- 5} + 3 • t i
14. 6 • + 5(12 ·H- 3}
7 in.
. 22 2 22
Example2 15. GEOMETRY The expression 2 •
7 · 14 + 2 • 7 • 14 • 7 represents 14 in.
the approximate surface area of the cylinder at the right. Evaluate this expression
to find the approximate surface area. Name the property used in each step.

16. G REASONING A traveler checks into a hotel on :~

.~.,
.
~
:Yo~e.1 1 Ra(es'"fie·r Day
Friday and checks out the following Tuesday
Day Room Charge Sales Tax
morning. Use the table to find the total cost of the
room including tax. Monday-Friday $99 $12.87
Saturday- Sunday $87 $11.31

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 19
Examples 2-3 Evaluate each expression using properties of numbers. Name the property used
in each step.
17. 25 + 14 + 15 + 36 18. 11 + 7 + 5 + 13
2 1 4 2
19. 33 + 4 +53 20. 49 + 79
21. 4.3 + 2.4 + 3.6 + 9.7 22. 3.25 + 2.2 + 5.4 + 10.75
23. 12 • 2 • 6 • 5 24. 2 • 8 • 10 • 2
25. 0.2 • 4. 6 • 5 26. 3.5. 3. 6
5 1 3 1
27. 16 . 24 • 311 28. 24 • 18 • 3 2

29. SCUBA DIVING The sign shows the equipment rented or sold by a scuba THE DEEP
diving store. SCUBA SUPPLIES

SPECIALS
a. Write two expressions to represent the total sales to rent 2 wet suits, Underwater
3 air tanks, 2 dive flags, and selling 5 underwater cameras. Camera $18.99

RENTALS
b. What are the total sales?
Air Tanks $15.50
Wet Suit $ 17.25
30. COOKIES Bobby baked 2 dozen chocolate chip cookies, 3 dozen sugar Dive Flag $ 5.00
cookies, and a dozen oatmeal raisin cookies. How many total cookies
did he bake?

Evaluate each expression if a = -1, b = 4, and c = 6.

+ 9b- 2c
4a 32. -10c + 3a +a 33. a - b + 5a - 2b
~

34. 8a + 5b - 11a - 7b 35. 3c 2 + 2c + 2c 2 36. 3a - 4a 2 + 2a

37. FOOTBALL A football team is on the 35-yard line. The quarterback is sacked at the line
of scrimmage. The team gains 0 yards, so they are still at the 35-yard line. Which
identity or property does this represent? Explain.

Find the value of x. Then name the property used.

38. 8 = 8 +X 39. 3.2 +X= 3.2
1 1
40. lOx= 10 41. 2 • X= 2 • 7
42. X+ 0 = 5 43. 1·x=3
1
44. 5 • S =X 45. 2 + 8 = 8 +X
3 3 1
46. x+
4=3 + 4 47. 3 • X= 1

48. GEOMETRY Write an expression to represent the perimeter of the

triangle. Then find the perimeter if x = 2 and y = 7.

49. SPORTS Tickets to a baseball game cost $35 each plus a $5.50 handling
charge per ticket. If Sharon has a coupon for $10 off and orders 4 tickets,
4+6 5x
how much will she be charged? 3y

50. ~ PRECISION The table shows prices on children's clothing.

a. Interpret the expression 5(17.99) + 2(11.99) + 7(14.99).
b. Write and evaluate three different expressions that
represent 8 pairs of shorts and 8 tops.
c. If you buy 8 shorts and 8 tops, you receive a discount of
15%. Find the greatest and least amount of money you
can spend on the 16 items at the sale.

20 I lesson 1-3 I Properties of Numbers

 51. MULTI-STEP George is designing ledges for the octagonal (8-sided) gazebo that his
brother is building. All of the sides are equal in length, and each ledge needs to be
18 inches shorter than the sides.
a. What is the minimum length of wood George should purchase if his brother decides
that the perimeter of the gazebo will be 64 feet?
b. What was your solution process?
c. What assumptions did you make?
x+2

4{~
52. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS You can use algebra tiles to model and explore
algebraic expressions. The rectangular tile has an area of x, with dimensions
1 by x. The small square tile has an area of 1, with dimensions 1 by 1.
a. Concrete Make a rectangle with algebra tiles to model the expression
4(x + 2) as shown. What are the dimensions of this rectangle?
What is its area?
b. Analytical What are the areas of the green region and of the yellow region?
c. Verbal Complete this statement: 4(x + 2) = ? . Write a convincing argument
to justify your statement.
A
GEOMETRY A proof is an argument in which each statement you
=
make is supported by a true statement. It is given that AB CD,
8 c
AB =: BD, and AB =: AC. Pedro wants to prove 6.ADB =: 6.ADC. To
=
do this, he must show that AD =AD, AB DC and BD AC. =
D
a. Copy the figure and label AB =: CD, AB =: BD, and AB =: AC.
=
b. Use the Reflexive and Transitive Properties to prove 6.ADB 6.ADC.
c. If AC is x centimeters, write an equation for the perimeter of ACDB.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

54. OPEN ENDED Write two equations showing the Transitive Property of Equality. Justify
your reasoning.
55. G CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Explain why 0 has no multiplicative inverse.
56. G CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS The sum of any two whole numbers is always a whole
number. So, the set of whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... } is said to be closed under
addition. This is an example of the Closure Property. State whether each statement is
true or false. If false, justify your reasoning.
a. The set of whole numbers is closed under subtraction.
b. The set of whole numbers is closed under multiplication.
c. The set of whole numbers is closed under division.

57. G CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Does the Commutative Property sometimes, always or

never hold for subtraction? Explain your reasoning.
58. G REASONING Explain whether 1 can be an additive identity. Give an example to
justify your answer.
59. WHICH ONE DOESNT BELONG? Identify the equation that does not belong with the
other three. Explain your reasoning.

x+12=12+x II 7h=h·7 II 1+a=a+1 II (2j)k=2Uk) I

60. WRITING IN MATH Determine whether the Commutative Property applies to division.
Justify your answer.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 21
Preparing for Assessment
61. Renee wants to solve the equation ib = 6. To do 65. A company creates mobile apps for a smartphone.
When the app was free, they had 880 downloads.
this, she will use the Multiplicative Inverse Property.
After the price was set to $0.99, they had d
Which of the following equations best illustrates downloads. The company receives $0.70 in revenue
this property? 0 3 for each app that is sold for $0.99. Which equation
gives the average revenue R for all downloads of
QA 8+7=7+8
this app? 0 2,4
0 B a=a·1
Q A R = 0.7d
880 +d
0 C a·O=O
Q B R = 0.7(880 -d)
0 D ~ • f = 1 (c :f: 0, d :f: 0)
0 C R = 0.7d
0.7
On R = 880 + d

62. Abassi will use the Additive Identity Property to

solve an equation. Which of the following best
illustrates the Additive Identity Property? 66. Which of the following properties justifies the
03 following? 0 2
1 1
QA a·1=a a--=5--
2 2
QB b+O=b a=5

Qc c+(-c)=O 0 A Additive Identity Property

Q D d+1=d+1 0 B Associative Property

0 C Commutative Property

0 D Reflexive Property

63. When a number is tripled, its value increases by 10.

What is the original number? 0 2

0 A 5 67. MULTI-STEP Consider the rectangle shown below.

Q B 10
02
0 c
Q D
15

30
D x+3 2x+ 5

a. Which expression represents the perimeter of

the rectangle?
64. Which property justifies rewriting the equation
t· + 6 z = 8 as 1 + z = 8? 0 3
0 A (x + 3) + (2x + 5)

0 A Additive Identity Property

0 B (x + 3)(2x + 5)

0 B Multiplicative Identity Property

0 C (x + 3) + (2x + 5) + (x + 3) + (2x + 5)

0 C Multiplicative Inverse Property

0 D (x + 3)(2x + 5)(x + 3)(2x + 5)

0 D Substitution b. What is the value of the perimeter if x = 2?

22 I Lesson 1-3 I Properties of Numbers

 • You explored
Associative and
•1 Use the Distributive
Property to evaluate
Commutative expressions.
Properties.
Use the Distributive
2
Property to simplify
expressions.

To determine the total number of

Calories that he burned surfing that
week, you can use the Distributive
Property.

''bJ New
Vocabulary
like terms
simplest form
1Evaluate Expressions There are two methods you could use to calculate the
number of Calories John burned surfing. You could find the total time spent surfing
and then multiply by the Calories burned per hour. Or you could find the number of
coefficient Calories burned each day and then add to find the total.

I~AJmtill Rate Times Total Time

G Mathematical 420(1 + ~ + 1 + 2 + 2~)
Practices
1 Make sense of
= 420(7)
problems and presevere = 2940
in solving them.
8 Look for and express I~AJmtitJ Sum of Daily Calories Burned
regularity in repeated
reasoning. 420(1) + 420(~) + 420(1) + 420(2) + 420( 2~)
= 420 + 210 + 420 + 840 + 1050
= 2940

Either method gives the same total of 2940 Calories burned. This is an example of the
Distributive Property.

(Jo Key Concept Distributive Property

Symbol For any numbers a, b, and c,
a(b + c) = ab + ac and (b + c) a = ba + ca and
a(b- c) = ab- ac and (b- c) a= ba- ca.

Examples 3(2 + 5) = 3 • 2 + 3 • 5 4(9 - 7) = 4 • 9 - 4 • 7

3(7) = 6 + 15 4{2) = 36-28
21 = 21 8=8

""u0 The Symmetric Property of Equality allows the Distributive Property to be

us
~ written as follows.
U1
~
m If a(b + c) = ab + ac, then ab + ac = a(b + c).
:?.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 23
 Real-World Example 1 Distribute Over Addition
SPORTS A group of 7 adults and 6 children are ~~li.'·~ OS'F!Bill~ s~~J5~fi~n~~~t~~~fJ
~ - '",. ..,_.,.., ;r-~1"': """'.,."" .r: .. ~ir'.,.,-.~,., "'=~~~Pr ,...t ~-=

going to a University of South Florida Bulls

Ticket Cost($)
baseball game. Use the Distributive Property
to write and evaluate an expression for the total Adult Single Game 5
ticket cost. Children Single
3
Game (12 and under)
Understand You need to find the cost of Groups of10 or
each ticket and then find the 2
more Single Game
The record attendance for total cost.
Senior Single Game
a single baseball game was 3
Plan 7 + 6 or 13 people are going to (65 and over)
set in 1959. There were
92,706 spectators at a game
the game, so the tickets are $2 each. Source: USF
between the Los Angeles Solve Write an expression that shows the
Dodgers and the Chicago
product of the cost of each ticket and
White Sox.
the sum of adult tickets and children's tickets.
Source: Baseball Almanac
2(7 + 6) = 2(7)+ 2(6) Distributive Property

= 14 + 12 Multiply.
= 26 Add.
The total cost is $26.
Check The total number of tickets needed is 13, and they cost $2 each.
Multiply 13 by 2 to get 26. Therefore, the total cost of tickets is $26.

Study Tip Guided Practice

~ Sense-Making and 1. SPORTS A group of 3 adults, an 11-year-old, and 2 children under 10 years old
Perseverance The four-step are going to a baseball game. Write and evaluate an expression to determine the
problem solving plan is a tool
cost of tickets for the group.
for making sense of any
problem. When making and
executing your plan,
continually ask yourself,
"Does this make sense?" You can use the Distributive Property to make mental math easier.
Monitor and evaluate your
progress and change course
if necessary. Example2 Mental Math
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite 7 • 49. Then evaluate.
7 • 49 = 7(50 - 1) Think: 49 = 50 - 1

= 7(50) - 7(1) Distributive Property

= 350- 7 Multiply.

= 343 Subtract.

ractice
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate.
2A. 304(15) 28. 44 • 2t

2C. 210(5) 20. 52(17) "'g

til

2:
I

~
Simplify Expressions You can use algebra tiles to investigate how the Distributive
2 Property relates to algebraic expressions.
j
I
24 I lesson 1-4 I Distributive Property
 The rectangle at the right has 3 x-tiles and 6 1-tiles.
Problem-Solving Tip The area of the rectangle is x + 1 + 1 + x + 1 + 1 +
Make a Model It can be x + 1 + 1 or 3x + 6. Therefore, 3(x + 2) = 3x + 6.
helpful to visualize a problem
using algebra tiles or folded
paper.

Example3 Algebraic Expressions

Rewrite each expression using the Distributive Property. Then simplify.
a. 7(3w- 5)
7(3w- 5) = 7 • 3w- 7 • 5 Distributive Property
= 21w- 35 Multiply.

b. (6v 2 + v- 3)4
(6v 2
+ v- 3)4 = 6v 2 (4) + v(4) - 3(4) Distributive Property
= 24v 2
+ 4v - 12 Multiply.

Guided Practice
3A. (8 + 4n)2 38. -6(r + 3g - t)
3C. (3x2 - 5x + 2)(-5) 3D. 2(7 - 4m 2)

Review Vocabulary
Like terms are terms that contain the same variables, with corresponding variables
term a number, a variable,
having the same power.
or a product or quotient of
numbers and variables 5x 2 + 2x - 4 6a 2 + a2 + 2a

The Distributive Property and the properties of equality can be used to show that
4k + 8k = 12k. In this expression, 4k and 8k are like terms.
4k + 8k = (4 + 8)k Distributive Property
= 12k Substitution

An expression is in simplest form when it contains no like terms or parentheses.

Example4 Combine Like Terms

a. Simplify 17u + 25u.
17u + 25u = (17 + 25)u Distributive Property
= 42u Substitution

b. Simplify 6t2 + 3t - t.
2
6t + 3t- t = 6t 2 + (3 - 1)t Distributive Property

= 6t 2 + 2t Substitution

Guided Practice
Simplify each expression. If not possible, write simplified.
4A. 6n - 4n 48. b2 + 13b + 13
4C. 4y 3
+ 2y- By+ 5 40. 7 a + 4 - 6a 2 - 2a

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 25
 ExampleS Write and Simplify Expressions
Go Online! ~~~:
Use the expression twice the difference of 3x andy increased by five times the sum of
Look for the TocP'" icons for x and 2y.
places where the tools in
the eToolkit may be useful. a. Write an algebraic expression for the verbal expression.

..
Log into ConnectED to use
the tools. twice the difference five times the sum
Words increased by
~ eToolkrt of3x andy of xand 2y

Variables Let x andy represent the numbers .

•
Expression 2(3x- y) + 5(x+ 2y)

b. Simplify the expression, and indicate the properties used.

