EXPONENTIAL and

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
3.1 Exponential Expressions & Equations p. 153
3.2 Graphs of Exponential Functions p. 163
3.3 The Logarithmic Function p. 175
3.4 Logarithm Laws p. 191
3.5 Solving Exponential Equations Using Logs,
and Applications p. 203
3.6 Logarithmic Equations and Log Scales p. 217

Chapter Review Practice p. 229

3.1 Exponential Expressions and Equations

Background Skills – Exponent Rules

To successfully complete this unit, and even enjoy it, we must first brush up
our sills on a concept last thoroughly visited in Math 10C – exponents.

Exponent

3 3 3 3
Base
Appears 4 times
Visit math30-1edge.com for solutions
Exponent Rules (Remember these?) to all warm-ups and class examples

Name Rule Example (simplify each)

Product of Powers Answers are at the

bottom of the next
page
Quotient of Powers
 Try Each First!
Power of a Power
Don’t peek!
Power of a Product 4

2
Power of a Quotient

Zero Exponent 1 7 2

1 1 1
Negative Exponents or
2
2 Evaluate each of
Neg. Exp. fraction base these three, try w/o
3 using your calc!
Rational Exponents or 8

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3.1 Exponential Expressions and Equations

Worked Example Simplify Each of the Following Expressions

!
2 12
(a) 2 3 (b) (c)
10 8

(a) Start with 2nd bracket, apply exp. “2” (b) Start by simplifying “inside” (c) Start by simplifying “inside”
# Higher exp. of % is on Exp. of , is higher on bottom. So start
2 9
top (3 vs. 2). So subtract w/ - term, which is higher on top.
$ exponents, start w/ top  exp. of - is: ' $
$ & $ 5
%  exp. of % is: $
!
10 + 2 Higher exp. of & is on 3
Square everything inside,
one at a time bottom to start. So subtract 2
exponents, start w/ bottom 12/8 reduces
Answer: Exp. of , is higher on bottom.
 exp. of & is: *
'(%'' &(  exp. of , is: $
Then, apply outside exp., “3”, to
$ ) &$ &* both the numerator and denom.: Next, apply the rule:
% %( add exponents
$
2 2
5
3 3
Final answers should not
have negative exponents %
,'/
'$0&*
)-$

Visit math30-1edge.com for solutions

Class Example 3.11 Simplifying Expressions with Exponents to all warm-ups and class examples

Simply Each of the following:

12
(a) 5 (b) 4 10 (c) (d)
6 2 !

Class Example 3.12 Simplifying Expressions with Exponents

Evaluate Each of these: (Try without a calculator!)

2 .
(a) 8 (b) (c) 8 (d) 9 (e) 25
3

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Solving Exponential Equations

We need to re-write 32 as a power of 2.
(Since the left side is a power of 2)
An exponential equation has the variable
2 4
2  32 can be written as $0
in the exponent, for example: $ % $
4 Now our equation consists of two power terms of the
2 2 same base.
One method to solve involves writing all 3 4 5 Since the expressions are equal, and the bases are
terms in the same base. Let’s see how equal, then the exponents must also be equal.
that works here… 3 9

To solve an exponential equation:

 Re-write all terms with the same base
 If necessary, simplify using Exponent Rules, so there is a single term on each side
 Set the exponents equal and solve

Worked Example Solve the Exponential Equation: )% 7 $7$% )

Algebraic Solution: Verify numerically on your calc: Substitute % ' /

into both sides of
Re-write 9 and 27 using the same base orig. equation
4 5 4 6
 Same funky exp.
notation decimal
$
on both sides!
So equation becomes:  So our solution is verified
Solve graphically on your calculator:
$ 4 5 4 6
One method is to: 1) Set Equation to zero: 94 5
27 4 6
0
First simplify each side…. 2) Graph &' left side , &$ right side
2nd + TRACE to get
multiply CALC menu
3 4 !
3 4 5 3) Sol. is the -coord. of pt. of intersect
exponents
Window Note:
Once both sides are fully simplified,
set the exponents equal We don’t need a “perfect”
window setting – it’s not
2 14 6 27 crucial to even see the graphs!

4 13 So long as the
solution is within
' these values,
% we’re good.
(If not, adjust)

Class Example 3.13 Solving Exponential Equations

4
1
For the equation: 84
4
(a) Solve algebraically

(b) Verify numerically and solve

graphically on your calc.

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3.1 Exponential Expressions and Equations

%
(% ' '
Worked Example Algebraically solve the Exponential Equation: $% ' (
Verify numerically:
Algebraic Re-write 8, 4, and 1/8 using the same base Substitute % $
Solution: 4 ! into orig. equation
4
4 !
Same value on
 both sides!
4 !
$ 4
So equation becomes: $  So our solution is verified
$$ 4 !
Solve graphically on calc:
4
2 4 6
Simplify each side…. 2
2 4

Then on Left Side, 4 4 4 6

subtract exponents 2 2
set the exponents equal Graph: 94 5
27 4 6
0

85 3 89 &' left side &$ right side

2 4 % $ Solution is the -coord.
of the pt. of intersect

Class Example 3.14 Solving Exponential Equations of three terms

For the equation: 44 ! 8 4 16 4

(a) Solve algebraically

(b) Verify numerically on your calc.

(c) Solve graphically on your calc.

Class Example 3.15 Solving Equations where the base is unknown

4 ! 4
Exam Algebraically determine the value of in the exponential equation , where
 Style
9 , 9 0, and 9 0.

RTD Learning PowerMath

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Class Example 3.16 Solving Equations where the variable is in the base

Algebraically solve the equation 2 3 1 16 , and Worked

Solve: 0%$ ' 0
Example
verify your solution.
Sol.: First – isolate the
5 135
5 5
power term, %$
Goal: Get exp. of
Multiplies
27
“%” to 1.
to 1 $
$ Take both sides to
27 the exp. 2/3
! (reciprocal)
27

% )

Applications of Exponential Equations

Finally, we explore real world situations that can be modeled using exponential equations – where some initial
value (<) has a multiplication factor (?) applied every certain period of time (@).

Worked The number of bacteria in a sample is shown to triple every 7 hours. Initially, there are 9
Example colonies present. Set up and solve an equation to determine the time it would take for the
number of colonies to reach 2187.
On formula sheet: Period of time for mult.
; Solve on calc:
Algebraic @
& < ? factor to be applied Use %,<% / for “time” problems
Solution:
end amount Multiplication growth
initial amount (or decay) factor
The mult. factor ( ) is (population triples) Use &,<% greater
GROWTH: = 1
than 2187
The end amount ( ) is $'(7 ; DECAY: 0 > >1
$'(7 ) 7
The initial amount ( ) is ) “ ” is the pop.,
;
And A is 7 hrs $ 7 Isolate power term after “ ” hours
(time it takes for ;
0 7
population to triple) Re-write 243 as a power of 3 Solution is the -coord.
; of the pt. of intersect
0
7
; 0 hrs

Class Example 3.17 Applications of Exponential Equations

A particularly strong investment fund has doubled in value over the past 5 years. Assuming that the fund
continues this performance, setup and algebraically solve an equation to determine how long it would take for a
$5 000 investment to grow to $80 000.

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 3.1 Practice Questions

1. Fully simply each of the following expressions:

! 5 8 4
(a) 5 3 (b) (c)
10 6

27 (e) 2
(d)
3 !

2. Evaluate each, showing simplification steps: Try first without a calculator, use your calc to verify!

3 25 2
(a) (b) 81 (c) (d) !
4 16 8
50

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

3. Use an algebraic process to solve each of the following equations. Verify your answers.
1
(a) 6 (b) 64 4 16
216

1 1
(c) 34 94 ! (d) 4
· 216 4
6 216

4
(e) 4 84 !
(f) 9 4
3 4 !
274 !

Answers to Practice Questions on the previous page

8 81 ! 1
16 64
1. (a) 45 (b) 4 (c) 6
(d) (e) 2. (a) (b) 27 (c) (d)
27 4 9 125 20

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3.1 Exponential Expressions and Equations

4. Algebraically solve each of the following equations. Verify by graphing on your calculator.
4 !
1 1
4
3 4 ! 1
(a) 5 25 4 ! 125 4 (b) (c) 3 82
5 9 274 16

4 4 4 4
125 6
4
(e) 2 27 (f) 1 16 4 !
(d)
216 5 3 8 4 84 !

Answers to Practice Questions on the previous page and this page

3. (a) 2 (b) 11/6 (c) 6 (d) 1/6 (e) 1 (f) 12

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

4 4 F 4
5. A student used an algebraic process to solve the equation 3 3
1 . He is able to simplify the
27 4 ! 9
equation to 8 8 C 0, where , C ∈ E
The value of C is:

A. 8
 Exam
Style
B. 4
C. 2
D. 1

6. NR The simplified solution to the equation 164 · 64 4 64 is , where the values of and
are, respectively, ____ and ____.

7. The count of a bacteria culture is initially 60 and is doubling every 4 hours. Set up and algebraically
solve an exponential equation, to determine the amount of time it would take for the bacteria count
to reach 1920.

Answers to Practice Questions on the previous page and this page

4. (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 62/3 (d) 4/3 (e) 6/5 (f) 3/7

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3.1 Exponential Expressions and Equations

8. The foundation of a house has approximately 1200 termites. The termite population is doubling every 20
days. Set up and algebraically solve an equation to determine how long it would take for the termite
population to reach approximately 153 600.

9. An adult takes 400 mg of Ibuprofen. The half-life for the amount of Ibuprofen in a person’s system is 3 hours.
Note: This means that after 3 hrs, half of the original amount ingested remains in the body.
Set up and algebraically solve an equation to determine how long it would take for the amount of Ibuprofen
in the person’s body to decrease to 12.5 mg.

Answers to Practice Questions on the previous page and this page

5. C 6. 67 7. 20 hours
8. 140 days 9. 15 hrs

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 3.2 Graphs of Exponential Functions

We saw in the previous section how exponential equations involved terms where the variable is in the exponent.
Exponential functions are can be used to model many real-world situations.

 The world population Exponential functions can model any of these,

 The value of an investment given certain parameters.
earning positive interest We’ll dive further into applications in section 4.7,
 The measured amount of a after learning a bit about logarithms. For now
decaying radioactive isotope we’ll focus on the basic graphs.
These three involve negative exponential growth,
 The value of a used car
or exponential decay 
 The temperature of a cup of
hot chocolate as it cools

Visit math30-1edge.com for solutions

Exploration #1 The Graph of & $% to all warm-ups and class examples

1 Complete the table of values below, and plot the remaining points on the graph.
Then, sketch the smooth curve that goes through each of your points. Then – you
will have graphed your first exponential function.

% $% 2 Function Essentials:
State each of the following
0 2 '
1 Domain
2
3 Range

4
Asymptote
1
2 -intercept

3 /, '
-intercept

' %
The Graph of &
$
Next, we sketch the graph of the Function Essentials:
4
function obtained by horizontally
reflecting the graph of 24 , Are there any differences
about the line 0. from the graph of y 24 ?

3 Use transformations to show

that the resulting function
! 4
equation is:

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3.2 Graphs of Exponential Functions

We introduce the 4, 16 Applying a 4, 16

& $% ' %
basic exponential horizontal &
function as: reflection gives: $

3, 8 3, 8

2, 4 2, 4
0, 1 1, 2 1, 2 0, 1

1 1 1 1
2, 1, 1, 2,
4 2 2 4
For any graph, & ?% ? = /, ? 9 ' :
Domain: I% ∈ ℝK -intercept: /, ' Asymptote: Horizontal Asymptote at & /
 As % gets larger and larger the graph
Range: I&|& = /, & ∈ ℝK -intercept: -/< approaches, but never touches, the -axis.