2(3x - y) + 5(x + 2y) = 2(3x) - 2(y) + 5(x) + 5(2y) Distributive Property

= 6x - 2y + 5x + 10y Multiply.

= 6x + 5x - 2y + 10y Commutative(+)

= (6x + 5x) + (-2y +lOy) Associative Property

= (6 + 5)x + (- 2 + 10)y Distributive Property

= 11x +By Substitution

Guided Practice
5. Use the expression 5 times the difference of q squared and r plus 8 times
the sum of 3q and 2r.

A. Write an algebraic expression for the verbal expression.

B. Simplify the expression, and indicate the properties used.

The coefficient of a term is the numerical factor. For example, in 6ab, the coefficient
is 6, and in ~ , the coefficient is
2
t· In the term y, the coefficient is 1 since 1 • y = y by the
Multiplicative Identity Property.

Concept Summary Properties of Numbers

The following properties are true for any numbers a, b, and c.

Properties Addition Multiplication

Commutative a+b=b+a ab= ba
Associative (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (ab)c = a(bc)
Study Tip 0 is the identity. 1 is the identity.
Identity
Compare and Contrast a+O=O+a=a a·1=1·a=a
Noticing the similarities and
differences in the addition
Zero a·O=O·a=O
and multiplication properties
Distributive a(b + c) = ab + ac and (b + c) a = ba + ca
can help you learn these
terms. If a= b, then a may be substituted for b.
Substitution

26 I Lesson 1-4 I Distributive Property

 Check Your Understanding
Example 1 1. PILOT A pilot at an air show charges $55 per passenger for rides. If 12 adults
and 15 children ride in one day, write and evaluate an expression to describe
the situation.
Example2 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate.
2. 14(51) 3. 6~(9)

Example 3 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then simplify.
4. 2(4 + t) 5. (2g 2 + 9g- 3)6
Example4 Simplify each expression. If not possible, write simplified.
6. 15m+ m 7. 3x 3 + 5y 3 + 14 8. (5m + 2m)10
Example 5 Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression. Then simplify, indicating the
properties used.
9. 4 times the sum of 2 times x and six
10. one half of 4 times y plus the quantity of y and 3

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R1.

Example 1 @ TIME MANAGEMENT Margo uses colors to track her activities on a calendar. Red
represents homework, yellow represents work, and green represents track practice. In
a typical week, she has 5 red items, 3 yellow items, and 4 green items. How many
activities does Margo do in 4 weeks?
12. G PERSEVERANCE The Red Cross is holding blood drives in two locations. In one
day, Center 1 collected 715 pints and Center 2 collected 1035 pints. Write and
evaluate an expression to estimate the total number of pints of blood donated over a
3-day period.
Example2 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate.
13. (4 + 5)6 14. 7(13 + 12) 15. 6(6- 1)
16. (3 + 8)15 17. 14(8- 5) 18. (9 - 4)19
19. 4(7- 2) 20. 7(2 + 1) 21. 7. 497
1
22. 6(525) 23. 36. 34 24. (4%)21
Example 3 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then simplify.
25. 2(x + 4) 26. (5 + n)3
2l (2 -3m 2 )( -5) 28. 8(x 2 - 9x + 5)
Example 4 Simplify each expression. If not possible, write simplified.
29. 13r + 5r 30. 3x 3 - 2x 2 31. 7m + 7 - 5m
32. 5z 2 + 3z + 8z 2 33. (2 - 4n)17 34. 11(4d + 6)
35. 7m + 2m + 5p + 4m 36. 3x + 7(3x + 4) 37. 4lfg + 3g) + 5g
Example 5 Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression. Then simplify, indicating the
properties used.
38. the product of 5 and m squared, increased by the sum of the square of m and 5
39. 7 times the sum of a squared and b minus 4 times the sum of a squared and b

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 27
 40. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of an isosceles triangle with side lengths of 5 + x,
5 + x, and xy. Write in simplest form.

41 ) GEOMETRY A regular hexagon measures 3x + 5 units on each side. What is the

perimeter in simplest form?

Simplify each expression.

42. 6x + 4y + 5x 43. 3m + 5g + 6g + 11m 44. 4a + 5a 2 + 2a 2 + a2
45. 5k + 3k3 + 7k + 9k3 46. 6d + 4(3d + 5) 47. 2(6x + 4) + 7x
·~ ·', M;nu
48. FOOD Kenji is picking up take-out food for his study group.
a. Interpret the expression Item Cost($)

4(4.49) + 3(2.29) + 3(1.99) + 5(1.49). sandwich 4.49

b. How much would it cost if Kenji bought four of cup of soup 2.29
each item on the menu? side salad l99
drink l49
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression.
Then simplify.
49. ( t- 2b )27 50. 4(8p + 4q - 7r) 51. 6(2c- cd2 + d)

Simplify each expression. If not possible, write simplified.

52. 6x 2 + 14x- 9x 53. 4y 3 + 3y 3 + y 4 54. a+-§-+ i-a

55. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The area of the model

is 2(x- 4) or 2x- 8. The expression 2(x- 4) is in
factored form.
a. Geometric Use algebra tiles to form a rectangle
2{ ~ -1-1-1 -::-_1 1
~ -:_1' :J' -::_1 -:- t
with area 2x + 6. Use the result to write 2x + 6 in
factored form.
b. Tabular Use algebra tiles to form rectangles to
represent each area in the table. Record the
Area I Factored Form

factored form of each expression. 2x+6

3x+3
c. Verbal Explain how you could find the factored I

form of an expression. 3x-12 !

5x+10

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

56. ~PERSEVERANCE Use the Distributive Property to simplify 6x 2[(3x- 4) + (4x + 2)].
57. ~ REASONING Should the Distributive Property be a property of multiplication,
addition, or both? Explain your answer.

58. €l WRITING IN MATH Why is it helpful to represent verbal expressions algebraically?

59. WRITING IN MATH Use the data about surfing on page 23 to explain how the
Distributive Property can be used to calculate quickly. Also, compare the two methods
of finding the total Calories burned.

28 I lesson 1-4 I Distributive Property

Preparing for Assessment
60. An expression is shown below. 64. The diagram shows the side lengths of a
quadrilateral.
6ab 2 + 9a 2b
Which of the following shows an equivalent 6x+ 1
expression? G 7
0 A 9a 2b 2

0B 3ab(3b + 2a)

oc 3ab(2b + 3a)
Which expression represents the perimeter of the
0 D 3a 2b 2(2b + 3a) figure? G 7
0 A 22x +8

0 B 27x +9
61. Which of the following is equivalent to the
expression (5m- 3)12? G 7 0 C 28x +9
0 A 5m -36 0 D 9(3x + 1)
0 B 17m+ 9

0 C 60m- 36
65. What is the simplified form of the expression
0 D 60m + 36 3y 2 + 7 - y 2 - 5 - 2y 2 - 1? G 1

0 A 0

0 B 1

62. Which of the following is equivalent to the expression 0 c 2

3m - 7m 2
+ 5m + m 2
? G7 0 D 6y 2 +1
2
I. -6m + 8m
II. 2m(4m - 3)
III. 2m(4 - 3m) 66. Which of the following is equivalent to
2y + 5(3y -1)? G7
0 A Ionly
0 A 5y+4
0 B Iandii
0 B 5y- 5
0 C I and III
0 c 17y -1
0 D III only
0 D 17y- 5

63. If 2x(3 + 4a) = -16x + 6x, what is the value of a? 67. MULTI-STEP Admission to the movies is x dollars,
G2 and a bag of popcorn costs $4. G 4

0 A -4 a. Write an expression to represent total cost

for two people to go to the movies three
0 B -2 times and sharing a bag of popcorn
each time.
0 c 2
b. What is the total cost in the scenario of part a if
0D4 the admission is $11 per person?

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 29
Is the product or sum of two rational numbers also a rational number? Mathematical Practices
G 2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively
Rational numbers are the set of numbers expressed in the form of a fraction~·
where a and bare integers and b =/= 0.

A set is closed under an operation if for any members in the set, the result of the
operation is also in the set.

A set may be closed under one operation but another set may not be closed under the
same operation. For example, in the set of real numbers, subtracting two real numbers
always results in a real number, so the set of real numbers is closed under subtraction.

However, in the set of whole numbers, the subtraction of two whole numbers is not
always a whole number. For example, 12 - 15 = - 3, which is not a whole number.
So the set of whole numbers is not closed under subtraction.

Activity 1 Review Hierarchy and Relationships of Sets of Numbers

Use the Venn diagram to review the hierarchy and

Real Numbers
relationships of the different sets of numbers in
the real number system. Rational Irrational
Numbers
1A Complete the table. For the two rational numbers
a and b, determine ab and a+ b.
I
a b ab a+ b I

1 2
1 1
2 3
0.4 0.325
1
4
12
0.5 0.5
-4 0.5
1
6
-24
-3 -1
18 Are any of the sums or products not rational? Explain.
1C Make a conjecture about whether the set of rational numbers
is closed under multiplication and addition.

Listing examples is not sufficient to show that the set of rational numbers is closed under multiplication
and addition. To prove this is true, it must be shown that these properties are true for all rational numbers.

To prove that the set of rational numbers is closed under multiplication, it must be shown that if a and b
are any rational numbers, then the product ab will always be a rational number.

30 I Extend 1-4 I Algebra Lab: Operations with Rational Numbers

 Activity 2 Prove Rational Numbers Are Closed Under Addition

Prove that the set of rational numbers is closed under addition.

Assume that a and bare two rational numbers, and that a= ~and b =~in which m, n, p, and q are integers.
a+b=m+P
n q Substitution

=*(:)+~(~) Multiply by~ = %= 1to get like denominators.

mq np
=-nq+nq Multiply.

mq + np
nq Combine like terms.

The set of integers is closed under multiplication. Therefore, nq, mq, and np are all integers. Because the integers
are closed under addition and mq and np are integers, mq + np is an integer. Both the numerator and
denominator are integers.
Because a + b can be written as a fraction in which the numerator and denominator are both integers, the set of rational
numbers is closed under addition.

Activity 3 Prove Rational Numbers are Closed Under Multiplication

Justify each step to prove that the set of rational numbers is closed under multiplication.
Given: a and b are rational numbers.
Prove: The set of rational numbers is closed under multiplication.

3A a= ~and b =~'in which m, n, p, and q are integers, and n, q =/= 0.

38 ab = (~) (~)

3C = (:;)

3D How does ab = :: prove that the set of rational numbers are closed under multiplication?

Exercises
Work cooperatively. Given that a and b are rational numbers, prove each statement.
1. The set of rational number is closed under subtraction.
2. The set of rational numbers is closed under division.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 31
Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression. Evaluate each expression. Name the property used in
(Lesson 1-1) each step. (Lesson 1-3)
1. 21- x 3 2. 3m 5 +9 13. (8 - 2 3 ) + 21

Write an algebraic expression for each verbal 14. 3(1 7 3) 9

0

expression. (Lesson 1-1) 15. [5 7 (3 ° 1)]%

3. five more than s squared
16. 18 + 35 + 32 + 15
4. four times y to the fourth power
17. 0.25 ° 7 ° 4
5. CAR RENTAL The XYZ Car Rental Agency charges a
flat rate of $39 per day plus $0.47 per mile driven.
Write an algebraic expression for the rental cost of a Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each
car for x days that is driven y miles. (Lesson 1-1) expression. Then evaluate. (Lesson 1-4)
18. 3(5 + 2)
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-2)
19. (9 - 6)12
6. 24 7 3- 2 ° 3
7. 5 + 2 2 20. 8(7- 4)

8. 4(3 + 9)
9. 36 - 2(1 + 3) 2 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each
expression. Then simplify. (Lesson 1-4)
10 40-23
. 4 + 3(2 2 ) 21. 4(x + 3)
22. (6- 2y)7
11. PARKS The costs of tickets to a local amusement
park are shown. Write and evaluate an expression 23. -5(3m - 2)
to find the total cost for 5 adults and
8 children. (Lesson 1-2)
24. CAR WASH A car wash chain has three locations.
w Adult w
z z a. Use the information in the table below to write
0 $45 0
1- 1- and evaluate an expression to estimate the total
~ Children ~ number of car washes sold over a 4-day
0 0
<( $25 <( period. (Lesson 1-4)

Daily Car
Location
12. MULTIPLE CHOICE Write an algebraic expression to I Washes
represent the perimeter of the rectangle shown Location 1 145
below. Then evaluate it to find the perimeter when Location 2 211
w = 8 em. (Lesson 1-2)
Location 3 184

[Jw b. G What mathematical practice did you use to

solve this problem?
4w-3

A 37cm C 74cm
25. Use the Distributive Property to rewrite
B 232 em D 45 em (8- 3p)(-2). (Lesson 1-4)

32 I Chapter 1 I Mid-Chapter Quiz

 • You used numbers to
model a real-world
•1 Define appropriate
quantities for
• Numbers and equations are used to
describe and model real-world
situation. descriptive modeling. situations and to make accurate
measurements. How accurate a
Choose appropriate
2
levels of accuracy.
measurement should be depends on
the level of accuracy needed or
desired. For example, the parts for a
jet engine may need to be made to
the nearest ten-thousandth of a
meter or less.

'l':bl New
Vocabulary
metric
debt-to-income ratio
1Descriptive Modeling When using numbers to model a real-world situation, it is
often helpful to have a metric. A metric is a rule for assigning a number to some
characteristic or attribute. For example, teachers use metrics to determine grades. Each
accuracy teacher determines the appropriate metric for assessing a student's performance and
assigning a grade.
A mortgage companies use a debt-to-income ratio as a metric to determine if a person
G Mathematical qualifies for a loan. The debt-to-income ratio is calculated as how much the person owes per
Practices month divided by how much the person earns per month. Many mortgage companies use a
4 Model with debt-to-income ratio of 0.36 or less to determine candidates for loans. Debt-to-income
mathematics.
ratio is only one metric used by mortgage companies. The type of metric used or the
6 Attend to precision.
value required to qualify for a loan varies by company.

Real-World Example 1 Modeling in Consumer Loans

LOANS Ryan is applying for a home loan. His monthly expenses are $1165, his
monthly income is $3650, and his projected monthly mortgage for a new home is
$1068. Banks determine whether a person qualifies for a home loan based on a metric.
At National Road Bank, Ryan's debt-to-income ratio must be 0.36 or less to qualify for
a loan, and at New Savings Bank his mortgage-to-income ratio must be 0.28 or less.
a. Determine whether Ryan qualifies for a home loan at National Road Bank.
monthly expenses
Debt-to-income ratio
monthly income
1165
3650
: : : : 0.319178
en
c
Because the ratio is less than 0.36, he does qualify for a loan at National Road Bank.
;;)

u"'
~

"'uc
"'
--'
en
(f)
b. Determine whether Ryan qualifies for a home loan at New Savings Bank.
"' . . monthly mortgage
~ Mortgage-to-Income ratio = thl .
ll
0
mon y mcome
~
0
a..
- 1068
"'u - 3650
0
u..
<(
: : : : 0.292603
(f)
;:) Because the ratio is greater than 0.28, he does not qualify for a loan at New Savings Bank.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 33
 c. Compare the results of the two metrics. How effective are each of the metrics as
measures of whether Ryan can afford to buy a house?
Ryan qualifies for a home loan at National Road Bank, but at New Savings Bank, he does
not. The two metrics use different factors to determine whether someone would qualify
for a loan. A more effective metric might use both monthly expenses and mortgage.

Guided Practice
LOANS Luciana has monthly expenses of $975, a monthly income of $2465, and a
projected monthly mortgage payment of $684.
1A. Determine whether Luciana qualifies for a home loan at National Road
Bank.
18. Determine whether Luciana qualifies for a home loan at New Savings
Bank.
1C. Compare the results of the two metrics. How could Luciana adjust her
finances so that she qualifies at both banks?

2Appropriate Levels of Accuracy All measurements taken in the real world are
approximations. The greater the care with which a measurement is taken, the more
accurate it will be. Accuracy refers to how close a measured value comes to the actual or
desired value. For example, an exact fraction is more accurate than a rounded decimal.

Example2 Accuracy in Measurement

CONSUMER PRODUCTS Suppose you measure the width of a laptop screen and record
the measurement in meters, centimeters, and millimeters.

a. Determine which measurement is rounded to the nearest whole number.

The measurement in millimeters is rounded to the nearest whole number.
Real-World link
When manufacturers and b. Determine which measurement is rounded to the nearest half, tenth, or smaller.
retailers describe the size of
a laptop screen, they report The measurement in centimeters is rounded to the nearest half. The measurement
the length of the diagonal of in meters is rounded to the nearest tenth.
the screen rather than the
height or width. Common c. Determine which measurement is the most appropriate for measuring the screen.
laptop screen sizes range
from 11 inches to 17 inches. Usually, the most appropriate measure is the most reasonable for the size of the
screen. So the measurement in centimeters is the most appropriate.

d. Determine which unit of measure is the most accurate.

Usually, the smaller the unit of measure, the more accurate the measure. So the 0
~
measurement in millimeters is the most accurate. a..
~
~
-~
i
34 I lesson 1-5 I Descriptive Modeling and Accuracy
 Guided Practice
2A. An area rug has dimensions given in inches and centimeters. Which unit of
measure is more accurate? Explain.
StudyTip I
28. One website indicates that the distance to the Sun is 150 billion meters. Another
G Reason Abstractly website lists the distance as 93,000,000 miles. Determine which unit is more
When measuring large
distances, a large unit of appropriate for measuring the distance to the sun: meters or miles. Explain.
measure is generally used.
For estimated measurements,
such as the distance to the
Sun, less precise units are
appropriate.

Example3 Decide Where to Round

Determine where to round in each situation.
a. Elan has $13 that he wants to divide among his 6 siblings. When he types 13-;- 6
into his calculator, the number that appears is 2.166666667. Where should Elan
round? Explain.

Since Elan is rounding money, the smallest increment is a penny, so round to the
hundredths place. This will give him 2.17, and $2.17 X 6 = $13.02. Elan will be two
pennies short, so round to $2.16. Since $2.16 X 6 = $12.96, Elan can give each of
his siblings $2.16.

b. Dante's mother brings him a dozen cookies, but before she leaves, she eats one
and tells Dante he has to share with his two sisters. Dante types 11 -;- 3 into his
calculator and gets 3.666666667. Where should Dante round? Explain.

After each sibling receives 3 cookies, there are two cookies left. In this case, it is
more accurate to convert the decimal portion to a fraction and give each sibling t of
a cookie.

c. Eva measures the dimensions of a box as 8.7, 9.52, and 3.16 inches. She multiplies
these three numbers to find the measure of the volume. The result shown on her
calculator is 261.72384. Where should Eva round? Explain.
Eva should round to the tenths place, 261. 7, because she was only accurate to the
tenths place with one of her measures.

Guided Practice
3A. Jessica wants to divide $23 six ways. Her calculator
shows 3.833333333. Where should she round? Explain. 23/6 3.833333333

38. Ms. Harris wants to share 2 pizzas among 6

people. Her calculator shows 0.333333333 .
Where should she round?

3C. The measurements of an aquarium are 12.9, 7.67, and 4.11 inches. The measure of the
volume is given by the product 406.65573. Where should the number be rounded?

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 35
 For most real-world measurements, a decision must be made about the level of accuracy
needed or desired.

Example4 Find an Appropriate Level of Accuracy

For each situation, determine the appropriate level of accuracy.
a. Jon needs to buy a shade for the window opening shown, 27.5 in.
but the shades are only available in whole increments. ~
What size shade should he buy to cover the window entirely?

He should buy the 28-inch shade because it is enough to cover

the glass.
b. Tom is buying flea medicine for his dog. The amount of medicine depends on the
dog's weight. The medicine is available in packages that are sold in 10-pound
increments. How accurate does Tom need to be to buy the correct medicine?
He needs to be accurate to within 10 pounds.
c. Tyrone is building a jet engine. How accurate do you think he needs to be with his
measurements?
He needs to be very accurate, perhaps to a thousandth of an inch.

rattlce
Watch Out! 4A. Matt's table is missing a leg. He wants to cut a piece of wood to replace the leg.
G Modeling Some How accurate do you think he needs to be with his measurement?
real-world situations may be
modeled well by more than
48. You are estimating the height of a small child. Which unit of measure should you
one unit of measurement.
For instance, a box may be
use: 1 foot, 1 inch, or 1~ inch?
measured in centimeters or 4C. Curt is measuring the driving distance from one city to another. How accurate do you
millimeters, but the context think he needs to be with his measurement?
of the situation will help you
to determine the better unit
of measure.

Examole1 1. GRADING A teacher uses a metric to determine her students' quarter grades. The total
number of points possible is 450. Students with at least 90% of the total points will
receive an A for the quarter. Students with 89-80% will receive a B, students with
79-70% will receive a C, and students with 69-60% will receive a D. The table shows the
number of points for each student. Determine the number of students who have
earned each grade.

432 388 345 330

419 361 342 328
404 360 340 300
398 359 333 289
398 359 332 288

36 I lesson 1-5 I Descriptive Modeling and Accuracy

Example2 2. Charges for water consumption in a home are recorded with a water meter. Last
month, the meter read "879 ," and this month the meter read "932." Which unit of
measure is most likely the unit for these measurements: gallons, hundreds of gallons,
thousands of gallons?
xample3 3. Kiri wants to share 3 pies among 11 people. Her calculator shows 0.2727272727.
Determine where the rounding should occur and give the rounded answer.
Example4 4. A nurse is administering medicine to a patient based on his weight. How accurate do
you think she needs to be with her measurement of the medicine?

Extra Practice is on page R1.

5. Amaranda's piano teacher allows his students to pick out a prize based on how much
time they've recorded in a weekly practice log. They earn a pencil for practicing 0-120
minutes, a music download for practicing 121-180 minutes, and a movie ticket for
practicing 181 minutes or more. Amaranda's practice logs for 9 weeks showed 125,
130, 115, 95, 80, 175, 185, 160, and 110 minutes. How many music downloads did
Amaranda earn?
xample2 6. Jayson is the new supply manager for the football team. The order form used by last
year's manager says they use 30 units of sport drink per game. Which unit of measure
is most likely: ounces, cups, or gallons?
Example3 Evan's calculator shows 137.2582774 as the volume of his soccer ball. Evan measured
the radius of the ball to be 3.2 inches. Determine to what place the rounding of the
volume should occur and give the rounded answer.
8. Sam wants to divide $111 seven ways. Where should the rounding occur? What is the
rounded answer?
Example4 9. You are estimating the length of your school's basketball court. Which unit of measure
should you use: 1 foot, 1 inch, or ~ inch?
1
10. MARBLES The graph shows the mass of a set of marbles
related to the number of marbles in the set. A line is Mass of Marbles
drawn to represent all amounts of marbles. 1.6 1...11•
1.4 Vi~
a. Describe the line in terms of accuracy.
- 1.2 ~
b. What is the approximate mass of 7 marbles? ..E! 1 ./
c. Explain why some points are above the line and ~ 0.8 l/1~
:E 0.6 V'
some points are below the line. 0.4 ~
0.2 ~
d. Make a conjecture about the approximate mass of
20 marbles. Explain your reasoning. 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number of Marbles
11. PROMOTIONS Company ABC's human resources
department uses the Data Quality Score as a metric to determine promotions for its
sales team.
Data Quality Score
Number of Positive Calls + Actual Deals Closed
Total Number of Calls Projected Number of Deals

I Number of Positive Calls I Total Number of Calls I Actual Deals Closed I Projected Number of Deals
Mr. Menendez 160 240 18 40
Ms. OToole 188 232 24 52
Ms. Randall 159 212 31 79
Mr. Fraser 162 238 19 48

a. Find the data score for each applicant.

b. Who should get a promotion? Justify your reasoning.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 37
 12. Which is the best estimate for the length of a guitar: 1 foot, 1 meter, or 1 kilometer?
13. Which is the best estimate for the volume of a bathtub: 35 ounces, 35 cups, 35 gallons?
14. Which is the best estimate for the weight of an elephant: 7.5 pounds, 7.5 tons, or
7.5 ounces?
15. Which is the best estimate for the distance from Earth to Earth's moon: 240 miles,
240 thousand miles, 240 million miles?

16. FINANCIAL LITERACY Cameron wants to buy a car. His monthly expenses are shown in
the spreadsheet.

a. Write an expression to find the debt-to-income ratio that takes into account all
monthly expenses.
b. The car loan officer will loan Cameron the money as long as the debt-to-income
ratio is below 0.75. Will Cameron get approved for a loan? Explain.
c. Before taking the loan, Cameron checks another car loan company. This company's
loan metric is calculated by finding the ratio of his car payment to his monthly
salary. The company uses 0.15 as its ideal ratio to find the maximum monthly
payment Cameron can afford. Theoretically, what is the maximum car payment
Cameron can afford?

17. CONSUMER SCIENCE A consumer watch agency wants to test the accuracy of the
advertised weight of bags of fertilizer having a label weight of 50 pounds.
a. Describe a way to test the weights.
b. What is an appropriate level of accuracy for their tests? Justify your reasoning.
c. How can their results guide future production of bags of fertilizer?

18. SPACE Which unit of measure is the most appropriate for measuring the distance from
Earth to the star Polaris: feet, kilometers, light-years? Explain.

@ FINANCIAL LITERACY The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) of the U.S. government uses
formulas to assess income tax for individuals. They provide tax-rate guidelines that
include metrics. For example, for the 2015 tax year, a single person earning over
$9,225 but less than $37,450 is expected to owe income tax using the following metric:
Tax= 922.50 + 0.15(x- 9225), where xis the amount of taxable income.
a. Use this metric to find the income tax for a single person earning $20,000 of taxable
income.
b. Use the Internet to research another IRS metric. Describe your findings.

38 I Lesson 1-5 I Descriptive Modeling and Accuracy

20. BASEBALL In baseball, earned run averages (ERAs) are used to compare pitchers.
The spreadsheet shows the midyear ERAs for some starting pitchers of Major League
Baseball teams during the 2016 season.

a. The ERA is calculated by dividing the total number of earned runs by the quotient
of the number of innings pitched and 9 or the number of full games pitched. The
metric below represents this calculation.

ERA = ER
IP-7-9
= Number of Earned Runs
Number of Innings Pitched -7-9

At the midyear of the 2016 season, Jacob DeCrom of the New York Mets had
93 innings pitched for 27 earned runs. Find his ERA.

b. Summarize the data and evaluate its effectiveness for modeling the data.

21. COLLEGE ATHLETICS Some universities use a metric called the Academic Index, which
considers a student's C.P.A. and SAT scores, to qualify high school athletic recruits.
Use the expression to determine whether the student athlete qualifies at a university
that requires an Academic Index of 185 or greater.

G.P.A. I G.P.A. Value

2[
(Reading Score; Writing Score)+ Math Score
20
l
+ G. p .A. Value
4.0
3.8
80
78
3.6 75
3.4 71
3.2 69
3.0 67

a. Determine whether a student with a high school C.P.A. of 3.2 and SAT scores of 620
in reading, 640 in writing, and 670 in math will qualify for the university based on
the Academic Index.

b. What other attributes of high school recruits do you think universities might
consider when creating metrics to determine qualification?

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 39
 22. COMPUTERS Each year, the estimated number of computer tablet users in the U.S. is
increasing, as shown in the table. The numbers for 2017 and 2018 are projections.
a. Is it accurate to say that in 2019, the number of tablets will be greater than
177 million? Explain.
b. The percent of increase in tablet users is calculated using the model
New Amount- Old Amount .
% Increase = Old Amount . Complete the table With the percent of
increase from 2015 to 2018.

Number of Tablet
Year Percent of Increase
Users (millions) I
I 2014 149 -

2015 159
2016 166
2017 172
-
2018 177

c. Make a conjecture about the number of tablet users in 2019. Justify your reasoning.
Determine the level of accuracy for each situation. Explain your reasoning.
23. A sports reporter states that there are 660,430 gallons of water in an Olympic-sized
swimming pool.

24. A science magazine reported that there are, on average, 37 trillion cells that make up
the human body.

25. An information station at a zoo states that male gorillas weigh 152 kilograms.

26. One study estimated that about 205 billion emails are sent worldwide each day.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

27. OPEN ENDED The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a complex way to
determine the fuel economy data for a car.
a. Describe an experiment that may be done to test whether the fuel economy rating
of a new car is accurate.
b. The combined miles per gallon (MPG) is sometimes found by finding a weighted
average of 55% of the city MPG rating and 45% of the highway MPG. The equation
below is a metric for the combined MPG.
1
Combined MPG = .
0 55
CITY + HWY
Find the combined miles per gallon for a car with ratings CITY = 30 mpg
and HWY = 35 mpg.
28. WRITING IN MATH The thickness of a page in a textbook was measured with a
micrometer to be 0.018 centimeter. The micrometer's measurement has an uncertainty
of plus or minus 0.001 centimeter.
a. Describe the meaning of uncertainty in the context of this problem.
b. How accurate does the thickness of the page need to be when publishing the
textbook? Explain.
c. State a rule that you could use to express the thickness of the page in the most
accurate terms .