Note how the characteristics; domain, range, intercepts and asymptote – are the same for any base of & ?% .
And about that base, b….  It can’t be “0” Or else would just be 0 for every …. & /%
 It can’t be “1” Or else would just be 1 for every …. & '%
 It can’t be negative Note that f we allowed negative bases, any even value of
would return a positive value
So we define the base to be: ? = /, ? 9 ' :

Now with that, let’s explore the effect of changing the base:

Exploration #2 Comparing Graphs in the form & ?% , = 1, for different ? values

Analyze the graphs on the right. All points 

with integer coordinates are shown. & $%
1 For each equation listed to the right,
indicate the number of the matching graph. %
&
$

2 Describe the effect on the graph of

4 , = 1, as gets larger. %
'/ 
&
)

& %

3 Describe the effect on the graph of

4
, = 1, as gets closer to 1.
& '/% 

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Exploration #3 Comparing Graphs in the form & ?% , where ? is between / and '
Analyze the graphs on the right. All points
with integer coordinates are shown. %  
'
&
1 For each equation on the right, indicate the $
number of the graph that matches.

2 Describe the effect on the graph of %

4 $
, 0 > > 1, as &
gets closer to 0.

%

)
&
'/
3 Describe the effect on the graph of
4 , 0 > > 1, as
%
gets closer to 1. '
&


%
'
&
'/

Note that for all of these graphs::

I% ∈ ℝK I& = /, & ∈ ℝK H.A. at & / & ' -/<
Domain Range Asymptote -intercept -intercept

Given the graph of If = 1, the graph increases If 0 > > 1, the graph decreases
4…
& ?% & ?%
=1 0> >1
0.14 104

   
0.54 & $%

0, 1 0, 1

0.94 1.14
  If = 1, the graph bends-up from the horizontal line 1

1 The larger the base (the further from “1”), the greater the
increase… compare graphs ,, and  on the left.

The smaller the base (the further from “1”), the greater
the decrease… compare graphs , , and  on the left.

We’ll next explore the effect of adding a vertical stretch, <, and vertical translation, M, to the graph of 4
….

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3.2 Graphs of Exponential Functions

Exploration #4  & $% 
Comparing Graphs of & < ? %, 9 0, =1
for different < values
Analyze the graphs on the right. All points
with integer coordinates are shown. 1 State the equation
The corresponding functions for each of of the function for:
graphs , , and can be written in the
form 2 4.
Hint: The value of “ ” can be solved for, or Graph 
obtained through reasoning, or through
exploration with your graphing calculator.
Graph 
2 Describe the effect of < on the
4.
graph of
Graph 

Exploration #5
%
Effect of Parameter “M” in & < ? 8 M, 9 0, 91

Graphs  and  on the right are obtained by applying a

vertical translation to the graph of 3 2 4.
The horizontal asymptote (HA) for graph  is shown.

1 Explain how the value M, where = 0,

affects whether the graph has an -intercept. 

% 
& $

2 State the indicated characteristics for each graph:

Range Asymptote &-intercept

Graph 

Graph 

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Given the graph of & < ? %; =0… Given the graph of & < ? %; =0…

& < ? %
& < ? % 8M

The vertical translation M

/, < 8 M represents the horizontal
The vertical stretch < < asymptote. (H.A.)
/, <
represents the &-intercept.
< M

Range: I&|& = M, & ∈ ℝK

Class Example 3.21 Determining Graph Characteristics from an Equation

Given the function & $ %8 ,

(a) Without graphing, state the range, asymptote, and -intercept.

(b) Use reasoning to state whether the graph will have an -intercept.
Explain.

(c) Sketch and label all characteristics.

%
Exploration #6 The graph of & < ? , > 0, 9 1

The graph on the right can each be written in the form N 3 4. N

1 Determine the value of < to state an equation for N .

2,12

1,4
4
0,
2 On the same grid, sketch the graph of O , obtained 3
by reflecting the graph of N about the line 0.
Label it graph .

3 State the equation of O , both in terms of N and

in terms of .

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3.2 Graphs of Exponential Functions

%
Exploration #7 Further Exploration of & < ? 8 M , 9 0, 9 1

The graphs on the right can each be written in the form

4
8 P. For all four graphs, and are the same values.

The horizontal asymptotes are:

0 for graph  2 State an equation of
4 for graph  the function for:
1 for graph 
3 for graph  Graph 

1 Use graph  to determine the

and values.
Graph 


Graph 


Graph 

3 Use an algebraic process to determine
the -intercept of graph .
(From the equation)

4 State the range of each graph.

Graph 

Graph 

Graph 

Graph 

4
5 Given an exponential function in the form 8 P,
state two possible expressions for the range.

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

An exponential function can

be written & < ? % 8M. If = 1, the If 0 > > 1,
graph increases the graph
Domain is decreases
I ∈ ℝK

The -intercept
is < 8 M /, < 8 M

The range is: I | > P, ∈ ℝK

There is a H.A. I | = P, ∈ ℝK if < > /
P & M
at & M
if < = /

& M

 For the -intercept, set 0 and evaluate.

/ 8P

1 8P since 1 for any

The graph will have an % – intercept
<8M if = 0 and P > 0 … or if > 0 and P = 0

 For the -intercept, set 0 and solve.

4
& M
/ 8P

Solve the resulting equation for

the -intercept, if it exits.

& M

%
'
Worked Given the function & 8 '* , state the domain, range, asymptote, and any intercepts.
Example $
Sketch and label all characteristics.

Solution: For all exponential functions (unless restricted by some application),

the DOMAIN is I% ∈ ℝK H.A. at & '*
For range consider two things:
 The H.A. is at & '* (the vertical translation). So, the 0, 12
graph is either entirely above or entirely below & '*.
 Since > 0 (there is a negative in front of the function), the
graph opens down, and is entirely below the line 16. 2, 0
So, the RANGE is I&|& > '*, & ∈ ℝK

For &-intercept, substitute For %-intercept, substitute 0 and solve: '

%

0 and evaluate: ! 4 & 8 '*

/ 4 816 $
! / 4 Horiz. Asymptote
4 8 16 ! 4 2 2
4 16
4 1 8 16 12 2 Base is less than 1, so graph “falls right”.
! 4
4 2 But 4 is negative, so vertically reflect
/, '$ 2 ! 4
2 $, /

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3.2 Graphs of Exponential Functions

Class Example 3.22 Solving Exponential Equations of three terms

Given the function 3 4 4 848 ,

(a) State the domain, and analyze the characteristics of
equation to determine the range.

(b) Use an algebraic process to determine the and

intercepts. Verify using your graphing calculator.

Class Example 3.23 Identifying graphs in the form & <?%

Each graph on the right represents an exponential function that    

can be written in the form 4; =1
Use reasoning to match each equation with a graph number.

(a) & ?%

$ %
(b) & ?
0

(c) & 0?%

(d) & ?% Visit math30-1edge.com for solutions

to all warm-ups and class examples

Class Example 3.24 Identifying graphs in the form & ?%

Each graph on the right represents an exponential function that   

can be written in the form 4; 91
Math30-1power.com
Use reasoning to match each equation with a graph number.

% % 
' $
(a) & (d) & 
$
% %
'
(b) & (e) &
(
%
'
(c) &

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Worked On the graph shown the horizontal asymptote and points () shown
Example have integer values. Determine an equation for the corresponding
4
are exponential function, in the form 8P.

Solution: Start by identifying the H.A. (horizontal asymptote), which

defines the M value.  M '/
So we have & < ? % '/
Next, the value of < (vertical stretch) can be counted as the
distance from the H.A. and the &-intercept.  < 0
So now we have & 0 ? % '/ For reference…

Finally, use any other point on the graph, such as 1, 0 , to

solve for ?. / 5 ' 10
10 5
2
So now that we have P, , and
, we can state the equation:

& 0 $ % '/

Class Example 3.25 Solving Exponential Equations of three terms

For the graph below, the horizontal asymptote and points indicated () are all integer values. Determine an
equation for the corresponding are exponential function, in the form 4 8P .

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 3.2 Practice Questions

1. Determine an equation for each of the following functions, in the form & < ? %:
(a) (b)

2. For each function below, without using your graphing calculator, determine:
i - The equation of the horizontal asymptote iii - The coordinates of the &-intercept
ii - The Domain and Range iv - Whether or not the graph will have an %-intercept.
4
(a) 5 3 4 (b) 1 (c) 3 6 4 82
4
5

i - H.A. at i - H.A. at i - H.A. at

ii - D: ii - D: ii - D:
R: R: R:
iii - -int at iii - -int at iii - -int at
iv - -int ? iv - -int ? iv - -int ?

4
4 4 4
(d) 3 8 5.5 (e) 3.75 1.1 1 (f) 3 2 24
5

i - H.A. at i - H.A. at i - H.A. at

ii - D: ii - D: ii - D:
R: R: R:
iii - -int at iii - -int at iii - -int at
iv - -int ? iv - -int ? iv - -int ?

3. Refer to #2 (f) above, the function 3 2 4 24.

(a) Algebraically determine the (b) Use the intercepts and other
coordinates of the -intercept. characteristics described
above, to sketch the graph:

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 Unit 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
4 Determine an equation for each of the following functions, in the form & < ? % 8M :
(a) (b)

5. The -intercept on the graph of N 2 4 ! 8 is:

Exam A. 2
 Style
B. 2 8
C. 2
D. 2 8

6. The range of the function N 4 8 C; where > 0, C = 0, 0 > > 1 is:

A. I = C, ∈ ℝK
 Exam
Style
B. I = 8 C, ∈ ℝK
C. I > C, ∈ ℝK
D. I > 8 C, ∈ ℝK

Given the function N 4 !

7. 8 5 , where > 0, = 1:
(a) Determine an expression for the -intercept (b) Describe whether the graph will have
an -intercept. Justify your answer.

Answers from previous page

4
4
1
1. (a) 5 2 (b) 3 3. (a) -int at 3, 0
4
(b)
2. (a) i - HA at & / (b) i - HA at & / (c) i - HA at & $
ii - D: I% ∈ ℝK ii - D: I% ∈ ℝK ii - D: I% ∈ ℝK
R: I&|& = /, & ∈ ℝK R: IQ|& > /, & ∈ ℝK R: I&|& = $, & ∈ ℝK 3, 0
iii - -int at /, 0 iii - -int at /, iii - -int at /, 0
iv - NO -int iv - NO -int
. iv - NO -int
(d) i - HA at & 0. 0 (e) i - HA at & ' (f) i - HA at & $
ii - D: I% ∈ ℝK ii - D: I% ∈ ℝK ii - D: I% ∈ ℝK 0, 21
R: I&|& > 0. 0, & ∈ ℝK R: IQ|& > ', & ∈ ℝK R: I&|& = $ , & ∈ ℝK H.A. at
iii - -int at /, $. 0 iii - -int at /, . 70 iii - -int at /, $' 24
iv - YES -int iv - NO -int iv - YES -int

Page |173
3.2 Graphs of Exponential Functions
4 !
3 1
8. Given the function N 8 48, determine:
4 8

(a) The -intercept of N ! (b) The domain of N !