40 I lesson 1-5 I Descriptive Modeling and Accuracy

Preparing for Assessment
29. MULTI-STEP The spreadsheet shows Viola's 31. Suppose you measure a poster to hang on a wall
monthly expenses and salary. G 1, 4 and record the measurement in centimeters,
meters, and millimeters. G 4, 6
a. Which metric(s) gives ratios below 0.3 that
could be used by the lending institution to a. Which measurement is the most appropriate
assess its risk for lending money to an for measuring the poster?
individual? Select all that apply.
b. Which unit of measure is the most accurate?

32. Raj made a profit of $890 selling T-shirts. He wants

to share the profit equally among three charities.
How much should he give to each charity? G 4 , 6
0 A $296 0 c $296.67

0 B $296.66 0 D $297

R f total monthly debt 33. Martina measures the dimensions of a crate as

DA a 10 =
monthly salary 10.45, 13.275, and 12.2 inches. She multiplies these
three numbers to find the volume. The result
Ratio = total loan payments shown on her calculator is 1692.42975. Which
DB monthly salary measurement is rounded appropriately? G 4, 6

De Ratio = rent + home equity loan 0 A 1692 0 c 1692.43

monthly salary
Ratio = monthly salary - total monthly debt
0 B 1692.4 0 D 1692.430
On monthly salary

b. The lending institution has decided to no 34. Darrell is tiling the floor of his bathroom with
longer use the ratio shown in D. Use the value 18-inch tiles. To the nearest fraction of an inch,
you calculated in D to make a conjecture about how accurate do you think he needs to be with his
why they may have made this decision. measurements? Explain. G 4, 6

c. Suppose Viola has no monthly debt when she

applies for a car loan. How does this affect the
35. The table below shows the number of grains of rice
ratios and the lending institution's decision
and their mass. G 4, 6
about making the loan?
Number of Grains of Rice I Mass (grams)
100 1.75
200 3.652
30. The on-base percentage (OBP) in baseball is a
measure of how often a batter reaches a base. 400 705
800 14.8731
The formula to find the OBP is
1600 28.2
H + BB + HBP
--=-=---..:....--=-=-:........::..:~-, where H .
= h1ts, BB = base on
a. Which measurement is the most accurate?
balls, HBP = hit by pitch, AB = at bats, and
SF = the number of times a runner reaches a base b. Which measurement is the least accurate?
after a sacrifice fly. In 2015, Joey Votta of the
Cincinnati Reds led the Major Leagues for OBP, c. Predict the range of mass for 3200 grains of
with H = 171, BB = 143, HBP = 5, AB = 545, and rice. Explain your prediction.
SF = 2. What was his on-base percentage? G 1, 4, 6

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 41
 • The deeper in the ocean you are, the greater
appropriate pressure is on your body. This is because
quantities for there is more water over you. The force of
descriptive modeling.
2
1nterpret graphs of
relations.
gravity pulls the water weight down,
creating a greater pressure.

The equation that relates the total pressure

of the water to the depth is P= rgh, where

P=the pressure,
r = the density of water,
'f:h~ New g = the acceleration due to gravity, and
Vocabulary h = the height of water above you.
coordinate system
coordinate plane
x- and y-axes
origin
ordered pair
1Represent a Relation This relationship between the depth and the pressure
exerted can be represented by a line on a coordinate grid.

x- andy-coordinates
relation
A coordinate system is formed by the intersection of two number lines, the horizontal axis
mapping and the vertical axis.
domain
range The vertical axis The plane containing
independent variable is also called the y the x- andy-axes is the
dependent variable y-axis. (2, 3} - coordinate plane.
"''IIII~
.........

G Mathematical
Practices
The origin, at (0, 0),
..,... ....... ....,
0

' .....
X
Each point is named
by an ordered pair.
l
~ .....
1 Make sense of is the point where .r The horizontal axis is
problems and persevere
in solving them. ... the axes intersect. also called the x-axis.
J
A point is represented on a graph using ordered pairs.

• An ordered pair is a set of numbers, or coordinates, written in the form (x, y).
• The x-value, called the x-coordina~, represents the horizontal placement of
the point.
• The y-value, or y-coordinate, represents the vertical placement of the point.

A set of ordered pairs is called a relation. A relation can be represented in several

different ways: as an equation, in a graph, with a table, or with a mapping.

A mapping illustrates how each element of the Domain Range "U

:::r
0

domain is paired with an element in the range. ..8

The set of the first numbers of the ordered pairs
is the domain. The set of second numbers of the
t
V>-

9
0
i'i
ordered pairs is the range of the relation. This
mapping represents the ordered pairs -~
(-2, 4), (-1, 4), (0, 6) (1, 8), and (2, 8) .
~
42 I lesson 1-6
 Study the different representations of the same relation below.
Study Tip
G Sense-Making Each Ordered Pairs Table Graph Mapping
representation of the same
relation serves a different (1, 2) y Domain Range
(-2, 4)
purpose. Graphing the
points can show the pattern
between the points. A
mapping shows you at a
(0, -3)
~
()1--=3
2
1--1-- (-2,4)

0
(1 ~ 2)
1
- 1--

X
-21E 2
0
4
-3
glance the pairings between
elements in the domain and
(0,-3) - 1--
range. I I I

The x-values of a relation are members of the domain and the y-values of a relation are
members of the range. In the relation above, the domain is {-2, 1, 0} and the range is
{-3, 2, 4}.

Example1 Representations of a Relation

Go Online! ~-~ a. Express {(2, 5), (-2, 3), (5, -2), (-1, -2)} as a table, a graph, and a mapping.
Log into your eStudent
Edition to hear
Table
pronunciations of Place the x-coordinates into the first
2 I 5
vocabulary terms or to listen column of the table. Place the
to complete audio of the corresponding y-coordinates in the ~
text. An online dictionary second column of the table. ST--=2
may be useful for basic
-1 I -2
terms. Ask for clarification as
you need it.
Graph Mapping
Graph each ordered pair on a List the x-values in the domain and
coordinate plane. they-values in the range. Draw arrows
y
from the x-values in the domain to the
corresponding y-values in the range.

Domain Range

5
0 X
3
I I• 2

b. Determine the domain and the range of the relation.

The domain of the relation is {2, -2, 5, -1}. The range of the relation is
{5, 3, -2}.

1A. Express {(4, - 3), (3, 2), (- 4, 1), (0, -3)} as a table, graph, and mapping.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 43
 In a relation, the value of the variable that determines the output is called the
independent variable. The variable with a value that is dependent on the value
of the independent variable is called the dependent variable. The domain contains values
of the independent variable. The range contains the values of the dependent variable.

Real-World Example 2 Independent and Dependent Variables

Identify the independent and dependent variables for each relation.
a. DANCE The dance committee is selling tickets to the Fall Ball. The more tickets
that they sell, the greater the amount of money they can spend for decorations.
The number of tickets sold is the independent variable because it is unaffected by
the money spent on decorations. The money spent on decorations is the dependent
variable because it depends on the number of tickets sold.

b. MOVIES Generally, the average price of going to the movies has steadily increased
over time.
Time is the independent variable because it is unaffected by the cost of attending
the movies. The price of going to the movies is the dependent variable because it is
affected by time.

Identify the independent and dependent variables for each relation.

2A. The air pressure inside a tire increases with the temperature.
28. As the amount of rain decreases, so does the water level of the river.

In 1948, a movie ticket cost

2 Graphs of a Relation A relation can be graphed without a scale on either axis.
These graphs can be interpreted by analyzing their shape.
$0.36. In 2011, the average
ticket price in the United
States was $7.93. Exa~ple3 Analyze Graphs
Source: National Association of
Theatre Owners The graph represents the distance Francesca has ridden on
Bike Ride
her bike. Describe what happens in the graph.

j~
As time increases, the distance increases until the graph
becomes a horizontal line.
So, time is increasing but the distance remains constant.
At this section Francesca stopped. Then she continued to
ride her bike. Time

Describe what is happening in each graph.

3A. Driving to School 38. Change in Income

Jl::: Time
jlL Time
;;<:

"'
:;J

!?!'

l
G)
OJ
:;:
~
,.,
0.
c:
<")

"'g

44 I Lesson 1-6 I Relations

 Check Your Understand in = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11.
Examole1 Express each relation as a table, a graph, and a mapping. Then determine the domain and
range.
1. {(4, 3), (-2, 2), (5, -6)} 2. {(5, -7), (-1, 4), (0, -5), (-2, 3)}

Example2 Identify the independent and dependent variables for each relation.
3. Increasing the temperature of a compound inside a sealed container increases
the pressure inside a sealed container.
4. Mike's cell phone is part of a family plan. If he uses more data than his share, then
there is less data available for the rest of his family.
5. Julian is buying concert tickets for himself and his friends. If he buys more concert
tickets, the cost is greater.
6. A store is having a sale over Labor Day weekend. When there are more purchases,
the profits are greater.
Example3 ~ MODELING Describe what is happening in each graph.
7. The graph represents the distance 8. The graph represents revenues
the track team runs during a practice. generated through an online store.

j~ Time
~~ Time

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R1.

Example 1 Express each relation as a table, a graph, and a mapping. Then determine the domain and
range.
9. {(0, 0), (-3, 2), (6, 4), (-1, 1)} 10. {(5, 2), (5, 6), (3, -2), (0, -2)}
11. {(6, 1), (4, -3), (3, 2), (-1, -3)} 12. {(-1, 3), (3, -6), (-1, -8), (-3, -7)}
13. {(6, 7), (3, -2), (8, 8), (-6, 2), (2, -6)} 14. {(4, -3), (1, 3), (7, -2), (2, -2), (1, 5)}

Example 2 Identify the independent and dependent variables for each relation.
The Spanish classes are having a fiesta lunch. Each student who attends is to bring a
Spanish side dish or dessert. The more students who attend, the more food there will
be available.

16. The faster you drive your car, the longer it will take to come to a complete stop.

Example 3 ~ MODELING Describe what is happening in each graph.

17. The graph represents the height of 18. The graph represents the sales of
a bungee jumper. lawn mowers.

~~ Time
~lLl Time

connectEO.mcgraw-hill.com 45
 G MODELING Describe what is happening in each graph.
@The graph represents 20. The graph represents the distance
the value of a rare baseball card. covered on an extended car ride.

j~ Time
~~ Time

For Exercises 21-23, use the graph at the right.

Dog Walking
21. Name the ordered pair at point A and explain
what it represents. 40
22. Name the ordered pair at point Band explain € 35
what it represents. -g 30
E 251 I I I IB
tC
23. Identify the independent and dependent ~
c
20
variables for the relation. g
sn
15
E 10
4
I I I I I I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of Dogs Walked

For Exercises 24-26, use the graph at the right.

Annual Sales
24. Name the ordered pair at point C and
explain what it represents. .(i)6~ _L ~
en I I I r.-~
c 5 I/
25. Name the ordered pair at point D and 0 -

explain what it represents. = 4

:§.3 I
J
-
Cl) -
26. Identify the independent and
tO<11 2 -I
dependent variables. V)

0 1 2 3 4 5
Years Since 2010

Express each relation as a set of ordered pairs. Describe the domain and range.
27. Buying Aquarium Fish 28. I I I I I tY
Number
of Fish Total Cost

$2.50 01 I IX

2 I $4.50
5 I $10.50
8 I $16.50

Express the relation in each table, mapping, or graph as a set of ordered pairs.
29. 30. Domain Range 31. I I I fY . I I I I

4 I -1
8 I 9
0 X
~
71-3
46 I Lesson 1-6 I Relations
 32. SPORTS In a triathlon, athletes swim 2.4 miles, bicycle 112 miles, and run
26.2 miles. Their total time includes transition time from one activity to the
next. Which graph best represents a participant in a triathlon? Explain.
Graph A Graph B Graph C

JL J~ J~Time Time Time

Draw a graph to represent each situation.

33. ANTIQUES A grandfather clock that is over 100 years old has increased in value from
when it was first purchased.

34. CAR A car depreciates in value. The value decreases quickly in the first few years.

35. REAL ESTATE A house typically increases in value over time.

36. EXERCISE An athlete alternates between running and walking during a workout.

PHYSIOLOGY A typical adult has about 2 pounds of water for every 3 pounds of body
weight. This can be represented by the equation w = 2(t),
where w is the weight of
water in pounds and b is the body weight in pounds.
a. Make a table to show the relation between body and water weight for people
weighing 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, and 130 pounds. Round to the nearest tenth
if necessary.
b. What are the independent and dependent variables?
c. State the domain and range, and then graph the relation.
d. Reverse the independent and dependent variables. Graph this relation.
Explain what the graph indicates in this circumstance.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-order Thinking Skills

38. OPEN ENDED Describe a real-life situation that can be represented using a relation and
discuss how one of the quantities in the relation depends on the other. Then represent
the relation in three different ways.

39. CHALLENGE Describe a real-world situation where it is reasonable to have a negative

number included in the domain or range.