9. The partial graph of the function N 3 4 ! 8 5 is shown below.

The graph transformed to O by applying a vertical stretch factor of , where = 1.
(a) Identify which of the following characteristics
would not change:
i Domain
ii Range
iii Horizontal Asymptote

iv -intercept N
v -intercept

(b) Determine an expression for the -intercept

of O .

Answers from previous page and this page

4
4
2
4. (a) 2 4 8 (b) 3 87 5. D 6. C
3
7. (a) 0, 8 5
.
(b) The H.A. is above the -axis. And since > 0 the graph is entirely below the H.A. So the
graph must intersect with the -axis and there IS an %-intercept.

8. (a) 0, 3 (b) I | > 48, ∈ ℝK .

9. (a) Would not change: i, iv (b) 0, 2

Page |174
 3.3 The Logarithmic Function

What exactly are logarithms?

Logarithms can be helpful in putting very large (or very small) numbers on a human-friendly scale.

For example, on the pH scale 

Ammonia, which has a pH of 12, is 11 higher than
battery acid, which has a pH of 1…

But Ammonia is one hundred billion times as alkaline!

 

Every increase of 1 on the pH scale means a tenfold increase in the alkalinity of a substance. (Similarly, every
decrease of one means a tenfold increase in the acidity) The pH scale (and others – such as the Richter scale,
or Decibel scale), are examples of logarithmic scales. Teaser – more on those in section 4.8!

Orders of magnitude
The difference between large numbers can A “trick” we can use is to write these numbers in terms
be hard to comprehend. of inputs, that, is, as a power base 10.
10 000 Ten Thousand 4 Since 10 4 = 10 000
These inputs are called logarithms.
1 000 000 One Million 6 Since 10 6 = 1 million
IE - The logarithm, base 10,
1 000 000 000 000 One Trillion 12 Since 10 12 = 1 trillion
of one million is 6
1 000 000 000 000 000 One Quadrillion 15 Since 10 15 = 1 Quadrillion

Defining the Logarithmic Function as an Inverse

Pt. on graph Corresponding

of & $% pt. on graph of R %
inverse
Exploration #1

3, The graph of R % $% is shown:

2,
1 Use the graph to
1, complete the
0,  table on the left.

1,
2 Sketch the graph
2, of the inverse on
3, the same grid on
the right 
4,

4 Determine the equation of the inverse function 3 Indicate the domain and range of each function:
R % Inverse

D:

R:

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |175

3.3 The Logarithmic Function

Converting Between Exponential and Logarithmic Form

The logarithmic function is defined as the inverse of the exponential function.

In an exponential function, the input ( ) is the & ?% input

output (value of (exponent)
exponent, and the output ( ) is the value of the power term) base
some base to the power of .
U & VWX? % input (value of
In a logarithmic function the input ( ) is value of the the power term)
power, and the output ( ) is exponent. output (the base
exponent)

Exploration #2
Logarithmic Form Exponential Form Value of &
Converting between Logarithmic and
Exponential form STO 8 2U 8
Since 2 8
1 Complete the table on the right by converting STO 9
each logarithmic form to exponential form
STO! 1000
2 Re-write each of the following in
1
logarithmic form STO
16
1
(a) 5 125 (b) 64
8 STO 0.01

STO 5

Worked Example Convert each to Logarithmic form: (a) 125 (b) 44 3

Solution: When converting to log form… STO The log is equal

to the exponent
base
What the power term is equal to
(a) Start with the base: STO (b) Start with the base: STO

Next, think: The logarithm is an exponent The exponent goes here

STO 3
VWX %
So, the “125” must go here
VWX, '$0

Class Example 3.31 Converting from Exponential to Logarithmic Form

Convert each of the following to logarithmic form:

1 1
(a) 44 (b) (c) 10 0.01
64 2

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

A logarithm that is base 10 is called the common log. With common logs, we do not need to
indicate the base. VWX'/ '// is the same as VWX'// No base specified – that
means base 10!
ENRICHMENT: A logarithm that is base “Y” is called the natural log.
VWXZ % is the same as V- %
The natural log is written
V- , and the base is “Z”
*“e” is an irrational mathematical constant, equal to approximately 2.718, that
has many applications in exponential growth. The base “e” and the natural log
base '/
are studied in Math 31.
So, your calculator actually
To get “e” on your calculator, key in:
has two log buttons: base “Z”

To evaluate a logarithm or solve for an unknown value in a log expression, we convert to exponential form.

Worked Examples Solve each for : (a) STO 243 (b) STO!/ 4

What the log is equal to (logs are exponents)

Solution: Convert each to exponential
form…
base What the power term is equal to
1
(a) Start with the base: 34 243 (b)
2
Next, write the constant in 34 3 % 0
base 3, and set exps equal 2 % '*

The default base for logarithms on your

calculator is base 10, the common logarithm '/$ '//

For other bases, your

0
calculator may have a $
'
“LOGBASE” function. '*
$

If your calculator does not have LOGBASE, you’ll have

to use the change of base identity.
Jump ahead to page 179 to see how to do this!

Class Example 3.32 Converting to Exponential Form

Determine the unknown value for each (Try without using the LOG function of your calculator):
1
(a) STO (b) STO 5 (c) STO[ 81 4 (d) STO 512
125

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |177

3.3 The Logarithmic Function

Class Example 3.33 Evaluating Logarithms

Without using the LOG function of your calculator - evaluate each of the following logarithms.
1 (c) STO 0.001
(a) STO (b) STO! 9 (d) STO 9 27
32

(e) STO[ 1 (f) STO[ (g) STO 2

The example above included three noteworthy logarithms:

STO[ 1 / STO[ ' STO[ -
/ ' -
Since 1 Since Since

Class Example 3.34 Evaluating Logarithms – Exam Style question

\
A student is using an algebraic approach to solve the equation STO! 8 4 .
 Exam
Style
C
One of his steps is to write the linear equation , where C represents the two-digit
3
numerator and , , C, ∈ E.

NR The values of , , and C, are, respectively,

____, ____, and ____.

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

The Change of Base Identity

Exploration #3
1 Fill in the blanks – evaluate each of the following logarithms by converting to exponential form:
Think: $0* ? $ $0* ?
Think: '* $0* ? STO 256 STO 256
STO 256 STO 256
(a) i STO! 256 ii iii
STO 16 STO 16
STO 16 STO 16
Think: '* ? $ '* ?
iv Compare your results from i, ii, and iii above

Think: ) *0*' ?
STO 6561
STO 6561
(b) i STO6 6561 ii
STO 9
STO 9
iv Compare your results from i and ii above

0 '$0 ?

Evaluate using your calculator

2 Fill in the blanks: i STO 125

STO 125 S 125

Use your calculator to determine the value of: ii iii
STO 5 S 5
A reminder that natural logs, which are heavily used in Math 31, are not part of the curriculum for this course.

iv Compare your results from i, ii, and iii above

3 Fill in the blanks: i STO 32 Evaluate using your calculator

STO 32 S 32
Use your calculator to determine the value of: ii iii
STO 2 S 2
iv Compare your results from i, ii, and iii above

The Change of Base Identity shows how any logarithm of any VWX< ]
VWX? ]
base ?, can be written using any other base <. VWX< ?
STO 32
One consequence of this is that we can evaluate any logarithm on our calculator, by expressing as
common logs. (base 10) This is particularly handy if your calculator does not have LOGBASE!
For example, VWX$ $ can be Evaluate in base 10, using change of base.
found by converting to base 10: Note you could also use S 32 + S 2 .
You get the same result using LOGBASE!

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |179

3.3 The Logarithmic Function

Graphs of Logarithmic Functions

We already saw how the graph of logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function.
 The inverse of the exponential function & ?% is % ?& , which can be written & VWX? %

The domain of & VWX? % is restricted, as you can’t take the log of zero or negatives.

Consider trying to evaluate VWX$ / , or VWX$

This is asking: 2 0 ? And this is: 2 4 ?

Neither is possible – domain is I%|% = /, % ∈ ℝK

We should be familiar with the graph of & VWX? %, when = 1 and when 0 > > 1.

4
; =1
Graph of the exponential, and
corresponding logarithmic function,
for a base greater than one
 Range is I | = 0, ∈ ℝK
Domain is I ∈ ℝK
& VWX? % ; =1 - Graph rises from left to right
Horizontal Asymptote that is, U
0, 1 - Graph appears to “flatten out” as
at 0 ( -axis) get’s larger and larger but will
', / continue rising forever.

Vertical Asymptote
at 0 ( -axis)

 Domain is I%|% = /, % ∈ ℝK
Range is I& ∈ ℝK

4
;0> >1

Horizontal Reflection Graph for when the base is

of graph of 4; = 1
between 0 and 1.

Here the base is the reciprocal of above.

0, 1

', /

& VWX? % ; - Graph falls from left to right

0> >1

Graph is a Vertical Reflection

of the graph of & VWX? % ; = 1

 Domain is still I%|% = /, % ∈ ℝK

Range is I& ∈ ℝK

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

We can explore the graphs described above using our graphing calculators, with
bases of 2 and ½:

24 4
Calculator lies: It appears that the
1 log graph “starts” here, in fact it’s a
& VWX$ % 2 resolution issue – there is a vertical
asymptote at 0.
(So graph continues “up” forever!)

Range is I& ∈ ℝK
& VWX'⁄$ %

VWX %
Recall you can enter this using the change of base identity, & … If you don’t have LOGBASE on your calc!
VWX $

These are identical

Note: We can also graph these on desmos.com:

This is the graph of & VWX$ % .
(There you can enter
function in “x=” form) (On DESMOS we can enter the simpler
form of the INVERSE, % $& )

We’d get the same

graphs inputting this:

Note: Key in “shift” … “dash”

to enter the base 2

Worked Example For the function R % VWX $% 8 , state the domain, range, and coordinates
of any intercepts, and asymptote. Sketch the graph.

Solution: For domain: 3

For &-intercept, substitute 0: V.A. at
N STO $% 8 2
STO 2 / 8 3
What’s being logged must be R % VWX $% 8
STO 3 Think: 3 3? greater than zero
/, '
1 2 83=0
0, 1 2 = 3 ', /

I%|% = /$, % ∈ ℝK
For %-intercept, substitute 0:
/ STO 2 8 3
The domain also defines the V.A:
3 2 8 3 Convert to exponential form
V.A at % /$
1 2 83
2 2
1 Range is I& ∈ ℝK
(for all log functions)
1, 0

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |181

 3.3 The Logarithmic Function

Class Example 3.35 Analyzing a Logarithmic Function

Consider the function X % VWX$ 0 $% . Use an algebraic process

to determine the:
(i) domain, (ii) range, (iii) asymptote, (iv) coordinates of any intercepts
(exact values, for the -intercept express as a logarithm)
f

Sketch the graph, labeling all relevant characteristics.

Class Example 3.36 Analyzing a Logarithmic Function

A function is defined by R % $ % *.
(a) Determine the equation of the simplified inverse function, N !

(b) Determine the domain, asymptote, -intercept, and -intercept

of N ! . Sketch.