40. G PRECISION Compare and contrast dependent and independent variables.

41. CHALLENGE The table presents a relation. Graph the

ordered pairs. Then reverse the y-coordinate and the
x-coordinate in each ordered pair. Graph these ordered 0
pairs on the same coordinate plane. Graph the line y = x. 3
Describe the relationship between the two sets of 2 5
ordered pairs.
3 7

42. WRITING IN MATH Use the data about the pressure of water on page 42 to explain the
difference between dependent and independent variables.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 47
Preparing for Assessment
43. The points on this graph represent a relation. What 46. Three of the representations below show the same
are the domain and range of the relation? ~ 1 relation. Which answer choice shows a relation that
is different from the other three? ~ 1

QA -
y
'T 5
I
(-3,5) 1- 4 4, 5) -
5 5 6 6
3
2 0 I 1 I 0 I 2
1 (6, (
-3 -2-10
f-----f-----1----1
1 2 3 4 5X
I I I
0B {(5, 0), (5, 1), (6, 0), (6, 2)}
f - - f - - I-- -2
1-(} ~3) 1- f-- f--
I-- I-- 1- -3
I
Oc Domain Range

0 A domain: {-3, 0, 5}; range: {-3, 1, 4, 6}

0 B domain: {-3, 1, 1, 4, 6}; range: {-3, 0, 5, 5}

0 C domain: {-3, 1, 4, 6}; range: {-3, 0, 5, 5}

0 D domain: {-3, 1, 4, 6}; range: {-3, 0, 5}

0D r-- r- 4 y
r-- c- 3
r-- c- 2
44. A mapping is shown. r-- r- 1

-10 1 2 3 4 5 7x
Domain Range
r-L 2
1---3
r--- -4
I

47. MULTI-STEP Data of the number of visitors to a

beach and the daily temperature were recorded over
Which set of ordered pairs represents the same
one week. The data are shown in the graph. ~ 1, 4
relation as the mapping? ~ 1

0 A {(7, 4), (7, 5), (10, 4), (10, 6)}

en
0 B {(4, 7), (5, 7), (6, 10)}
-
0
·u;
>
0 c {(4, 7), (4, 10), (5, 7), (6, 10)}

Q D {(4, 7), (4, 10), (5, 7), (6, 7), (6, 10)}
Temperature (°F)
45. Which situation is modeled by the graph? ~ 1, 4
a. Identify the independent and dependent
0A A jogger stops to take a drink of water and variables.
then continues to cv
E Independent:
jog.
Dependent: ~==========;-'
0
::::1:
0B Ron walks to his E
0
~------------~

friend's house. They .::: b. What are the domain and range of the relation?
cv

-
drive to the mall u
c:
and then return to
tC
en 0 A domain: {80, 94}; range: {54, 85}
Ron's house. 0
Time
0 B domain: {80, 83, 85, 88, 94};
Oc Kim walks to the range: {54, 65, 66, 73, 75, 85}
bus stop, waits for several minutes, and then
takes the bus directly to work. 0 C domain: {54, 65, 66, 73, 75, 85};
range: {80, 83, 85, 88, 94}
QD Mark rides his bike to the park and takes a
short break before playing basketball for an 0 D domain: {80, 83, 83, 85, 88, 94, 94};
hour. range:{54,65,66, 73, 73, 75, 85}

48 I lesson 1-6 I Relations

 I
• You solved equations •1 Determine whether a • The distance a car travels from when ~ 300
I
l
with elements from a relation is a function. the brakes are applied to the car's sc 250
replacement set.
2 Find linear equations.
complete stop is the stopping
distance. This includes time for the
c II)
200
g' 150 ~"
I

driver to react. The faster a car is ~~

traveling, the longer the stopping
"8: 100
~I('
~ 50 ,/
distance. The stopping distance is a ~

function of the speed of the car. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Speed (mph)

'fbJ New
Vocabulary , Identify Functions A function, is a relationship between input and output. In a
function function, there is exactly one output for each input.
discrete function
continuous function f;J Key Concept Function
vertical line test
function notation Words A function is a relation in which each element of the domain is paired with
nonlinear function exactly one element of the range.
Examples Domain Range .¥,
,----....., ,----.....,
G Mathematical
Practices
3 Construct viable
-3
0
2
4
5
3
2
1
I
I '' ~I}

0 X
arguments and critique the
-
reasoning of others.

,
Example1 Identify Functions

Determine whether each relation is a function. Explain.

a. Domain Range For each member of the domain, there is only
one member of the range. So this mapping
represents a function. It does not matter if more
than one element of the domain is paired with
one element of the range.

b. The element 1 in the domain is paired with

both 4 and -4 in the range. So, when x
equals 1 there is more than one possible
value for y. This relation is not a function.
Guided Practice
1. {(2, 1), (3, -2), (3, 1), (2, -2)}

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 49
 A function that consists of points that are not connected is a discrete function.
A function graphed with an unbroken line or curve is a continuous function.

Real-World Example 2 Draw Graphs

ICE SCULPTING At an ice sculpting competition, each sculpture's height was
measured to make sure that it was within the regulated height range of 0 to
6 feet. The measurements were as follows: Team 1, 4 feet; Team 2, 4.5 feet;
Team 3, 3.2 feet; Team 4, 5.1 feet; Team 5, 4.8 feet.

a. Make a table of values showing the relation between the ice sculpting team
and the height of their sculpture.

b. State the domain and range of the relation. Then determine whether
Real-World link it is a function.
The lcehotel, located in the
Arctic Circle in Sweden, is a The domain of the relation is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} because this set represents
hotel made out of ice. The values of the independent variable. It is unaffected by the heights.
ice insulates the igloo-like The range of the relation is {4, 4.5, 3.2, 5.1, 4.8} because this set
hotel so the temperature is
represents values of the dependent variable. This value depends
at least -soc.
on the team number.
Source: lcehotel
For each member in the domain, there is only one member
in the range, so the relation is a function.
c. Write the data as a set of ordered pairs. Ice Sculpture
Then graph the data. Competition
Use the table. The team number is the
6 f----1---+--+--+-+---+---l
independent variable and the height of the
sculpture is the dependent variable. Therefore,
I I I I I
the ordered pairs are (1, 4), (2, 4.5), (3, 3.2),
(4, 5.1), and (5, 4.8).
Because the team numbers and their
corresponding heights cannot be between
the points given, the points should not be 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
connected. Team Numbers

d. State whether the relation is discrete or continuous. Explain your reasoning.

Because the points are not connected, the relation is discrete.

Guided Practice
2. A bird feeder will hold up to 3 quarts of seed. The feeder weighs 2.3 pounds when
empty and 13.4 pounds when full.

A. Make a table that shows the bird feeder with 0, 1, 2, and 3 quarts of seed in it
weighing 2.3, 6, 9.7, 13.4 pounds respectively. ~
Vl
[
B. State the domain and range of the relation. Then determine whether it is a 5

function. i
3
C. Write the data as a set of ordered pairs. Then graph the data. ~

~-
D. State whether the relation is discrete or continuous. Explain your reasoning. 0'
~
[

50 I Lesson 1-7 I Functions

Study Tip You can use the vertical line test to see if a graph represents a function. If a vertical line
intersects the graph more than once, then the graph is not a function. Otherwise, the
Vertical Line Test
One way to perform the
relation is a function.
vertical line test is to use a
Function Not a Function Function
pencil. Place your pencil
vertically on the graph and y
move from left to right. If the
pencil passes over the graph
in only one place, then the
graph represents a function. X X 0 X

Recall that an equation is a representation of a relation. Equations can also represent

functions. Every solution of the equation is represented by a point on a graph. The
graph of an equation is the set of all its solutions, which often forms a curve or a line.

Example3 Equations as Functions

Determine whether -3x + y = 8 is a function. y ~,4
{
First make a table of values. Then graph the equation. J
I
I
J
I
I
Connect the points with a smooth graph to represent J
all of the solutions of the equation. I
The graph is a line. To use the vertical line
I
,~-
0 X

test, place a pencil at the left of the graph to

represent a vertical line. Slowly move the
pencil across the graph.

For any value of x, the vertical line passes through no more than one point on the
graph. So, the graph and the equation represent a function.

Guided Practice Determine whether each relation is a function.

3A. 4x =8 38. 4x =y+8

A function can be represented in different ways.

Concept Summary Representations of a Function

Table Mapping Equation Graph
I~ y .4
Domain Range \ I
-2
0 I -1
2
-2
0
I :;>'
4 1
1 f(x) = lx
2
2 -1 ' \
\
II
I
1/

2
'\ ~ kl. ....,~
I
X

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 51
Study Tip
Function Notation
2Find Function Values Equations that are functions can be written in a form
called function notation. For example, consider y = 3x - 8.
Functions are indicated by Equation Function Notation
the symbol ~x). This is read f y = 3x- 8 f(x) = 3x- 8
of x. This does not mean f
times x. Other letters, such In a function, x represents the elements of the domain, and f(x) represents the elements
as g or h, can be used to of the range. The graph ofJ(x) is the graph of the equation y =f(x). Suppose you
represent functions. want to find the value in the range that corresponds to the element 5 in the domain.
This is written f(5) and is read f of 5. The value f(5) is found by substituting 5 for x in
the equation.

Example4 Function Values

For f(x) = -4x + 7, find each value.
a. /(2)
f(2) = -4(2) +7 x=2
= -8 +7 Multiply.
= -1 Add.

b. f(-3) +1
J(-3) + 1 = [-4(-3) + 7] + 1 x= -3
= 19 + 1 Simplify.
= 20 Add.

ctiee
For f(x) = 2x- 3, find each value.
4A. /(1) 48. 6- /(5)
4C. J(-2) 40. f( -1) + /(2)

A function with a graph that is not a straight line is a nonlinear function.

ExampleS Nonlinear Function Values

GoOnline! ~
If h(t) = -16t2 + 68t + 2, find each value.
Use the Se,f-checl. ~!:<: in
ConnectED to check your a. h(4)
own progress as you h(4) = -16(4)2 + 68(4) + 2 Replace t with 4.
complete each lesson.
= -256 + 272 + 2 Multiply.
= 18 Add.
-
t . - J ,- 7

t i"M•'h: •1. ~ b. 2[h(g)]

llial
8 "
2[h(g)] = 2[-16(g)2 + 68(g) + 2] Replace t with g.

= 2(-16g 2 + 68g + 2) Simplify.

= -32g 2
+ 136g + 4 Distnbutive Property

Ifj(t) = 2t3, find each value.

5A. f(4) 58. 3[f(t)] +2
5C. J(-5) 50. f( -3) - /(1)

52 I Lesson 1-7 I Functions

 r/J Go Online! for a
Check Your Understandln = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11. v Self-Check Quiz

xamples 1-3 Determine whether each relation is a function. Explain.

1 1. Domain Range 2. Domain I Range
2 6
5 7
6 9
6 10

1
3. {(2, 2), (-1, 5), (5, 2), (2, -4)} 4. y = 2?- 6

5. y 6· I I I I I
y
I I I I I I

0 1 I IX

l I IT I
8. y
t--+--t---t--t--t---t-t--+--+----1

Example2 9. SCHOOL ENROLLMENT The table shows the total enrollment in U.S. public schools.

School Year 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Enrollment (in thousands) 49,771 50,044 50,132 50,268
Source: National Center for Education Statistics

a. Write a set of ordered pairs representing the data in the table if x is the number of
school years since 2012-13.
b. Draw a graph showing the relationship between the year and enrollment.
c. Describe the domain and range of the data. Is this a function?

10. ~ REASONING The cost of printing digital pictures is given by y = 0.13x,

where x is the number of pictures that you print and y is the cost in dollars.
a. Determine the domain and range of this relation. Why is the relation a function?
b. Write the equation in function notation. Interpret the function in terms of the context.
c. Find f(5) and /(12). What do these values represent?

Examples 4-5 Iff(x) = 6x + 7 and g(x) = x 2 - 4, find each value.

J(-3) 12. f(m) 13. f(r- 2)

14. g(5) 15. g(a) +9 16. g(-4t)
17. f(q + 1) 18. /(2) + g(2) 19. g(-b)

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 53
 Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R1.
----~------~----------------------
Example 1 Determine whether each relation is a function. Explain.
20. Domain Range 21. Domain Range 22. Domain I Range
4 6
-5 I 3
6 -3
-5 5

23. Domain I Range 24. y

25. I I I trI I I I I I I
-4 2
3 I -5
4 2 0 X

9 I -7
-3 -5 0 X

Example 2 26. G SENSE-MAKING The table shows the median home prices in the United States,
from 2011 to 2013.
Year I Median Home Price (S)
2011 I 175,600
2012 180,300
2013 208,000

a. Write a set of ordered pairs representing the data in the table.

b. Draw a graph showing the relationship between the year and price.
c. What is the domain and range for this data? Is the relation a function?

Example 3 Determine whether each relation is a function.

27. {(5, -7), (6, -7), (-8, -1), (0, -1)} 28. {(4, 5), (3, -2), (-2, 5), (4, 7)}

29. y = -8 30. X= 15

31. y = 3x - 2 32. y = 3x + 2y
Examples 4-5 Iff(x) = -2x- 3 andg(x) = x 2 + 5x, find each value.
33. J(-1) 34. f(6) 35. g(2)

36. g(-3) 37. g(-2) +2 38. f(O) - 7

39. f(4y) 40. g(-6m) 41. f(c- 5)

42. f(r + 2) 43. 5[f(d)] 44. 3fg(n)]

45) EDUCATION Mr. Blankenship determined that his class averages f(z) can be
represented as a function of the class size z by f(z) = -%z + 87.
a. Graph this function. Interpret the function in terms of the context.
b. What is the class size that corresponds to a class average of 72?
c. What is the domain and range of this function?

54 I Lesson 1-7 I Functions

 Determine whether each relation is a function.
46. y 1 ..
y J.
\ I
.......
- -r-r-
""'"' -r- l"-ioo. ' ~
"ro... J, J
I

-~
0 X 0 X

48. BABYSITTING Christina earns $7.50 an hour babysitting.

I a. Write an algebraic expression to represent the money Christina will earn if she
works h hours.

b. Choose five values for the number of hours Christina can babysit. Create a table
with hand the amount of money she will make during that time.

c. Use the values in your table to create a graph.

d. Does it make sense to connect the points in your graph with a line? Why or
why not?

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-order Thinking Skills

49. OPEN ENDED Write a set of three ordered pairs that represent a function. Choose
another display that represents this function.

50. G REASONING The set of ordered pairs {(0, 1), (3, 2), (3, -5), (5, 4)} represents a
relation between x andy. Graph the set of ordered pairs. Determine whether the
relation is a function. Explain.

51. CHALLENGE Consider f(x) = -4.3x- 2. Write f(g + 3.5) and simplify by combining
like terms.

52. WRITE A QUESTION A classmate graphed a set of ordered pairs and used the vertical
line test to determine whether it was a function. Write a question to help her decide if
the same strategy can be applied to a mapping.

53. G PERSEVERANCE If f(3b - 1) = 9b - 1, find one possible expression for f(x).

54. ERROR ANALYSIS Corazon thinks f(x) and g(x) are representations of the same function.
Maggie disagrees. Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.

1\. f(x)

' ~
X
I g(x)
-1 1
' \
X
0 -1
0 ' ~ 1 -3

' ~
~
2
3
-5
-7

55. <§l WRITING IN MATH How can you determine whether a relation represents
a function?