Page |182 Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved

 3.3 Practice Questions

1. Express each in exponential form:

1
(a) STO 6 1 (b) STO 4 (c) STO6 3 0.5
625

2. Express each in logarithmic form:

(a) 25 125 (b) 10 0.001 (c) 8! 8

3. Evaluate each: Try without using a log button your calculator!

(a) STO 16 (b) STO 10 000 (c) STO 3

(d) STO 6 (e) STO 0.125 (f) STO 8 2

(g) STO5 1 (h) STO!/ 9

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |183

3.3 The Logarithmic Function

4. Determine the value of for each: Try without using a log button your calculator!
(a) STO 256 (b) STO 2 (c) STO! 4

1
(d) STO4 4 (e) STO4 0.125 3 (f) STO6 3 27
81

5. Solve each of the following: Once again, try without using your calc, or at least not using the log button!
(a) 10 4 4 (c) STO4 4⁄3
1 000 000 (b) 2 4 32 1/2

1 8
(d) STO# (e) STO # 2/3 (f) STO
16 ! 32

Practice Questions answers from previous page

1. (a) 6! 6 (b) 5 1⁄625 (c) 9 .
3 2. (a) STO 125 3/2 (b) STO0.001 3 (c) STO# 8 1
3. (a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 1/2 (e) 3 (f) 7/2 (g) 0 (h) 2

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

6. Solve each of the following: Once again, try without using your calc, or at least not using the log button!
1 1 27
(a) STO (b) STO4 5 (c) STO4 3
125 32 64

1
(d) STO! 10 (e) STO4 25 2 (f) STO4 2
16

3 1 \
(g) STO (h) STO (i) STO 8 16
2 6 2

` 5 7
(j) STO 125 (k) STO6 (l) STO# 4
2 2
Express in the form

Practice Questions answers from previous page

4. (a) 4 (b) 1/25 (c) 1/2 (d) 3 (e) 2 (f) 5/4
5. (a) 3 (b) 3⁄4 (c) 9/16 (d) 4/3 (e) 25/4 (f) 7/2

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |185

3.3 The Logarithmic Function

7. Solve each of the following: Once again, try without using your calc, or at least not using the log button!
1 4
(a) STO# (b) STO4 16
3 3

8. For the function R % VWX % 8 0 , provide a detailed sketch, and indicate the domain, range,
asymptote, and coordinates of any intercepts. Use an algebraic process to determine the graph characteristics,
where applicable state in exact values only.

' 0
Exam The points b $, and a ,, lie 5
9.  Style
$ $
on the graph of & VWX? %, as 1 a ,
2
b 2,
shown on the right. 2

NR The value of is: _____

Practice Questions answers from previous page

6. (a) 3 (b) 1/2 (c) 3/4 (d) 1/2 (e) 1/5 (f) 4
(g) 8 (h) 3⁄2 (i) 13/6 (j) 3/2 (k) 243 (l) 2!5

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

10.
 Exam
Style The function & VWX? 0% ';0> > 1 , has a domain of:

A. I | = 4, ∈ ℝK

B. I | = 4/5, ∈ ℝK

C. I | > 4, ∈ ℝK

D. I | > 4/5, ∈ ℝK

11. NR The value of the expression VWX $ ( 8 VWX' $7 8 VWX '// , correct to the nearest
'/
)
tenth, is _____. Once again - Try without using the log button calculator!

12. NR The graph of 2STO 85 1 has an -intercept at , 0 , where is equal to ____.

13. If VWX? % &, then an equivalent expression for is:

 Exam
Style
A.
U
B.
U\
C.
D. U

Practice Questions answers from previous page

7. (a) 2 (b) 8
V.A. at % 0/
8. D: I | = 5/3, ∈ ℝK R: I ∈ ℝK R %
VA at 5/3 −int 4/3, 0 −int 0, STO 5 

9. 32 ,/

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |187

3.3 The Logarithmic Function

14. Match each of the listed functions with its graph number. State the domain of each function in the second column.

STO!⁄ STO 5 Domain:

STO!⁄ STO 3 Domain:

STO STO 83 Domain:

STO STO!/ 83 Domain:

  
 


 

15. The graph of R % shown is obtained by horizontally translating

the function & VWX? %. Determine the equation of R % .

16. If 2 [ C , then an expression for is:

 Exam
Style
A. STOc
2

B. STO d C

C. STOc 2

C
D. STOd
2

Practice Questions answers from previous page

10. D 11. 10.5 12. 3 13. B

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 Chapter 4 – Radical and Rational Functions

17. For each of the following functions, determine the inverse function, and state the domain and
range of N !
(a) 54 (b) 34 8 1

1 4 4
(c) 3 (d) 2 5 3
2

18. State the domain, and algebraically determine the and -intercepts for each of the following functions:
27
(a) STO 84 (b) STO! (c) STO 2 81
3

Practice Questions answers from previous page

14. First column (top to bottom): 
Second column (top to bottom): I | = 5, ∈ ℝK  I | = 3, ∈ ℝK  I | = 3, ∈ ℝK  I | = 3, ∈ ℝK
15. STO 82 16. D

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |189

3.3 The Logarithmic Function

19. The logarithmic form of the equation <$ ?, where = 1, is:

A. STO 2
 Exam
Style
d

B. STOd 2
3

C. STO[ 3 2

D. STO 2

' %
20. For the function R % 8 '$, provide a detailed sketch of the inverse function, and indicate
the domain, range, asymptote, and coordinates of any intercepts of the inverse. Use an algebraic process to
determine the graph characteristics.

Practice Questions answers from previous page and this page

!
17. (a) N STO ; D: I | = 0, ∈ ℝK R: I ∈ ℝK  This is also the range for (b), (c) and (d)
(b) N !
STO 1 ; D: I | = 1, ∈ ℝK
4
(c) STOe ; D: I | = 0, ∈ ℝK
F
4
(d) STO ; D: I | = 3, ∈ ℝK

18. (a) D: I | = 4, ∈ ℝK -int: 3, 0 -int: 0, 2

(b) D: I | > 27, ∈ ℝK -int: 24, 0 -int: 0, 2
(c) D: I | = 2, ∈ ℝK -int: 2.25, 0 -int: n/a

' 12
19. B & R % V.A at N
! ! 4
20. N STO!⁄ ; D: I | > 12, ∈ ℝK R: I ∈ ℝK Here’s both !
N
graphs 
V.A at 12 -int: 8, 0 -int: 0, 1
0, 1 8, 0

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 3.4 Logarithm Laws

In section 4.1 we reviewed the exponent rules. A corresponding concept is the Laws of Logarithms. Remember –
the value of a logarithm is an exponent, after all!

We start by considering the sum of two logarithms of the same base, such as: STO 8 8 STO 4
Is there a simple way to evaluate this? See if you can spot the patterns below.

1 VWX$ ( 8 VWX$ 2 VWX ) 8 VWX $7 3 VWX'// /// VWX'///

2 8? 2 4? 3 9? 3 27 ? 10 100 000 ? 10 1000 ?

3 8 2 8

5 Copy answer Copy answer Copy answer

here here here

Now find : STO 5

_____ Now find : STO STO _____
_____ Now find :

32
_____ _____ _____
So….. So….. So…..
VWX$ ( 8 VWX$ log 2 32
_________ VWX ) 8 VWX $7 _________ VWX'// /// VWX'/// _________

4 VWX$ ($ STO

Now evaluate this:

2STO 8

2 $
So….. VWX$ ( _________

The LOGARITHM LAWS: Example:

STO 1 000 000 STO[ 1000 8 STO[ 1000

 STO[ f g STO[ f 8 STO[ g
6 3 8 3
f 64
 STO[ STO[ f STO[ g STO 4 STO STO 64 STO 16
g 16
2 6 4

 STO[ f STO[ f STO 729 STO 9 3STO 9 3 2 *

6 2

STOd C STO 256 STO 256 STO256

 STO[ C STO! 256
STOd STO 16 STO 16 STO16
2 4 8 Verify
Change of base identity, introduced in 3.3
2 4 on calc!

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |191

3.4 Logarithm Laws

Worked Examples Evaluate each expression (a) VWX0/ 8 VWX$/ (b) VWX '/( 8 VWX '/ VWX '$/

Solution: (a) Write as single log: (b) Pos (+) logs go

up here
STO 50 20 108 ∗ 10
STO STO STO 9
STO 1000 3 120
Neg (-) logs
2
down here

Class Example 3.41 Evaluating a Logarithmic Expression using Log Laws

Evaluate each of the following:

(a) STO 8 8 STO 32 (b) STO 288 STO 8 (c) STO 10 8 STO 100 STO 8

Evaluate each using the

Worked Examples (a) VWX0 $0* (b) VWX$ (
Logarithm of a Power Law
!
Solution: (a) 6STO 25 (b) STO 8 Re-write radicals using rational exponents
2 Since 5 $ 1
25
STO 8 Use log law: STO[ f STO[ f
12
4
6 2
1
3 3/4
4

Class Example 3.42 Evaluating a Logarithmic Expression using Log Laws

Simplify using logs laws, to evaluate each of the following:

\ 9
(a) STO 815 (b) STO 32 (c) 3STO50 2STO15 8 STO
50

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Simplify the following expression ' '

Worked Example VWXk $VWXl VWXm* VWXk
using log laws $
!⁄
Sol.: Step 1 #’s in front of log expressions STOn STOo STO p 8 STOn!/  While we’re at it, distribute
become exponents the (-) sign through the brackets
pos (+) neg(-) neg (-) pos (+)
!⁄
STOn STOo STO p 8 STOn!/
Step 2 Prepare to write as a single
log… pos. logs, ship term to Pos (+) logs, terms go up here
the numerator, neg. logs, STO '/$
Simplified from k
ship to denominator Neg (-) logs down here

Step 3 Simplify terms in the brackets n n !⁄ n5/

STO STO
using exponent rules o p o p

Class Example 3.43 Simplifying a Logarithmic Expression using Log Laws

Express each as a single log:

1 1
(a) 2STO 4STO STO 6 (b) 2STO 8 3STO q r4STO 8 STO q s
3 3

%
Worked Examples Expand and simplify using log laws: VWX$
(
Solution: STO ⁄
STO 8 f
Expand using the log law: STO[ STO[ f STO[ g
g
3
STO STO 8 Isolate log term using the log law: STO[ f STO[ f
4
3
STO 3 Evaluate STO 8 … think 2 8?
4

Class Example 3.44 Evaluating a Logarithmic Expression using Log Laws

Expand each of the following using log laws. Evaluate and simplify where possible.

5 n 1000
(a) STO 81 (b) STO (c) STO \
125o

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |193

3.4 Logarithm Laws

If STO 2 and STO 5 , express each in terms of and .

Worked Examples Working with log laws 0/
(a) VWX '(// (b) VWX
$7
Sol.: (a) Express 1800 as multiples of 2 and 5 So, re-write as: (b) Similarly break down “50”
STO 2 5 9 2∗5∗5
Use your calc to three STO this is “ ”
determine how many This is 1800 27
factors of 2
times “2” and “5”
divide into 1800… two factors y
STO 2 8 STO 5 8 STO 9
Split up using log laws… goal is
STO 2 5 STO 27
of 5
to isolate VWX $ and VWX 0 STO 2 8 STO 5 3
… and 9 left over we must isolate “VWX 0”,
3STO 2 8 2STO 5 8 STO 9
as we’re given that’s “&”
Given - And this And this
this is “%” is “&” log is “$” STO 2 8 2STO 5 3

3 82 82 82 3

Class Example 3.45 Evaluating a Logarithmic Expression using Log Laws

If STO 3 n and STO 5 o, express each of the following in terms of n and o.