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 55
Preparing for Assessment
56. A student collected data on the cost ofT-shirts at 60. Which of the following best describes the relation
six stores. The table shown represents the price shown in the graph? G 1
paid p for the number of shirts purchased n. y

5 3 5 3 4 6
~
35 24 36 21 28 40 \
\

For the six stores, is the price paid a function of the \

number of shirts purchased? G 6 \ v
0 \/~ X
0 A Yes, because different people shopped at
different stores.
0 B Yes, because the total cost was more than
0 A Domain: 0 ~ x ~ 6; Range: -1 ~ y ~ 6;
the relation is a function
one dollar per shirt.
0 C No, because there are different total costs
0 B Domain: 0 ~ x ~ 6; Range: -1 ~ y ~ 6; the
relation is not a function
for the same number of shirts.
0 C Domain: -1 ~ x ~ 6; Range: 0 ~ y ~ 6; the
0 D No, because the total price is not related to relation is a function
the number of items purchased.
0 D Domain: -1 ~ x ~ 6; Range: 0 ~ y ~ 6;
the relation is not a function
2
57. If g(x) = ---w-,
x 3
what is the value of g(1)? G 1
-

0A _I 61. MULTI-STEP Consider the function

5 f(x) = x2 + 2x- 5. G2,6
1
0B 5 a. Find each value.
1
Oc 10
2 J(- 3) =I I
0D 5
f(O) =I I
58. For the function y = 15x - 4, assume the domain
is only values of x from 0 to 5. What is the range of
J(1) =I I
the function? ~ 6
0 A All values from 15 to 20
J(-a) =I I
0 B All values from
1~ to ~ b. Is the relation a function? I I
0 C All values from -4 to 71
0 D The two values -4 and 71 c. Is the relation discrete or continuous?

59. Which statement best describes how to determine

when a graph represents a function? G 6
0 A At least one vertical line intersects the
function.
0 B Every horizontal line intersects the function.
0 C Every vertical line intersects the function
exactly one time.
0 D Every vertical line intersects the function
no more than one time.
56 I lesson 1-7 I Functions
You can use TI-Nspire Technology Mathematical Practices
to explore the different ways to
G Use Approriate Tools Strategically

represent a function.

Work cooperatively. Graphf(x) = 2x + 3 on the TI-Nspire graphing calculator.

Jim Add a new Graphs page. Jim Enter 2x + 3 in the entry line.

Represent the function as a table.

f1A1U Select the Show Table option from the fi@il Press ctrl and tab to toggle from the table
View menu to add a table of values on the to the graph. On the graph side, select
same display. the line and move it. Notice how the
values in the table change.

Cooperatively Analyze the Results

G TOOLS Graph each function. Make a table of five ordered pairs that also
represents the function.
1
1. g(x) = -x- 3 2. h(x) = tx + 3 3. f(x) = -2x- 5
1
4. f(x) = 3x - 5. g(x) = - 2x + 5 6. h(x) = tx + 4
2

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 57
 , Interpret intercepts • Sales of video games, includ
functions and found and symmetry of hardware, software, and
function values. graphs of functions. accessories, have increased at
times and decreased at other
1nterpret positive,
2 negative, increasing,
and decreasing
times over the years. Annual retail
video game sales in the U.S. from
2000 to 2009 can be modeled by
behavior, extrema, and
the graph of a nonlinear functi
end behavior of
graphs of functions.

··rt>J New
Vocabulary , Interpret Intercepts and Symmetry To interpret the graph of a function,
intercept
estimate and interpret key features. The intercepts of a graph are points where the
x- and y-intercepts
graph intersects an axis. They-coordinate of the point at which the graph intersects the
line symmetry
positive
y-axis is called a y-intercept. Similarly, the x-coordinate of the point at which a graph
negative intersects the x-axis is called an x-intercept.
increasing
decreasing
extrema Real-World Example 1 Interpret Intercepts
relative maximum
relative minimum
PHYSICS The graph shows the height y of an Height of Launched Object
end behavior object as a function of time x. Identify the
function as linear or nonlinear. Then estimate y
and interpret the intercepts.
-60 I I Ill I I J1. 1 I I
.§.
G Mathematical
Practices
Linear or Nonlinear: Since the graph is a
curve and not a line, the graph is nonlinear. 1:
C'l
40
1 Make sense of
y-Intercept: The graph intersects the y-axis ~20 ~
problems and persevere
in solving them. at about (0, 15), so they-intercept of the
graph is about 15. This means that the object 0 2 4 6 X

started at an initial height of about 15 meters Time (s)

above the ground.
x-Intercept(s): The graph intersects the x-axis at about (7.4, 0), so the x-intercept is
about 7.4. This means that the object struck the ground after about 7.4 seconds.

Guided Practice
1. The graph shows the temperature y of a medical Controlled Thaw
sample thawed at a controlled rate. Identify the of Sample
function as linear or nonlinear. Then estimate and
interpret the intercepts. y 18_
u
2.- t---110 ~
... ~
-
Ql
:::::1
v
tO
Qj
c.
ov 2 4 X
Gl

-10 8
E
~ I ~
I
Time (h)
I
0
3

58 I lesson 1-8
 A graph possesses line symmetry in the y-axis or some other vertical line if each half of
the graph on either side of the line matches exactly. The graphs of most real-world
functions do not exhibit symmetry over the entire domain. However, many have
symmetry over smaller portions of the domain that are worth analyzing.

Real-World Example 2 Interpret Symmetry

PHYSICS An object is launched. The graph shows Height of Launched Object
the height y of the object as a function of time x.
Describe and interpret any symmetry. y t
The right half of the graph is the mirror image -60 I
.§. / T ~
of the left half in approximately the line x = 3.5
1: 40 I I \
between approximately x = 0 and x = 7. C)
I :I \
'G)
J
,
:t: 20 \
In the context of the situation, the symmetry of the I I \
graph tells you that the time it took the object to ~ \
go up is equal to the time it took to come down. 0 2 4 6 X

Time (s)
Guided Practice
2. Describe and interpret any symmetry exhibited by the graph in Guided
Practice 1.

1nterpret Extrema and End Behavior

Go Online! 2 Interpreting a graph also involves
estimating and interpreting where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive,
or negative, and where the function has any extreme values, either high or low.
Taking notes in your
eStudent Edition allows
you to keep your notes with
each lesson to reference
anytime. A function is positive where its graph lies A function is increasing where the graph goes
above the x-axis, and negative where its graph up and decreasing where the graph goes down
lies be/ow the x-axis. when viewed from left to right.

The points shown are the locations of relatively End behavior describes the values of a function at
high or low function values called extrema. the positive and negative extremes in its domain.
Point A is a relative minimum, since no other
As you move left, the
nearby points have a lesser y-coordinate. Point graph goes up. As
8 is a relative maximum, since no other nearby x decreases, y increases.
points have a greater y-coordinate.
f{x)

Study Tip
End Behavior The end
X
behavior of some graphs can
be described as approaching As you move right, the
graph goes down. As
a specific y-value. ln this x increases, y decreases.
case, a portion of the graph
looks like a horizontal line.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 59
 Real-World Example 3 Interpret Extrema and End Behavior
VIDEO GAMES U.S. retail sales of video
U.S. Video Games Sales
games from 2000 to 2009 can be
modeled by the function graphed y /
at the right. Estimate and interpret
Ill$'
1
16 v "' \
where the function is positive,
'*0
-

negative, increasing, and decreasing, V)CI)

- 8 / I"'"
/ \ ,
-c
·- 0
the x-coordinates of any relative .!9::
I
,
(1)=
extrema, and the end behavior of c:::e fJ 1~ X
~
the graph.
Years Since 2000
Positive: between about x = -0.6
and x = 10.4
Negative: for about x < -0.6 and x > 10.4

Real-World link This means that there were positive sales between about 2000 and 2010, but the model
The first successful
predicts negative sales after about 2010, indicating the unlikely collapse of the
commercially sold portable industry.
video game system was
released in 1989 and sold for
$120.
Source: PCWorld
Increasing: for about x < 1.5 and between
about x = 3 and x = 8
y
___ J
rel~tive
1..__max1mum

Decreasing: between about x = 2 and x =3 -

-
-
{ rel~tive
16 max1mum / v "' \
~

decreasing 1
and for about x > 8 n. \
r~l~tive l
8 / ~:r
-
Study Tip This means that sales increased from about mm1mum
2000 to 2002, decreased from 2002 to 2003, I 1
T
Constant A function is fJ 2 4 6 8 10\
constant where the graph increased from 2003 to 2008, and have been ,. --, X

does not go up or down as decreasing since 2008. -..::

( increasingl
the graph is viewed from left
to right.
Relative Maximums: at about x = 1.5 and x = 8
Relative Minimum: at about x = 3
The extrema of the graph indicate that the industry experienced two relative peaks in
sales during this period: one around 2002 of approximately $10.5 billion and another
around 2008 of approximately $22 billion. A relative low of $10 billion in sales came in
about 2003 .

End Behavior: y I/ ~
As x increases or decreases, the value l/ ~
16
,
1--

of y decreases. 1/ \
~
1-- f-- 8
The end behavior of the graph indicates 1
I 1\
negative sales several years prior to 1/J 2 4 6 8 101 X
,~
2000 and several years after 2009, which ~,

is unlikely. This graph appears to only

model sales well between 2000 and 2009
and can only be used to predict sales in 2010.
I
__}
As you move
left, the graph
goes down.
l [ Asyoumo~
right, the graph
goes down.
[
I

~
a-
g
Guided Practice 0
~·
<
3. Estimate and interpret where the function graphed in Guided Practice 1 is positive, v;
g
negative, increasing, or decreasing, the x-coordinate of any relative extrema, and the j
end behavior of the graph.
~
60 I lesson 1-8 I Interpreti ng Graphs of Functions
 Real-World Example 4 Compare Properties of Functions
TENNIS A tennis player hits a forehand shot at a Backhand
height of 2.8 feet and the ball travels 29 feet,

iI Ill II I I Ill
when it reaches a height of about 10 feet. Then, 1
the height of the ball decreases until it hits the
ground 58 feet from where it was hit. - 7
£ 6 LL~~n-r-
She then hits a backhand shot. The path of the l: 5 1-#-t--i

tennis ball is shown in the graph at the right. 'CiCl.i 4 +--w-----+--t

:::E: 3 lLL_l____f.-+--t----tH---n-
Compare the key features of her forehand and 2 ~t-t-\i-rr
backhand shots. 1
0 20 40 60 80 100
x-intercept
Distance (ft)
The forehand shot has an x-intercept of 58.
The backhand shot has an x-intercept of 70.
The tennis ball travels 12 feet farther during the backhand shot.
y-intercept
The forehand has a y-intercept of 2.8. The backhand has a y-intercept of about 2.5.
The tennis ball is about 0.3 foot higher at the beginning of the forehand shot.
Extrema
The forehand has a maximum height of 10 feet when x = 29. The backhand has a
maximum height of 7 feet when x = 35. The maximum height of the tennis ball is
3 feet higher during the forehand shot.

Guided Practice
4. Compare when the forehand and backhand shots are increasing and decreasing
and when the shots are positive and negative.

11r7. Go Online! for a

Check Your Undentandl = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11. v Self-Check Quiz

xamples 1- 3 G SENSE-MAKING Identify the function graphed as linear or nonlinear. Then estimate
and interpret the intercepts of the graph, any symmetry, where the function is positive,
negative, increasing, and decreasing, the x-coordinate of any relative extrema, and the end
behavior of the graph.

1. Stock Value 2. Average Widget 3. Temperature Change

Production Cost
~
.5: ~ I ~ y
F I fY I I I I I I I
o 2
.9; I I~ I - G) CIJ
c _E I I I~ I I I I I
;
0 .g60 "'
tO ....tOCIJ
jQ) 40 I I ' I
~ If--f- 1 ~!'$-t-i
l.I
•.:::; I 'i
~ . I -+-+
I J-+-
CIJ
u
-2
.e~ 201 I ~ I I :A I
....
·.:::: u
0.. Time Since Time (h)
a,
~ Opening Bell (h)
~ ~ 0 8 16 24 X
-"'
Number of Widgets
~<r
(/)
::l

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 61
 xa 4 4. Use the description and graph to compare the fuel economy CarB
of two cars, where y is the miles per gallon and x is speed in
miles per hour.
Car A
The fuel efficiency increases for speeds up to 25 mph when it
reaches a relative maximum efficiency of 53 mpg. The fuel
efficiency then decreases for speeds between 25 mph and
41 mph, when it gets down to 37 mpg. Above 41 mph,
efficiency increases again until it reaches 48 mpg at 60 mph.
Finally, the fuel efficiency rapidly decreases for speeds greater
20 40 60 80 100
than 60 mph until leveling off at 17 mpg.
Speed (mph)

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R1.

Examole 1-3 Identify the function graphed as linear or nonlinear. Then estimate and interpret the
intercepts of the graph, any symmetry, where the function is positive, negative,
increasing, and decreasing, the x-coordinate of any relative extrema, and the end behavior
of the graph.

Vehicle Depreciation 6. Lawn Mowing Service 7. Company Advertising

u;
g 20 l
y
=
~
;
800 1- I I
u;

-
I I I I I I I I 0 0
0 a:cv 400 I I I V I 0
0
~10 I
::I
iii
::> 01
I ~

I_
I I

1
I I I

l=r;:]
I
~
>
:;
01 1 1' 1 1 1•1
~
;-
0
a:
E
::::1 -400 ,. I I
Years Since Purchase u
Time (weeks) Advertising Expense
(thousands of$)

8. Web Site Traffic 9. Medicine Concentration 10. Pendulum Swing Time

:::::;

-E
C 'l

-
J!l .§_ 2 II 1\ I I I I I I I ~
:i: c cv
E
...0cv ..g 1 1 1 t. l l l ll l i=
.Q ~ C'l
c
~ o t I 2b I 1Q I 6b ~ I
E "§
::I
z (/)

8 Time (h)
Time (months) Length (ft)

Example4 11. In 2011, China's urban population exceeded the rural

Urban Population
population for the first time in the country's history. Use the
775 r-r--.---,----,--,--,--,----,--,--,
description and graph to compare the key features of the

II~~ 111111 Yfll

urban and rural populations of China.
Rural Population
About 745,440,000 people lived in the rural regions of China

I! !oo
in 2005. Since then, the rural population of China has been
steadily decreasing to 618,660,000 in 2014.
1111111

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years since 2005

62 I lesson 1-8 I Interpreting Graph s of Funct ion s

 12. FERRIS WHEEL At the beginning of a Ferris wheel Ferris Wheel Ride
ride, a passenger cart is located at the same height
as the center of the wheel. The position y in feet of E' y
this cart relative to the center t seconds after the e::-
e -g,
ride starts is given by the function graphed at the
right. Identify and interpret the key features of
-·-
Q)Cll
~:I:
rcc:n
,I20

0
I~
\
'
II~'\,
J
~'
,II \
' X

the graph. (Hint: Look for a pattern in the graph -c: \ J 1~ 1o 2~ ~

to help you describe its end behavior.)
11)•-
·-
-
c t:=
V)
tC -20
1\ I
'\I'
\ I,, \ I
'II
Time (s)

Sketch a graph of a function that could represent each situation. Identify and interpret
the intercepts of the graph, where the graph is increasing and decreasing, and any relative
extrema.
13. the height of a corn plant from the time the seed is planted until it reaches maturity
120 days later
14. the height of a football from the time it is punted until it reaches the ground
2.8 seconds later
15. the balance due on a car loan from the date the car was purchased until it was sold
4 years later

Sketch graphs of functions with the following characteristics.