75
(a) STO 720 (b) STO
8

Evaluating expressions $0%$

Worked Examples If STO 7 and STO 4, evaluate: VWX0
using log laws &
1
Sol.: Split up using log laws: STO 25 STO 2 8 2STO STO
2
STO 25 8 STO STO !/ given, this is 7 …and this is
1
this is “$” Isolate VWX0 % and VWX0 & 282 7 14
2

Class Example 3.46 Evaluating a Logarithmic Expression using Log Laws

If STO 5 and STO 8, evaluate each of the following expressions.

81
(a) STO 9 (b) STO

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Class Example 3.47 Evaluating a Logarithmic Expression using Log Laws

The expression VWX$ & % 8 $VWX$ t, written in terms of , is:

24 q
 Exam
Style A.
64
24 q
B.
4
2u
C.
64
2u
D.
4

Class Example 3.48 Logarithmic Identities

Use the laws of logarithms to show that each equation below is true for all values , where , = 0, , 9 1.
(a) STO[ STO4 1 (b) STO! STO[
[

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |195

 3.4 Practice Questions
1. Express each as a single logarithm, and then evaluate:
25
(a) STO20 8 STO5 (b) STO 10 8 STO 15 8 STO (c) STO 80 8 STO 50 STO 125
6

1 75 1 1
(d) 3STO 12 3STO 4 (e) 2STO 5 8 STO 36 STO (f) STO 250 STO 2
2 2 2 2

2. Use the power logarithm law to evaluate each without a calculator:

(a) STO 8! (b) STO \ 100 (c) STO 25!.

3. Express each as a single logarithm in simplest form:

For (a) only, also state any 1
(a) 2STOn 3STOo restrictions on the variable (b) 2STO 4 8 STO 3STO
2

1
(c) 2 STO 3 STO STO 8 STO (d) 2STO[ 8 3STO[ 2 C STO[ 2C 82
3

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

4. If STO 3 and STO 5 , determine an expression for each of the following:

20
(a) STO 15 (b) STO 360 (c) STO
675

5. If STO2 and STO5 , determine an expression for each of the following:

`
32
(a) STO80 (b) STO 250 2 (c) STO
125 1000

6. If STO 5 and STO 4, evaluate each of the following:

(a) STO (b) 3STO 3 (c) 2STO 9 !

9

1 9`
(d) 2STO (e) STO (f) STO
2

Practice Questions answers from previous page

1. (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 3 (e) 2 (f) 1.5 2. (a) 30 (b) 2/3 (c) 3
n 16
3. (a) STO where n = 0, o = 0 (b) STO (c) STO /
(d) STO[ 4
o

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3.4 Logarithm Laws

7. Express each as a single logarithm in simplest form, and state any restrictions on the variable:
STO 8 ! STO 9 1
(a) (b) 2STO[ C 8 STO[ 9 3STO[ C
3 2 2

8. The students in a math class are learning about transformations of logarithmic functions. They are given the
following two functions and asked to describe the transformation of the graph of function  to the graph of
function :  STO  STO 8
Kidist claims that the graph of function  is obtained by horizontally stretching the graph of function .
Samer states that the graph of function  is obtained by vertically translating the graph of function .

Explain how both students are correct and determine

the stretch factor and amount of vertical shift.

Practice Questions answers from previous page

1 5 3
4. (a) 8 (b) 2 8 8 3 (c) 3 82 5. (a) 4 8 (b) 8 2 8 1 (c) 3
2 4 2
6. (a) 13 (b) 45 (c) 26 (d) 12 (e) 8 (f) 7 or, alternatively (b) can 3
83
be expressed as: 2

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 Chapter 4 – Radical and Rational Functions

9. The same two students are arguing again (while keeping it friendly), this time with the functions:
 STO
 2STO
This time Samer argues that the graphs of the two functions should be identical, while Kidist maintains that
the graphs will have a different domain. Analyze the two functions to determine who is correct and justify
their position with correct mathematical reasoning.

'
10. The expression VWX - $VWX ,- 8 , where , = 1, written in terms of is:
$

1
 Exam
Style A.
9 /

1
B. /
27
1
C. /
9
1
D. /
27

`
11. NR If STO 5, then the value of STO , correct to the nearest tenth, is ____.

Practice Questions answers from previous page

5/
2 3
7. (a) STO (b) STO[
3 C
8. Graph  is a horiz. stretch, factor of 1⁄8.
Graph  can also be a vertical shift, 3 units up. & VWX$ (%  & VWX$ ( 8 VWX$ %  & 8VWX$ %

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |199

3.4 Logarithm Laws

12. The graphs of N and O on the right have a vertical asymptote

at 3. The equation of N has the form N STO ℎ
The graph of O is obtained by vertically reflecting the graph of R %
N about the -axis.
Provide two forms of an equation for O and use log laws and
exponential form to show they are equivalent.
X %

13. If VWX$ 0 < and VWX$ '/ ?, then an expression for VWX$ '/// is:

A. 2 8 82
 Exam
Style
B. 8 82
C. 2 8 84
D. 4

14. NR If VWX, - $. $, where , = 0, 9 1, then the value of VWX, - , correct to the

nearest hundredth, is _____.

Practice Questions answers from previous page

9. Graph  has domain of I 9 0, ∈ ℝK, while graph , while “equivalent” (log law #3), has a lesser domain of I = 0, ∈ ℝK.
(Can’t log negatives, but for  we square % so it’s never negative) So graph are not identical, well played Kidist..
10. C 11. 5.8

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

15. Write each of the following expressions as a single log.

! \
(a) 2STOd 8 4STOd C 3 (b) STOd 9 3STOd C 8 5/3

! !
(c) STOd 3STOd C 1 (d) STOd 8 2STOd C 82

16. The expression 2STO4n 3STO2 6STO n can be simplified to:

n
 Exam A. STO
Style 2

B. STO 2n

2
C. STO
n

D. STO 2n#

Practice Questions answers from previous page and this page

12.  O STO!/ 3 O STO 3   becomes STO 3 !

 exp RTD
form Learning
gives 2U PowerMath
3 !
! !
Exp. form of  is 1/2 U
3 which is z 3 and again,  is 2U which is equivalent.
4

13. A 14. 1.74

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3.4 Logarithm Laws

17. Evaluate each of the following:

{|}F {|}F !
{|} {|} 3 3 Simplify to a single
(a) 10 10 (b)
{|}F power term of base 3
3

18. If STO 3 and STO 5 , determine an expression for each of the following:
432 12
(a) STO (b) STO
\
15 200

< $
If VWX< ? /. 0, then the value of the expression VWX< ? 8 VWX< is:
19. ?

A. 0.5
 Exam
Style
B. 1.25
C. 2.25
D. 2.5

Practice Questions answers from previous page and this page

5⁄
3 2
15. (a) STOd C (b) STOd (c) STOd 5C (d) STOd
C C
16. B

/$ ( ? '
17. (a) '$ (b) 18. (a) < 8$ (b) < $? 19. C
$ $

Page |202 Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved

 3.5 Solving Exponential Equations using Logs, and Applications

Earlier we saw how some exponential equations can be solved by re-writing terms in the same base.
This method works great - when terms can be written in the same base:  2 5 4 !
50

1 Algebraically solve the following 2 Show that we cannot as easily solve the
equation, by re-writing in the same base. following equation using the same method
4 ! 2 5 4 ! 60
2 5 50

Solving any Exponential Equation

Only some equations can be solved using the method we learned in 4.1, namely re-writing in the same base.
In order to solve any exponential equation we need a broader method – and that method involves logarithms.
(bet you saw that coming)

To solve any exponential equation (and not just those special cases where we can equate the bases),
we can either: solve: $ 0 % ' */
Method 1: Method 2:
Convert to logarithmic form
Or, take the logarithm of both sides
4 !
2 5 60 First, isolate the
5 4 ! 30 Isolate power term
2 2 power term
5 4 ! 30 Convert to log form 4 !
VWX 5 VWX30 “log” both sides
STO 30 1 Isolate … and isolate % using the power log law

STO 30 8 1 ~ 3.11 % ' STO5 STO30

Exact solution Approx. solution STO30 STO30
1 81
STO5 STO5
Use calculator for
approx. solutions  Exact solution 
(same as VWX0 / 8 ')

Class Example 3.51 Solving an exponential equation using logarithms

Use an algebraic process to solve each of the following equations. State solutions correct to the nearest hundredth.
4 (b) 2 5 4 152
(a) 3 2 300

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3.5 Solving Exponential Equations Using Logarithms, Applications

Exponential Equations with

Worked Examples Algebraically solve: $$% 0
*%
variables on both sides

STO2 4 STO64
Sol.: Take the LOG of both sides
Use log law: STOf STOf 2 5 STO2 4 STO6
Distribute the STO2 and STO6 2 STO2 5STO2 STO6 4STO6
Arrange terms with % on one side, 2 STO2 STO6 4STO6 8 5STO2
non-% terms on other
Factor out the 2STO2 STO6 5STO2 4STO6
STO2 STO6 Note that we get the same result
Isolate , apply log law STOf STOf
STO2 STO6 from the non-simplified form:
STO 2 + 6
Combine to single logs
STO 2 + 6
VWX $/('
Exact, simplified answer: % As we do with the simplified :
VWX $/

Approximate answer: % ~ ). '

Class Example 3.52 Solving an exponential equation using logarithms

Use an algebraic process to solve each of the following equations. State solutions as both simplified exact and
approximate values.
(a) 24 5 4 ! (b) 2 6 4 3 4

RTD Learning PowerMath

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Applications of Exponential Equations

The world is replete with applications of exponential growth (or, when the values are decreasing over time,
decay). And success in this unit includes being able to set up (and solve) exponential equations based on real
world problems. Consider each of the following scenarios to provide a response for each. Answers are at the
bottom of the next page.
1 The amount of bacteria in colony is increasing in an exponential pattern. Initially
there are 100 bacteria present, and that amount is doubling every day.
(a) Determine the amount of bacteria (b) Construct an equation that models
that will be present after 4 days. the amount of bacteria present, &,
Warm-up #2 Show your calculations. after ; days.

2 The amount of bacteria in colony is rapidly increasing in an exponential pattern. Initially there are 100
bacteria present, and that amount is doubling every two hours.
(a) Determine the amount of bacteria that will be (b) Construct an equation that models the amount
present after 6 hours. Show your calculations. of bacteria present, &, after ; hours.

3 The amount of bacteria in colony is rapidly increasing in an exponential pattern. Initially there are 1000
bacteria present. The amount is increasing by 15% per hour.
(a) Determine the amount of bacteria that will be (b) Construct an equation that models the amount
present after 3 hours. Show your calculations. of bacteria present, &, after ; hours.

For modelling exponential growth ;

& < ? @
(or decay) applications, we can use:
Where some initial amount < grows to & after some amount of time ;.
And ? is the multiplication factor of growth, which is applied every @ units of time.
;
& < ? @ Type 1 – Values are doubling Type 2 – Values are increasing (or
(or tripling, or “half-ing”, etc) decreasing) by some percentage
Initial Period in which
amount ? is applied ? is the factor of growth (or decay). ? here ? 1 + growth rate* (as a decimal)
Values are doubling, ? $ Tripling, ? *if decreasing, growth rate is negative
growth factor Half-life problems, ? '⁄$. (and so on)
*if = 1  growth @ for these “percentage growth” type
@ is the period of time which the growth occurs. problems is often (but not always) 1, such
0 > > 1  decay
example) In #9 above A 3, for #10, A 0.5 as #8 above - decrease 12% per “1” year

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |205

3.5 Solving Exponential Equations Using Logarithms, Applications

Class Example 3.53 Setting up exponential growth equations

;
For each of the scenarios below, construct an equation that models the & < ? @
amount of some quantity (Q) after “€” units of time.
Initial Period in which ? is applied
amount mult. growth factor

1. 100 bacteria are present in a culture, which is doubling in size every day.

1b. Use your equation to determine the amount of bacteria after 5 days.

2. 100 bacteria are present in a culture, which is tripling in size every day.

3. 100 bacteria are present in a culture, which is doubling in size every

three days.

4. 100 bacteria are present in a culture that is decreasing in size. The half-life
for the amount bacteria is 5 days.

5. 150 bacteria are present in a culture. Every four days, 75% of the
bacteria remain.

6. A $1000 investment is made, that will earn 4% interest per year.

6b. Use your equation to determine the amount of money after 5 years.

7. The population of a country is 25 million and is forecast to grow by

1.4% per year.

8. A $40 000 new car will depreciate in value by 12% per year.

9. A $40 000 new car will depreciate in value by 30% every

three years.

10. A $1000 investment is made, earns 5% annual interest, compounded

semi-annually. Determine an equation that models the value after •
years. Note: Semi-annually means “twice per year”, or once every half-year

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

The population Stonewall, Manitoba, is 4800. Provincial forecasts predict that the
Worked Example population will increase by 2.1% per year. According to this model, determine how long it
will take, correct to the nearest tenth of a year, for the population to reach 6000.

Solution: ; @ is 1, as growth rate •

& < ? @ is 2.1% per (one) year 6000 4800 1.021 ! Input all values
•
& is $6000 1.25 1.021 isolate the power term
? is ' 8 /. /$'
(“end” amount)
2.1% as a decimal STO!. ! 1.25 • to solve, convert to log form
< is $4800
(initial amount) (+) since pop is increasing
; ~ '/. 7 yrs
And note: “t” is what we ant to solve for!

Like all equations, exponential growth equations, this can also be solved on your graphing
calculator:
%
*/// (// '. /$' There are a few ways we can do this!
Method 1 Method 2
6000 4800 1.021 4 Find the 4800 1.021 4 6000  first set equation to “0”
! !
INTERSECT
Find the ZERO (or, graph 0 and find the INTERSECT)

When you see first curve > key ENTER

Second curve > key ENTER “Guess” – you guessed it, key ENTER
Left Bound Right Bound
key ENTER on key ENTER on right, then
Regarding the WINDOW… left side of zero key again for “guess”
% represents time. We typically don’t go
backwards (yet), so %-min can often be 0.
%-max is trickier and could involve some trial and error. We need to be able to see the point of
intersect (or x-intercept) within our window. So often the -max must be made larger.
& represents the quantity that’s increasing (or, when 0 > > 1, decreasing). For most problems the
quantity cannot be negative (for example, population), so &-min is usually 0.
For &-max, think of where the quantity will be at the -max. If = 0 (increasing), ensure the -max is
large enough to include any given “end amounts”. Here the end amount was $6000, so y-max is 7000 to
include it. If 0 > > 1 (quantity is decreasing), then the -max can be just beyond the initial amount.

Class Example 3.54 Modeling exponential growth problems

A particular strong investment fund promises investors an annual return of 12%. Assuming this growth rate is
obtained, determine how long it would take for a $10 000 investment to grow to $25 000, correct to the nearest
tenth of a year.

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3.5 Solving Exponential Equations Using Logarithms, Applications

A Closer Look at Half-Life

Percentage of carbon-14 remaining over time
Have you ever heard of carbon-dating? Scientists use
this method to determine the age of materials that
originated from living (carbon-based) organisms.
Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope present in all organic
materials. It has a half-life of 5730 years, which means
every 5730 years, the amount present is cut in half.
The graph on the right shows the percentage of
carbon-14 present over time. Notice that after 5700
years (rounded), the amount is 50% (half). Then after
11400 years, it’s half of that, or 25%. (and so-on)
A function that models the percentage of carbon-14
present as a function of time in years is: Time in years
•
1 5 Notice that in • 5730 years, the exponent will be “1”, so the
‚ 100 initial percentage (100) will be multiplied by ½ once.
2
And in • 11 460 years, the exponent will be “2”, so the initial
percentage (100) will be multiplied by ½ twice. (It will be 1/4th)

5 mg of a radioactive substance is slowly decaying, such that its half-life is 211 years.
Worked Example
Determine how long it would take for the amount of the substance to decay to 1 mg.
;
; @ is 211, amount of time
1 !!
& < ? @ it takes for quantity to be 1 O 5 O Input all values
Solution: 2
mult. by ½ (the half-life)
& is 1mg ;
? is '/$ 1 1 !!
(“end”
(every 211 yrs, multiply amount by ½)
amount) < is 5mg 5 2
(initial amount) •
STO!/ 1/5 isolate the power term
And note: For “doubling period / half-life” problems, we 211
often need to decide: • 211STO!/ 1/5 to solve, convert to log form
Are we GIVEN “p”, or do we WANT “p”? Here – we are
given “p”, that is given the half-life. ; ~ )/ yrs

Class Example 3.55 Application of Half-life

A gallbladder scan involved the injection of 0.65 cc’s of Technetium-99m, a radioactive isotope. After 10 hours
there was 0.20 cc’s measured in the body.
(a) Determine the half-life of Technetium-99m. (b) Determine the rate of loss per hour of the
Correct to the nearest tenth substance. Correct to the nearest tenth of a percent.

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Class Example 3.56 Modelling exponential growth – equation forms

On January 1st, 1998, the population of Ufa, Russia, was 941 500. By January 1st, 2020, the population had gown
to 1 136 000. Assuming the rate of growth for the population remains constant,
(a) Determine how long it would take for the population (b) Determine the average annual growth rate
of Ufa to double, correct to the nearest year. for Ufa, correct to the nearest hundredth of
a percent.

Class Example 3.57 Exponential decay

In a particular body of water, the intensity of light decreases by 15% every 3 metres of depth. Assuming that at
the surface the light intensity is at 100%, determine:
(a) The percentage, correct the nearest whole number, (b) The depth at which the light intensity would
of light that would be present at a depth of 10 m, be just 10% of that on the surface, correct to
correct to the nearest whole number. the nearest whole number.

While being able to provide algebraic solutions

is essential - these problems can also be solved
using your graphing calc.
Note that we must adjust the window!
For example in 4.56 (a) we must The -min and -min should again be 0,
solve: ' ' * /// ) ' 0// $ $$/%
while the -max must be large enough
to show the point of intersect.
Graph &$ =left side &' =right side
The -max must be in the millions as
… and find the point of intersect represents the population. Solution is the -coord. of the
pt. of intersection.

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3.5 Solving Exponential Equations Using Logarithms, Applications

Compound Interest
With investment problems interest is typically applied once per year, as interest rates are always
“per year”. However annual interest rates can be compounded over any period, such as semi-
annually (twice per year), quarterly (four times per year), or monthly.
For example – consider a $1000 investment earning 5% annual interest. How much would it grow
to after 4 years, if interest is compounded:

 Annually:  Semi-Annually: Compounded 2

 Daily: 365 4
# times per yr for !
n 1000 1 8 0.05 0.05 4 years 0.05
n 1000 1 8 n 1000 1 8
2 365
$'$'0. 0' Interest rate is annual,
Interest rate
$'$'(. / so divide by # of $'$$'. )
compounds per yr. divided by 365
compounds /yr.
It’s not an earth-shattering difference, but with more compounding periods per year comes faster growth!

Class Example 3.58 Compound Interest

Jeremiah invests $10 000 into a GIC (a guaranteed investment certificate) that earns 5.8% interest compounded
quarterly. (4 times per year)
(a) Assuming he makes no additional deposits or
withdrawals, predict the value of the investment
in 15 years. Round to the nearest whole dollar.

(b) Determine how long it would take for the

investment to double. Round to the nearest year.

(c) Construct an alternative function that models the value of

the investment after • years, using the doubling period
found in (b). Show that this new function is equivalent by
determining the value in 15 years, as in (a).

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 3.5 Practice Questions

1. Use an algebraic approach to solve each of the following equations. Provide your answers as both exact
values, and as decimal approximations correct to the nearest hundredth. Verify your answers graphically
using your calculator.
4
(a) 5 4 11 75 (b) 6 30

4
1
(c) 3 30 (d) 24 154
5

4 54 4 4 !
(e) 7 2 (f) 3 7 8

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3.5 Solving Exponential Equations Using Logarithms, Applications

2. A sports car purchased new for $74 000 depreciates at an approximate rate of 15% per year. An equation
that can be used to find the amount of time it would take for the value to fall to $40 000 is:
40 000 74 000 • ; where is the amount the value of the car would be multiplied each
year to obtain the new value. (That is, 1 rate of decrease)
Substitute a value for to algebraically determine the number of years it would take for the value of the car
to fall to $40 000, correct to the nearest tenth of a year. Verify graphically using your graphing calculator.

3. The population of a bacteria culture, given favorable growth conditions, will double every 4.5 hours. An
equation that can be used to determine for a population of 100 bacteria to reach 10 000 is given by:
•
e ˆ • ‰ ‰•‰ S • . ; where the bacteria population is multiplied by every 4.5 hours.

Fill out the necessary equation values to algebraically determine how long it would take for the bacteria
population to reach 10 000, correct to the nearest whole hour. Verify your answer graphically.

4. Over the past century the doubling period for the world’s population has been approximately 40 years. In
April 2019, the approximate world population was 7.7 billion people.
(a) Assuming that this doubling period remains constant, set up an equation to algebraically determine
how long it would take for the world population to reach 10 billion people, correct to the nearest
tenth of a year.

(b) Use an algebraic process to determine the world population average annual growth rate, correct to the
nearest tenth of a percentage.

Practice Questions answers from previous page

! {|}# {|}
1. (a) STO 86, or, equivalently, … % ~ /. )$ (b) 3STO 30, or, equivalently, … %~ 0. *)
{|}! {|}
! {|} {|} {|} #
(c) 2 STOe 10 , or, equivalently,
{|}!
… % ~ '. ' (d) , simplifies to, … % ~ '. /
„ {|} {|}! {|} ! ⁄
{|}!5 {|}!!5
(e) „ … % ~ 0. * (f) …` … % ~ . ')
{|} {|}
F †

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

5. The S&P 500 is a stock market index that measures the stock performance of 500 large companies listed on
stock exchanges in the United States. Over the last 25 years the S&P 500 has grown at an average annual
rate of 7.5%. On January 1st, 2020, the S&P 500 was measured 3230.78.
(a) Assuming the S&P 500 continues to grow at the same rate, set up an equation to algebraically
determine the year during which the index will reach 5000.

(b) Algebraically determine how long it would take for the index to double in value, correct to the nearest
tenth of a year.

(c) Construct two separate equations in the form •/Š

, that model the predicted measure of the
S&P 500, &, as a function in time in years after January 1st, 2020, ;. For your first equation, use A 1
and the information provided in the question. For your second equation, use 2 along with your
result from part (b).

(d) Show that both equations developed in part (c) are equivalent, by using each to predict the value of the
S&P 500 on January 1st, 2030, correct to the nearest hundred.