16. The graph is linear with an x-intercept at -2. The graph is positive for x < -2, and
negative for x > -2.
A nonlinear graph has x-intercepts at -2 and 2 and a y-intercept at -4. The graph has
a relative minimum of -4 at x = 0. The graph is decreasing for x < 0 and increasing
for x > 0.
18. A nonlinear graph has a y-intercept at 2, but no x-intercepts. The graph is positive and
increasing for all values of x.
19. A nonlinear graph has x-intercepts at -8 and -2 and a y-intercept at 3. The graph has
relative minimums at x = -6 and x = 6 and a relative maximum at x = 2. The graph is
positive for x < -8 and x > -2 and negative between x = -8 and x = -2. As x
decreases, y increases and as x increases, y increases.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-order Thinking Skills

20. G CRITIQUE ARGUMENTS Katara thinks that all linear functions have exactly one
x-intercept. Desmond thinks that a linear function can have at most one x-intercept. Is
either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
21. CHALLENGE Describe the end behavior of the graph shown.
22. G CRITIQUE ARGUMENTS Determine whether the following statement
y

is true or false. Explain.

Functions have at most one y-intercept.
23. OPEN ENDED Sketch the graph of a function with one relative
'
"'\ 0 X

maximum and one relative minimum that could represent a

real-world function. Label each axis and include appropriate
units. Then identify and interpret the relative extrema of
your graph.
24. WRITING IN MATH Describe how you would identify the key features of a graph
described in this lesson using a table of values for a function.

connectEO.mcgraw-hill.com 63
Preparing for Assessment
25. Which of the following best describes the 28. Which statement best describes the graph
graph? G 1 shown? G 1
y
'-- -4 y
- -3
- -2
- -1 /"' ~
I \.
X -10 ~12345, 7x
/, \

=t 1-4 '
\
0 A The x-intercept is 3; they-intercept is 5; the
graph is positive for x < 5; the graph is
negative for x > 5. 0 A The graph is linear.
'
0 B The x-intercept is 5; they-intercept is 3; the 0 B The graph is nonlinear.
graph is positive for x < 5; the graph is 0 C There are two y-intercepts.
negative for x > 5.
0 C The x-intercept is 5; they-intercept is 3; the
0 D The graph is increasing.
graph is positive for x > 5; the graph is
negative for x < 5.
0 D The x-intercept is 5; they-intercept is 3; the 29. A linear function has an x-intercept at (-3, 0) and a
graph is positive for x > 0; the graph is y-intercept at (0, -2). Which of the following must
negative for x < 0. be true of the graph of the function? G 1, 2
0 A The graph is positive for x < -3.
0 B The graph is increasing for x > 0.
26. Determine the maximum number of y-intercepts a
function can have. Justify your response. G 1
0 C The graph has another x-intercept at (3, 0).
0 D As x increases, y increases.

27. Which of the following best describes the

graph? G 1 30. MULTI-STEP Sarah
throws a ball in the
26 y ,

I
J
v)
4 y

~I\

2 \
air. The graph shows
the height of the ball
24
22
20
18 I
J
' \
\
1 1 as a function of time.
16 1 / 1\
-5-4-; -2-10 \ 2 3X
Nathan also throws a -
~
.c 14
II \
I
II,..
I I
3
-4
2 \
1
j
ball in the air. His
throw begins at a
C'l
"(j)
::::t:
12
10 I
f---8 I
' ~
f---6 1/ 1\
I ~
' -- '--- height of 2 feet. The
ball travels up to 30 f---4 \
0A The X-intercepts are -3 and 1, the y-intercept
is 3, and the axis of symmetry is y = 4.
feet in 2 seconds and
then comes back
down to the ground
f---2

0 0;5 1 1.5 ' 2 X

0B The x-intercepts are -3 and 1, they-intercept

after 4 seconds. G 1, 2
Time (seconds)
is 3, and the axis of symmetry is x = -1.
a. What are the x-intercepts of each ball's path?
0 C The x-intercepts are -1 and 3, they-intercept
is 3, and the axis of symmetry is y = 4. b. Do both balls start from the same height?

0 D The x-intercepts are -3 and 1, they-intercept

c. Which ball goes higher in the air?
is 4, and the axis of symmetry is x = -1.

64 I Lesson 1-8 I Interpreting Graphs of Functions

Study Guide
I
I Key Concepts I Key Vocabulary
Order of Operations (Lesson 1-2) accuracy (p. 34) metric (p. 33)
• Evalute expressions inside grouping symbols. algebraic expression (p. 5) ordered pair (p. 42)
• Evaluate all powers.
base (p.5) order of operations (p. 10)
• Multiply and/or divide in order from left to right.
coefficient (p. 26) origin (p. 42)
• Add or subtract in order from left to right.
coordinate system (p. 42) power (p.5)
Properties of Equality (Lessons 1-3 and 1-4)
• For any numbers a, b, and c: dependent variable (p. 44) range (p. 42)

Reflexive: a=a domain (p. 42) reciprocal (p.17)

Symmetric: If a= b, then b =a.
end behavior (p. 59) relation (p. 42)
Transitive: If a = band b = c, then a = c.
exponent (p. 5) relative maximum (p. 59)
Substitution: If a= b, then a may be replaced by bin
any expression. function (p 49) relative minimum lp 59)
Distributive:a(b + c) = ab + ac and independent variable (p. 44) simplest form (p 25)
a(b- c)= ab- ac
intercept (p. 58) term (p. 5)
Commutative: a+ b = b + a and ab = ba
Associative: (a+ b) + c = a+ (b + c) and like terms (p. 25) variables (p. 5)
(ab)c= a(bc)
line symmetry (p. 59) vertical line test (p. 51)
Descriptive Modeling and Accuracy (Lesson 1-5)
• A metric is a rule for assigning a number to some I Vocabulary Check
characteristic or attribute.
State whether each sentence is true or false. If false,
Relations, Functions, and Interpreting Graphs of replace the underlined term to make a true sentence.
Functions (Lessons 1-6 through 1 8)
1. A coordinate system is formed by two intersecting
• Relations and functions can be represented by ordered pairs,
number lines.
a table, a mapping, or a graph.
• Use the vertical line test to determine if a relation is a function. 2. An exponent indicates the number of times the base is to
• End behavior describes the long-term behavior of a function be used as a factor.
on either end of its graph.
3. An expression is in simplest form when it contains like
• Points where the graph of a function crosses an axis are terms and parentheses.
called intercepts.
• A function is positive on a portion of its domain where its 4. In an expression involving multiplication, the quantities
graph lies above the x-axis, and negative on a portion where being multiplied are called factors.
its graph lies below the x-axis.
I Concept Check
5. How does the Order of Operations apply to evaluating
Study Organizer variable expressions?

6. How does the vertical line test determine whether a

ii
Use your Foldable to review the
relation is a function?
chapter. Working with a partner can be .

helpful. Ask for clarification of concepts 7. Describe the difference between the additive inverse and
as needed. _:
the additive identity.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 65
Lesson-by-Lesson Review
1-1 Variables and Expressions
----t ·

Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression. Example1 1

8. h - 7 9. 3x2 10. 5 + 6m 3 Write a verbal expression for 4x + 9.

nine more than four times a number x
Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression. l-
fxample2
11. a number increased by 9
Write an algebraic expression for the difference
12. two thirds of a number dto the third power of twelve and two times a number cubed.
13. 51ess than four times a number Variable Let x represent the number.
Expression 12 - 2x3
Evaluate each expression.
14. 25 15. 63 16. 4 4 I= Example3
Evaluate 34.
17. BOWLING Fantastic Pins Bowling Alley charges $4.75 The base is 3 and the exponent is 4.
for shoe rental plus $4.25 for each game. Write an
expression representing the cost to rent shoes and 34 = 3. 3. 3. 3 Use 3 as a factor 4 times.
bowl g games. = 81 Multiply.

1-2 Order of Operations

Evaluate each expression. ,. Example4 I
18. 24 - 4 • 5 19. 15 + 32 - 6 Evaluate the expression 3(9- 5) 2 + 8.

20. 7 + 2(9 - 3) 21. 8. 4- 6. 5 3{9 - 5) 2 -;- 8 = 3{4) 2 -;- 8 Work inside parentheses.

23 11 + 42 = 3(16)-;- 8 Evaluate 42.

22. [(2 5 - 5) + 9]11 . 52-42 =48 +8 Multiply.
=6 Divide.

Evaluate each expression if a= 4, b = 3, and c = 9. 1-

I~
ExampleS
24. c+ 3a Evaluate the expression {5m- 2n) + p2 if
25. 5b2 ...;- c m = 8, n = 4, p = 2.
26. (a 2 + 2bc) -;- 7 (5m - 2n)-;- p2
= (5 • 8 - 2 • 4) -;- 22 Replace m w1th 8, n with 4.
and pwith2.
27. ICE CREAM The cost of a one-scoop sundae is $4.75, and = (40- 8) + 22 Multiply
the cost of a two-scoop sundae is $5.25. Write and = 32 + 22 Subtract.
evaluate an expression to find the total cost of3 one-
=32+4 Evaluate 22.
scoop sundaes and 2 two-scoop sundaes.
=8 Divide.

66 I Chapter 1 I Study Guide and Review

 I

1-3 PropertiesofNumbers
Evaluate each expression using properties of numbers. Example& I
i· Name the property used in
!-
Name the property used in each step. Evaluate 6(4 • 2- 7) + 5 •
28. 18 • 3{1 -7- 3) 29. [5 -7- {8 - 6)]i each step.

30. {16 - 4 2) + 9 31. 2 • ~ + 4{4 • 2 - 7) 6{4. 2 - 7) + 5 • -51

32. 18 + 41 + 32 + 9 33. 7i + 5+ 2~ = 6(8 - 7) +5• i Substitution

34. 8 • 0.5 • 5 35. 5.3 + 2.8 + 3.7 + 6.2 = 6(1) +5• i Substitution

36. SCHOOL SUPPLIES Monica needs to purchase a binder,

= 6 +5 • i Multiplicative Identity

a textbook, a calculator, and a workbook for her algebra = 6+1 Multiplicative Inverse
class. The binder costs $9.25, the textbook $72.50, the =7 Substitution
calculator $49.99, and the workbook $15.00. Find the total
cost for Monica's algebra supplies.

1-4 Distributive Property

Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Example7
Then evaluate. Use the Distributive Property to rewrite the expression
37. (2 + 3)6 38. 5(18 + 12) 5(3 + 8). Then evaluate.

39. 8(6- 2) 40. (11- 4)3 5{3 + 8) = 5(3) + 5(8) Distributive Property

41. -2(5- 3) 42. (8- 3)4 = 15 + 40 Multiply.

=55 Simplify.
Rewrite each expression using the Distributive Property.
Then simplify. ExampleS
43. 3{x + 2) 44. (m+8)4 Rewrite the expression 6(x + 4) using the Distributive
Property. Then simplify.
45. 6(d- 3) 46. -4(5- 2t)
47. (9y - 6){-3) 48. -6{4z + 3)
6(x + 4) =6 •x+ 6 •4 Distributive Property

= 6x+ 24 Simplify.
49. TUTORING Write and evaluate an expression for the
number of tutoring lessons Mrs. Green gives in 4 weeks. Example9

Tutoring Schedule
Rewrite the expression (3x- 2)( -5) using the Distributive
Property. Then simplify.
Day
(3x- 2)(-5)
Monday 3
Tuesday 5 = (3x)(-5)- (2){-5) Distributive Property

Wednesday 4 = -15x + 10 Simplify.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 67
 1-5 Descriptive Modeling and Accuracy

Determine which unit of measure you should use for each

situation. LOANS Brandon wants to buy a car. His monthly expenses
50. Estimating the length of a hockey rink: inches, feet, are shown in the spreadsheet. Write an expression to
miles determine his debt-to-income ratio. He will qualify for a car
loan if his debt-to-income ratio is below 0.55.
51. Measuring the amount of water in a community
center pool: gallons, hundreds of gallons, thousands Type of Debt I Expenses I Salary
of gallons Rent 1150 4375
52. Estimating the difference in weight between two Credit cards 585
cows: ounces, pounds, tons Student loan I 475
Determine where to round each problem. Telephone/Internet I 105
53. Teresa splits $14 between six friends.
Add all his expenses, and then divide this amount by
54. Anton divides 221oaves of bread into 8 boxes. his salary.
55. HEIGHT jordan's height is written as 142 centimeters
Expenses = 1150 + 585 + 475 + 105 = $2315
+/- 3 centimeters. How could you express jordan's height
as a range? Debt-to-income ratio = !;;; = 0.5291429

56. LOANS Mateo wants to take out a small business loan. Brandon's debt-to-income ratio is about 0.53, which is less
His monthly expenses are shown in the table. He will than 0.55, so he will qualify for the car loan.
qualify for the loan if his debt-to-income ratio is less
than 0.35. Determine his debt-to-income ratio. Does
Example11
Mateo qualify for the loan?
Charlotte has $13 she wants to share evenly with her three
Type of Debt I Expenses I Salary friends. She divides 13 + 3 on her calculator and gets
Rent 1850 5673 4.33333333. Where should Charlotte round?
Car Payment 200 Since Charlotte is rounding money, the smallest increment
Credit Card 50 is a penny, so she should round to the hundredths place.
Student Loan 100 This gives her 4.33. $4.33 x 3 = $12.99, so Charlotte will have
one extra penny. She can give each friend $4.33.
57. CATS The body mass index (BMI) of a cat is an
indicator of the animal 's f itness. A eat's BMI is
calculated by using the circumference around its rib
cage and the length of its back leg from knee to ankle
in the formula,
circumference I I th
0.7062 - eg eng
BMI = _ -leg length.
0 9156
Find the BMI of the cats.