Practice Questions answers from previous page

2. Solve: 40 000 74 000 0.85 •  . ( years 3. Solve: 10 000 100 2 •/ .
 / hours
4. (a) Solve: 10 7.7 2 •/  '0. ' years (b) Solve: 15.4 7.7  ~ 1.017478  '. 7% / yr

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |213

3.5 Solving Exponential Equations Using Logarithms, Applications

6. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of
consumed goods and services, such as transportation, food, and medical care. Changes in the CPI are used
to assess price changes associated with the cost of living.
In March 2010, the Canadian CPI was 115.6, and in March 2019 it was 135.4.
(a) Determine the average annual rate of change of the CPI between 2010 and 2019, expressed to the
nearest tenth of a percentage.

(b) Algebraically determine how long it would take for the index to double in value, correct to the nearest
tenth of a year.

(c) Construct two separate equations that model the predicted value of the CPI as a function in time in
years after March 2019. For the first equation, use your result from (a) to determine a value of
between 0 and 1, and for your second use your result from (b) to construct a doubling period equation.
Use each equation to predict the value of the CPI in March 2029.

7. Iodine-131 is a radioactive nuclide with important application in medical science. A sample contains 30.00
mg of Iodine-131, and two days later 23.15 mg remain. Set up and algebraically solve an equation to
determine the half-life of Iodine-131, correct to the nearest hundredth.

8. Phosphorus-32 is another radioactive nuclide used in medical science; its half-life is 14.26 days. Set up and
algebraically solve an equation to determine how long it would take for 200 mg of phosphorus-32 to decay to
120 mg, correct to the nearest tenth of a day.

Practice Questions answers from previous page

5. (a) Solve: 5000 3230.78 1.075 •  The year 2026 (b) Solve: 6461.56 3230.78 1.075 •
 9.6 years
3230.78 1.075 • 3230.78 2 •/6. (d) Subst. •
(c) and 10 into both – both give approx. 6700

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

9. A parent wishes to save $20 000 for an education fund, to be used in 15 years. She plans to invest in a GIC
earning 6% /a (per annum, or “per year), compounded semi-annually. Determine the amount she should
invest today, to the nearest whole dollar, so that it will grow to $20 000 in 15 years.

10. Ray borrowed $20 000 for the construction of a new garage. Interest was charged at 5% / a, compounded
monthly. The loan was paid off in one payment of $24 417.91, at the end of the loan period.
Determine the length of the loan period, in years.

11. Ron has $2500 to invest, with the goal of doubling it in 6 years. Determine the interest rate, correct to the
nearest tenth of a percentage, that he must obtain to reach that goal, if interest is compounded quarterly.

12. Abdel is considering two different investment funds in which to invest $10 000. To help make his decision,
he is considering the performance of each fund over the past ten years.
Fund A has grown at an average rate of 7.4% / a over that period.
Fund B has exactly doubled in value over the past ten years.
Determine the fund that Abdel should choose, making the natural assumption that he wishes to earn the
most dinero (money). Justify your answer with calculations and proper reasoning.

Practice Questions answers from this page

6. (a) Solve: 135.4 115.6 6  1.8% (b) Solve: 135.4 115.6 2 6/Š  39.5 yrs
(c) 135.4 1.0177 • and 135.4 2 •/ 6. equations give 162.9 and 161.4 respectively variance is due to rounding
the and A values
/Š  5.35 8. Solve: 14.26 •/! .
7. Solve: 23.15 30 1/2 days 200 1/2  10.5 days

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |215

3.5 Solving Exponential Equations Using Logarithms, Applications
% $ $%
13. NR The exact value of the solution to the equation $ * can be written in the form:
STOf
 Exam
Style STO 3⁄2
; where f ∈ ℕ The value of f is _____.

14. In 1994 the average price of a particular product was $7.22. By 2020 the price was $16.38.
(a) Determine the average annual rate of growth for the price of this product, correct to the nearest tenth
of a percentage.

(b) Determine the doubling period for the price of this product, correct to the nearest whole number of years.

(c) Construct two separate equations that model the future price of the product, ‚, as a function in time in
years after 2020, •. The first equation should use 1 8 growth rate while the second should use 2.

(d) Use each equation to predict the price of the product in the year 2035, correct to the nearest hundredth of
a dollar. (cent)

Practice Questions answers from this page and previous page and this page
e
. •/ eF
9. Solve: 20 000 1 8 0.03  $8240 10. Solve: 24417.91 20000 1 8  4 yrs
!
•
11. Solve: 5000 2500 1 8  11.7%

12. One possible method – find how long it would take Fund A to double…. solve: 2 1 1.074 •  9.7 yrs
Since this is a shorter period than the 10 years for fund B …. FUND A is the way to go!
/Š
13. 1944 14. (a) Solve: 16.38 7.22  3.2% / yr (b) Solve: 16.38 7.22 2  22 yrs
• •/
(c) ‚ 16.38 1.032 or ‚ 16.38 2 (d) Both give approx. $26.27

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 3.6 Solving Logarithmic Equations and Log Scales

1 – Solving Logarithmic Equations

You may recall we solved some logarithmic equations already in section 4.3. Let’s see what
you remember, try solving each of the following:
3
1 Solve: STO! 2 2 Solve: STO! 1
4

For each of these simple equations, finding the solution involves converting to exponential form. This is a
common method for solving logarithmic equation, so let’s call it a type 1 logarithmic equation.
Now, as we’re want to do in Math 30-1, we’re going to kick things up a notch. Let’s consider logarithmic
equations that involve first applying laws of logarithms or some other simplification.
3 Simplify the left side of the following equation using log laws. STO STO 5 3
Then, algebraically solve:

5 Verify your solution to #4 by substituting your answer back into

the original equation.

6 Graphically solve the equation from #4 using your calculator.

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |217

3.6 Solving Logarithmic Equations and Log Scales

To solve a logarithmic equation:

Step 1 On one or both sides, use laws of logarithms to write separate terms as a
single logarithm of coefficient 1.

Step 2 If there is only a logarithmic term on one side, then convert to exponential form.
If there are log terms on both sides, then set what’s being logged on both sides equal to one
another. (That is, drop the logarithms)

Step 3 Isolate for , and numerically verify any answers.

Note: Be suspect of your solutions! Sometimes solutions that appear valid would result in logging a
negative when substituting back into the original equation. That – is not allowed! In such cases we label
the offending solution as EXTRANEOUS and reject it.

Algebraically solve the equation VWX* % 8 $ VWX* % ' , and numerically

Worked Example
verify any solutions.

Solution: STO 8 STO 1 1 Arrange log terms on one side, non-log term on the other

STO r 1 s 1 Use log laws to combine to a single log

1 6! Convert to exponential form

6 0 Expand and set equation to zero

3 82 0 FACTOR to solve
TEST / verify each solution by substituting back into the original equation:
or $
STO 82 3 STO 1 STO $ 82 3 STO $ 1
2 is EXTRANEOUS
STO 3 8 2 3 STO 2 STO 2 82 3 STO 3
%
 % $ is rejected as it would
have us taking the log of negatives
 (not allowed!)

Solve Graphically:

 Either graph &' left side,  For LOG equations, or any other similar,
&$ right side of equation Solution(s) are any -coords
EXTRANEOUS solutions do not show up on your
“as is”, or, as in this case, first of the pts of intersect
graphing calc. This is a useful double-check!
set the equation to 0.

Class Example 3.61 Solving Logarithmic Equations that involve a constant term

Use an algebraic process to solve the following STO6 5 8 STO6 83 1

equation. Verify both numerically and graphically.

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Algebraically solve the equation VWX % VWX % 8 0 8 VWX , and

Worked Example
numerically verify any solutions.

Sol: STO 3 STO 85 STO 3 Arrange the “ ” log terms on one side, “non- ” log terms on the other

3
STO STO 3 Use log laws to simplify each side into a single logarithm with a coefficient of 1
85

3 Since the logs are the same, the arguments (what’s “being logged”) must
3 equal one another. Set the arguments equal. (drop the logarithms)
85
Cross-multiply to solve
3 85 3 Test / verify solution by substituting back into the original equation:
3 8 15 3 STO 3 STO 85 STO 3

4 12 STO 6 STO 2 STO 3 NOTE that even though the solution is

negative, substituting into the original
6   equation does not result in “logging
% STO STO 3
2 negatives”. So we do not reject this solution!

Class Example 3.62 Solving Logarithmic Equations where all terms involve logs

Use an algebraic process to solve each of the following equations. Verify both numerically and graphically.
(a) STO 9 2 STO 2 STO (b) STO 2 STO 6 STO 1

Class Example 3.63 Solving Logarithmic Equations that involve a constant term

Use an algebraic process to solve the 1

STO 82 STO 4
following equation. Verify numerically. 2

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |219

3.6 Solving Logarithmic Equations and Log Scales

2 – Applications Involving Logarithmic Scales

Moore’s Law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit
doubles about every two years. It named after Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of Intel, who
first made this prediction in 1965.

While it is not logically sound to extrapolate into the indefinite future, this observation has roughly held
between 1971 and 2018. Below is a plot showing the transistor count of various microchips, which some key
specific microchips labeled.

Apple A12X Bionic

Xbox One main SoC

Core 2 Duo

Pentium 4 Apple A7 dual-core

Core i7 (Quad)

80286

Intel 8086 Pentium

Intel 4004
(2250 transistors)

This plot is an example of a logarithmic scale. In this version, every increase of 2 (years) on the horizontal
scale corresponds to a 2-fold increase on the vertical scale (transistor count). That is, the horizontal axis is
linear, while the vertical access is increasing by orders of magnitude.

A logarithmic scale provides a compact means of displaying data that has a very large range. For the plot above,
the vertical scale grows enormously fast compared to the horizontal scale.

1 This Apple A12X Bionic was released near end of 2018. It contains 10 billion transistors, which can be expressed
as 10! . Predict the number of transistors there would be on a microchip produced near the end of 2025.

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

The Richter Scale

The Richter scale (developed by Charles Richter in 1935) is used to compare the relative size of earthquakes.
The Richter scale is logarithmic, an increase of one on the scale represents a tenfold increase in earthquake
intensity. So, an earthquake measuring 5.3 is ten times as intense as one measuring 4.3, and a hundred times as
intense as one measuring 3.3.
Richter Scale of Earthquake Magnitude
Magnitude level Category Effects Occurrence / year

Less than 1.0 to 2.9 micro Generally, not felt without special instruments over 100 000
3.0 to 3.9 minor Felt by many people; no damage 12000 to 100 000
4.0 to 4.9 light Felt by all; minor breakage of objects 2000 to 12 000
5.0 to 5.9 moderate Some damage to weak structures 200 to 2000
6.0 to 6.9 strong Moderate damage in populated areas 20 to 200
7.0 to 7.9 major Serious damage over large areas; loss of life 3 to 20
8.0 and higher great Severe destruction and loss of life over large areas fewer than 3

Richter values are determined by taking the logarithm of the amplitude (height) of the largest seismic wave.
However, the problems we encounter in Math 30-1 involve comparing Richter scale (and other log scale) values.

Earthquake intensity is Where:

given by: Ž is the earthquake intensity Ž/ is a reference intensity, or
Ž Ž/ '/• intensity on a standard day
• is the magnitude, or Richter value

An earthquake in New York in 1884 had a magnitude measured at 5.5 on the Richter Scale.
Worked Example 22 years later an earthquake in San Francisco had a magnitude of 7.9. How many times as
intense was the San Francisco earthquake, correct to the nearest whole number?

Solution:
E•‘ That is, the intensity of the San Francisco earthquake divided by the intensity of the
We want to find:
E’“ one in New York. For each earthquake, use: E E 10”

E•‘ E 105.6 E 105.6

So that gives us: 105.6 . 316 times as intense
E’“ E 10 . E 10 .