Cat I Circumference of
Rib Cage (in.)
I Leg Length
(in.)
Missy 17.5 4.0
Oscar 15.0 3.5
Whiskers 20.3 3.8

68 I Chapter 1 I Study Guide and Review

 1-6 Relations
Express each relation as a table, a graph, and a mapping. Example12
Then determine the domain and range. Express the relation {(-3, 4), (1, -2), (0, 1),
58. {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6)} (3, -1)} as a table, a graph, and a mapping.
Table
59. {( -1, 1), {0, -2), {3, 1), {4, -1)} -3 I 4
60. {( -2, 4), (-1, 3), (0, 2), (-1, 2)} Place the x-coordinates into the first column. -2
Place the corresponding y-coordinates 0
Express the relation shown in each table, mapping, or graph in the second column.
3 I -1
as a set of ordered pairs.
61. 62. Domain Range Graph I 1 1 I 4y l I I --l
-~
I ---"
Graph each ordered pair
~
~
on a coordinate plane. --I

~2 ....
0 --
_._____ X
-1 I 0

63. GARDENING On average, 7 plants grow for every

10 seeds of a certain type planted. Make a table to show
the relation between seeds planted and plants growing
for 50, 100, 150, and 200 seeds. Then state the domain and
Mapping
List the x-values in the
domain and they-values in the
range. Draw arrows from the
x-values in set X to the
-3 g 4
Domain

0
3
1
Range

-2

-1
1

range and graph the relation. corresponding y-values in set Y

1-7 Functions
Determine whether each relation is a function. Example13
y
64. 65. Determine whether 2x- y = 1 represents a function.
First make a table of values. Then graph the equation.
r--r-- y
~- ~
0 I X J
~ I
()1-=1 I
I
66. {(8, 4), {6, 3), {4, 2), {2, 1), (6, 0)} I
Oif X
2 3 J
If f(x) =2x + 4 and g(x) =x 2
- 3, find each value.
I
3 5
67. f(-3)
70. g(-4)
68. g(2)
71. f(m + 2)
69. f(O)
72. g(3p)
'
Using the vertical line test, it can be shown that
2x- y = 1does represent a function.
73. FOOTBALL After three quarters, Omar had rushed
45 yards. If Omar averages 9 yards per carry in the fourth
quarter and there is enough time to run 6 more plays
before the end of the game, the equation g(x) = 45 + 9x
can be used to represent the situation, where xis the
number of carries. Graph this function and find its
____ _
.____domain and range.
connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 69
 1-8 Interpreting Graphs of functions
74. Identify the function graphed as linear or nonlinear. Example14
Then estimate and interpret the intercepts of the POPULATION The population of American Samoa from
graph, any symmetry, where the function is positive, 2004 to 2012 can be modeled by the graph shown. Estimate
negative, increasing and decreasing, the x-coordinate and interpret where the function is increasing and
of any relative extrema, and the end behavior of the decreasing, the x-coordinates of any relative extrema, and
graph. the end behavior of the graph.

U.S. Patents Granted Population of American

an Samoa
80
j ~~~ tr I I I I I l4 I 'in72
1::"'0 ......
II)

:8; v \.

t;~!fHfl 1 U
64
.!!! ~ 56
::so
g.; 48
O..s::::
I :.::. 40<
0>
9:>\:) ~ ?>\:) ?>~ ~\:) ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~(o ~ ~'b ~0) ~ ~~ !(\-
~ ~ ~ ~ '),~ ~ '),\:) tf> ~ '),~ '),~ ~ ~ ~ '),\:) ~ tf>
Years Years Since 2000

The population remained relatively constant from 2004 to

75. Compare the practice runs of john and Dante during
2007, increased from 2007 to 2011, and decreased from 2011
cross country practice.
to 2012. The relative maximum of the graph indicates that
the population peaked in 2011. The end behavior indicates a
John's Run
decline in population from 2011 to 2012.
:::-5
.§.
0 41
0
.1::
eX 3I
E
0
~ 2I
.t: I I

-
1::
m
-~
c
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (min)

Dante: He leaves the high school, runs at a steady

pace for 18 minutes until he reaches the middle
school, which is about 3.2 miles away. Dante runs 10
laps around the track at the middle school, which
takes him 14 minutes. Then, he runs back to the high
school to complete his 55-minute run.

70 I Chapter 1 I Study Guide and Review

 W/.J · Go Online! for
V another Chapter Test

Write an algebraic expression for each verbal 14. A teacher wants to compare the academic work of
expression. two classes. Which average for each class would
you suggest that he use? Explain the reasons for
1. six more than a number
your choice.
2. twelve less than the product of three and
A the average of students' quiz grades
a number
B the average of students' final grades
3. four divided by the difference between a number
and seven C the average number of student absences

Evaluate each expression. Express the relation shown in each table, mapping, or
5. (2. 4)2 graph as a set of ordered pairs.
4. 32 ...;- 4 + 23 - 3
7 + 32 15. 16. Domain Range
6. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the value of the expression ~ r-
a2 + 2ab + b2 if a = 6 and b = 4.
A 68 3 0
B 92 4 -2
c 100
D 121 17. Determine the domain and range for the relation
{(2, 5), (-1, 3), (0, -1), (3, 3), (-4, -2)}.
Evaluate each expression. Name the property used in
each step. 18. Determine whether the relation {(2, 3), (-1, 3),
7. 13 + (16 - 4 2
) 8. %[9 ...;- (7- 5)] (0, 4), (3, 2), (-2, 3)} is a function.

9. 37 + 29 + 13 + 21 If f(x) =5 - 2x and g(x) = x 2 + 7x, find each value.

Rewrite each expression using the Distributive 19. g(3) 20. J(-6y)
Property. Then simplify.
21. Identify the function graphed as linear or nonlinear.
10. 4(x + 3) ' 11. (5p - 2)( -3) Then estimate and interpret the intercepts of the
graph, any symmetry, where the function is
12. MOVIE TICKETS A company operates three movie positive, negative, increasing, and decreasing, the
theaters. The chart shows the typical number of x-coordinate of any relative extrema, and the end
tickets sold each week at the three locations. Write behavior of the graph.
and evaluate an expression for the total typical
number of tickets sold by all three locations in four Gadgets Sold
weeks.
iii"
Location I Tickets Sold "'C

~
c
60
y
l.,.ooo ......
:::;,
A 438 0 ~

B 374
.c
:::.40 v
"'C
0
1/
c 512

13. To find the volume of a box, a student multiplies

-
~
en
( II
C'l
'i
20

0
~
I-'
v
8
)

16 24
-
X
the dimensions 7.5 centimeters, 8.9 centimeters, (!)
Time Since Release
and 13.7 centimeters. Explain why 914.475 cubic
(months)
centimeters is not an appropriate answer.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 71
 Performance Task
Provide a clear solution to each part of the task. Be sure to show all of your work, include all
relevant drawings, and justify your answers.

ZOO Micah is planning a group trip to the zoo. There are two zoos within driving distance.
They each have different prices for different age groups. Micah's job is to determine which
zoo offers the better price for his group.

1. Explain how Micah can write an expression for the price of going to each ~·
Zoo Pricing
of the zoos if there are x children and y adults.
---------------------------------
2. MODELING Micah estimates that 250 children and 20 adults will be Group Rates
going to the zoo. Determine the total cost for each zoo and decide
Westside Zoo Southside Zoo
which zoo Micah should have the group visit.
Children $3.75 $3.25
liffll:l
Adults $5.75 $5.75
3. STRUCTURE While at the zoo, each of the 250 children purchase a
drink for $1.50 and a meal for $4.25. Use the Distributive Property to
show how you could determine the total cost.

1@111
4. REASONING There were four different sections to visit at the zoo.
Micah measured how far the group walked in each section.
Path
I Distance (miles)

Explain how you could use the properties of real numbers to determine Birds 0.48
the total distance walked.
Reptiles, Fish, Amphibians 0.53

Mammals of Africa 1.27

liffll•l
5. Micah wants to create a metric to compare the zoos in his state. Mammals of Americas 1.32
Describe what data you would use to evaluate and compare zoos.
Explain your reasoning.

liffllj
6. SENSE-MAKING According to the zoo's Web site, the zoo opens at 10 a.m. and closes
at 8 p.m. The number of visitors to the zoo peaks around 2 p.m. with an average of
4800 visitors. Around 4:30p.m., the zoo typically has about 2000 visitors. The zoo usually
has another peak around 6:00 p.m. with 3100 visitors. Make a graph to represent the
number of visitors in the zoo from open to close.

72 I Chapter 1 I Preparing for Assessment

Test-Taki11g Strategy
Example -1 Test-Taking Tip
Read the problem. Eliminate any unreasonable answers. Then use the information Finding the Domain
in the problem to solve. The domain of a relation is
the set of inputs of the
What is the domain of the following relation? {(1, 3), (-6, 4), (8, 5)} relation. The domain is
found by simply listing the
first elements of each
0 A {3, 4, 5} 0 c {-6, 1, 3, 4, 5, 8} ordered pair in set notation.
0B {-6,1,8} 0 D {1, 3, 4, 5, 8}
fim What do you need to find?
the domain of the relation

EimiJ Is there enough information given to solve the problem? yes

I.RJ What information, if any, is not needed to solve the problem?
They-coordinates, because they have nothing to do with the domain

fim Are there any obvious wrong answers? If so, which one(s)? Explain.
Yes; A, C, and Dare wrong because they contain they-coordinates.

fim What is the correct answer? B

Apply the Strategy

Read the problem. Eliminate any unreasonable answers. Then use the information in the problem to solve.

Refer to the relation in the table below.

-6 I -2 0 ? 3 5
-1 I 8 3 -3 4 0

Consider the missing x-value in the table. Which of the following values would result in the relation not
being a function?

0 A -1 0 c 7
0 B 3 0D8
Answer the questions below.

a. What do you need to find?

b. Is there enough information given to solve the problem?
c. What information, if any, is not needed to solve the problem?
d. Are there any obvious wrong answers? If so, which one(s)? Explain.
e. What is the correct answer?

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 73
Read each question. Then fill in the correct answer on 5. The diagram shows the dimensions of a rectangle.
the answer document provided by your teacher or on a Each side is measured in centimeters.

013
sheet of paper. 5 + 3x
1. A box of fruit has 12 plums and 15 bananas. The
cost of each plum is p and the cost of each banana is
25 cents. What expression gives the total cost for all
of the fruit in the box?
0 A 12 • 0.25 + 15p Which expression represents the area of the
rectangle in square centimeters?
0 B 12 + p + 0.25 + b
0 A 10 + 32x
0 c 12p + 15. 0.25
0 B 18 + 3x
0 D 12 • 15 + p • 0.25
0 C 36 + 6x
2. A park has the dimensions indicated in the diagram. 0 D 65 + 39x
3x+7

I lsx-1 6. The table shows a relation.

-3 I 5 5 6 7
Which expression represents the perimeter of the 4 I -2 I 3 6 I -2
park?
0 A =8x+6 Which set of ordered pairs represents the same
relation?
0 B = 16x + 12
0 A {-3, -2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
0 C = 6(10x + 2)
0 B {(-3, 4), (6, 6), (7, -2)}
0 D = 15x 2 - 7
0 c {(4, -3), (-2, 5), (3, 5), (6, 6), (-2, 7))}
3. Which of the following does not represent a 0 D {(-3, 4), (5, -2), (5, 3), (6, 6), (7, -2)}
function?
OA y=x +2
7. A given function is f(x) = 3x +5 and the domain
0 B {(3, 5), (5, 8), (8, 10), (3, 12)} of f(x) is {-5, -3, 1, 3, 5}.

oc - 11213141 -4 0 -4 0
Find the range of f(x).

0 D f(x) =4 - 3x 2

4. What is 2x2 - 14 equal to when x = -3?

0 A -32

0 B -20 Test-Taking Tip

Question 6 The x-values represent the domain values, or the
0C4 first coordinates, of a relation. In a table, the top or left row
generally has the first coordinates of the ordered pairs.
0 D 22

74 I Chapter 1 I Preparing for Assessment

8. For the function y = 15 - 6x, suppose the domain 11. What is the value of x for the equation 3 + 7 = 7 + x,
is only values of x from 10 to 20. What is the range and what property is used to identify it?
of the function?
0 A 3, Associative Property (+)
0 A All values from 45 to 105
0 B 10, Associative Property(+)
0 B All values from -65 to 65
0 C 3, Commutative Property (+)
0 C All values from -105 to -45
0 D 10, Commutative Property (+)
0 D The two values -105 and -45

9. Which statement best describes the symmetry of 12. What is a simplified form of the expression
the graph? (15k + 2) - (k2- 2)?

j y ij 0 A 14k + 4 0 C -k2 + 15k + 4

8 'I
~
6
J
0 B -k 2 + 15k 0 D k 2 + 15k + 4
4
r- (-3 2) :\ t- 2 f-- (7r 2):/ 1--
I '1 I
-8-6 -4--l ~ 2 4 ~ 8x
13. If h(t) = -16t2 + 70t + 5, what is h(3)?
1\ I
~
6
I'V'
v 0 A 71
8 1-(f. -:7), --+-
I 0 B 167
0 A The graph is a mirror image of itself over the 0 c 359
x-axis.
0 D 2519
0 B The graph is a mirror image of itself over the
line y = -7.

0 C The graph is a mirror image of itself over the 14. Jim is measuring a friend's height in centimeters.
line x = 2. Do you think that he should measure to the nearest
millimeter, the nearest centimeter, or the nearest
0 D The graph does not exhibit any symmetry. 10 centimeters?

10. At a coffee shop, a small cup contains 8 fluid ounces

and a large cup contains 14 fluid ounces. How many 15. The ordered pairs {( -2, 2), (1, 2), (3, -1), (5, 2),
fluid ounces are there in 15 small cups and 20 large (5, 4)} represent a relation that is not a function.
cups? Which change would make it a function?
0 A 370 fluid ounces 0 A Replace (5, 2) with (3, 2).

0 B 400 fluid ounces 0 B Replace (5, 4) with (1, 5).

0 C 412 fluid ounces 0 C Replace (5, 2) with (5, -3).

0 D 782 fluid ounces 0 D Replace (5, 4) with (4, 5).

Need Extra Help?

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