To find how many times as intense one earthquake, measuring f! on the Richter scale
is compared to another (smaller) earthquake, measuring f on the Richter scale, use:

E' E 10”! E' 10”! Ž'

'/•' •$
“times as
E$ E 10” E$ 10” Ž$ That is, '/•' •$
intense”

Class Example 3.64 Log Scales – determining the order of magnitude

A 2009 earthquake in Italy measured 6.3 on the

Richter scale. How many times more intense was a
1950 earthquake in India, which measured 8.7?
Answer to the nearest whole number.

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3.6 Solving Logarithmic Equations and Log Scales

A 1963 earthquake in Macedonia measured 6.9 on the Richter scale. One year later an
Worked Example earthquake in Alaska had 200 times the intensity. Determine the magnitude (Richter scale
value) of the Alaska earthquake.

Sol: This time we Ek Richter value

$// For each earthquake, intensity is given by: Ž Ž/ '/•
are given: E•
E 104 200 10% .6 STO! 200 7.9 STO! 200 8 7.9 % ). $
200
E 10 .6 Convert to log form to solve

Class Example 3.65 Determining a Richter scale value

An earthquake in Loma Prieta, California in 1989 measured 7.1 on the Richter scale, and collapsed a section
of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge. Determine the Richter scale value of an earthquake that had
1⁄2000th the intensity. Answer to the nearest tenth.

The Ph Scale

Like the Richter scale, the pH scale (0 to 14) is logarithmic. A

change of one on the Ph scale results in a tenfold change in
the hydrogen ion (• concentration.
The pH of pure water is 7. (It’s neutral).
Solutions lower than 7 are acidic. Every decrease one
down the pH scale represents a tenfold increase in •
concentration relative to pH 7.
Solutions greater than 7 are basic. Every increase one up
on the pH scale represents a tenfold decrease in •
concentration relative to pH 7. An alkali is a water-soluble
base, so all alkaline solutions are also basic.
pH is determined by taking the negative logarithm of
the hydrogen ion concentration: @– VWXr– s

To find how many times as acidic or

alkaline one solution is to another, use:
'/@–' @–$ “times as acidic / alkaline” Note this is the same approach as Richter Scale problems!

Class Example 3.66 Log Scales – Using the pH formula

The pH of black coffee was measured to be 5.2.

Find the hydrogen ion concentration, in moles/L.
Answer in scientific notation, to one decimal place

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Class Example 3.67 Log Scales – comparing pH levels

Sea water has a pH of 8.4, and acid rain a pH of 4.6.

Determine how many times as alkaline seawater is
to pure water, and how many times as acidic acid
rain is to pure water.

The Decibel Scale Threshold of pain

Heavy Metal Concert
Finally, we come to the Decibel scale. Like the Richter and pH scales, it’s Jet Plane take off
logarithmic. Industrial Noise
Ahh yes, this means ten! Subway Train
Unlike those scales however, this one
Decibel So 1 Decibel = 10 “Bels” Bass Drum
has a scale of 10 associated to it.
Loud music system
Intensity of sound wave Hairdryer
E Noisy restaurant
˜ 10STO ‚T™Yš/nšY , in WATTS per m/squared
Alarm clock
E Conversation
“reference intensity” Snoring
Loudness in decibels
(loudness at the threshold of hearing, 0 dB) Whisper
Quiet Room
Breathing
The only difference here, to Richter Scale
or pH scale, is that we multiply by 10 Threshold of hearing
10 ! —/

As with Richter and pH scales, the Decibel scale problems we’ll encounter primarily involve comparing intensities.

To compare the loudness intensity of two sounds measured in Decibels:

 Convert the Decibel measures to Bels, by dividing by 10 “times as intense
'/l' l$
 As with pH and Richter scale problems, express as powers of 10 sound level”

Worked Example A conversation between two people in a park measures 55 decibels. A jackhammer nearby
measures 104 decibels. How many times as intense is the sound of the jackhammer?
Solution: First, convert each measure to Bels. Conversation: 0. 0 Bels Jackhammer: '/. Bels
Jackhammer (louder)
Conversation
Then, express each as powers of 10. '/'/. 0.0 7) times as intense (louder)

Class Example 3.68 Log Scales – comparing decibel levels

(a) Determine how many times as intense the sound of a

lawnmower is, at 82 dB, compared to leaves rustling in
the wind, at 48 dB. Round to the nearest whole number.

(b) Determine the decibel level of a power tool that has

375 times the intensity of sound of a lawnmower.

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |223

 3.6 Practice Questions

1. Use an algebraic process to find the roots of each of the following equations. Remember to check for
restrictions and reject any extraneous roots. Verify your answers graphically on your calculator.
(a) STO 8 STO12 STO8 (b) STO 4 5

(c) STO 2 81 2 (d) STO 6 8 STO 2

(e) STO 6 1 STO 2 (f) STO 2 8 STO STO 3

(g) STO 2 8 10 STO 4 (h) STO 87 STO 3 2

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

2. Solve each of the following. Remember to check for any extraneous roots. Where applicable, answer in
exact values in simplified radical form.
(a) STO 2 8 6 STO 1 1 (b) STO STO 3 STO 27

(c) STO 88 STO 6 STO (d) STO 82 2 STO 4

(e) STO 2 8 STO 84 2 (f) STO STO 10 0

Need a hint? See the bottom of the next page. Need a hint? See the bottom of the next page.

(g) STO STO 83 (h) STO 82 2 STO 7 1

Practice Questions answers from previous page

1. (a) $/ (b) ( (c) $, $ (d) ( (e) 7 (f) (g) 0/7 (h) '7/

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3.6 Solving Logarithmic Equations and Log Scales

3. Solve each of the following. Where applicable, state roots as exact values in simplified radical form.
(a) STO STO 1 (b) STO6 STO4 64 1/2

(c) STO STO STO 2 1 1 (d) STO STO STO 85 0

4. When carbon dioxide is absorbed into the bloodstream it produces carbonic acid and lowers the pH. The
body compensates by producing bicarbonate, a weak base to partially neutralize the acid. The equation
(//
which models blood pH in this situation is @– *. ' 8 VWX , where is the partial pressure of carbon
%
dioxide in arterial blood, measured in torr. (Torr is a unit of pressure)

Find the partial pressure of carbon dioxide

in arterial blood if the pH is 7.4.

5. The population of bears in a particular area has been growing at an annual rate of 3%.
The length of time it will take for an initial population of ‚ to reach a population of ‚ is given by the
relationship: b
; 77. ) VWX
b/
(a) Use the given relationship to determine how long it
would take a population of 500 bears to reach 1200,
to the nearest tenth of a year.

(b) Show how a function in the form ‚ ‚ • (where is the

multiplication factor of growth for a 3% annual growth rate) can

›
be manipulated to obtain the relationship • 77.9 STO
›œ

Practice Questions answers from previous page

Hint for #2(e): Exact solution requires quadratic formula
Hint for #2(f): Use log law on STO , then make a substitution, n STO . Solve resulting quadratic by factoring.
2. (a) $ (b) ), ) (c) $, (d) ')/ (e) $ $ (f) '/ , $ (g) '/ , $7 (h)

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

6. One step in solving the equation VWX % 8 VWX % $ $ is to simplify to a quadratic equation in
the form %$ 8 ?% 8 ]; , C ∈ E, where C is equal to:
A. 3
 Exam
Style
B. 0
C. 4
D. 6

7. The equation VWX? $ % 8 VWX? ' % VWX? '$ ; = 0, 9 1 has solution(s):

A. 5
 Exam
Style
B. 2
C. 2 or 5
D. 2 or 1

8. In the first half of 2020 the United States Geological Survey charted 78 “significant”
earthquakes worldwide. Significance is quantified on the basis of magnitude and proximity to
populated locales.
The first earthquake charted was near Morgan Hill, California, on January 2nd, and had a
Richter Scale value of 3.9.
The largest magnitude earthquake was on January 28th near Lucea, Jamaica, and had a Richter
Scale value of 7.7.
On April 4th there was an earthquake near Magna, Utah.
(a) How many times more intense was the Lucea, Jamaica
earthquake compared to the Morgan Hill, California earthquake?
Answer to the nearest whole number.

(b) What was the magnitude of the earthquake near

Magna, Utah, if it was 794 times less intense than the
Lucea, Jamaica earthquake? Answer to the nearest tenth.

(c) On January 29th the same region near Lucea, Jamaica,

experienced a second earthquake that had one-quarter the
intensity as on January 28th. Determine the magnitude of
the second earthquake. Answer to the nearest tenth.

(d) In March, 2017, the same region near Morgan Hill,

California, had an earthquake that had 20% the intensity of
the January 2nd, 2020 earthquake. (That measured 3.9 on
the Richter Scale) Determine the magnitude of the March,
2017 earthquake. Answer to the nearest tenth.

Practice Questions answers from previous page

3. (a) (' (b) (c) ' (d) ,
;
4. / torr 5. (a) $). * yrs (b) Isolate • in: b b/ '. / (isolate power term then convert to log form)

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |227

3.6 Solving Logarithmic Equations and Log Scales

9. The pH levels of some common substances are shown on the Substance pH

chart to the right. Lemon Juice 2.2
(a) The formula for pH is given by A• STOr• s , Black Coffee
where • is the hydrogen ion concentration Milk 6.8
measured in moles/ litres. Determine the hydrogen Baking Soda 8.4
ion concentration of Lemon Juice, correct to two Ammonia
significant digits.

(b) How many times as alkaline is Baking Soda compared

to Milk? Round to the nearest whole number.

(c) Determine the pH level for Black Coffee, if it is 50 times

as acidic as Milk. Round to the nearest tenth.

(d) Determine the pH level for Ammonia, if it is 398 times

as alkaline as Baking Soda. Round to the nearest tenth.

(e) Determine the pH level for a substance that is half

as acidic as Lemon Juice. Round to the nearest tenth.

10. During a hockey game, two friends are having a conversation

that had a measured loudness of 62 dB.
(a) When the home team scored the cheering of the crowd peaked
at 96 dB. How many times greater was the intensity of the
crowed cheering compared to the friend’s conversation?
Round to the nearest whole number

(b) Two other fans are having a conversation that also measured
62 dB, from a point in between the two conversations.
Determine the combined measured loudness of the two
conversations. Round to the nearest whole number

(c) One fan brought a horn that produced an intensity of sound 15

times greater than the cheering crowd (96dB). Determine the
measured loudness of the horn. Round to the nearest whole number

Practice Questions answers from previous page and this page

6. A 7. B 8. (a) 6310 (b) 4.8 (c) 7.1 (d) 3.2

9. (a) 0.0063 moles / L (b) 40 times (c) 5.1 (d) 11.0 (e) 2.5 10. (a) 2512 times (b) 65 dB (c) 108 dB

Page |228 Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved

 Chapter 3 Exponential Functions and Logarithms REVIEW

1. Use an algebraic process to solve each of the following equations. Verify your answers.
4
4 !
1
(a) 4 4 1 (b) 16 84
4

4
4
3 8
(c)
2 27

2. For each of the following exponential functions, state the (i) domain, (ii) range, and coordinates of any
(iii) -intercepts and (iv) -intercepts. Sketch each, be sure to include the asymptote. Try doing as much
as you can without using your graphing calculator! Use an algebraic process to determine any intercepts.
4 !
1 4
(a) N 3 24 (b) O 5 2 8 40
2

i – Domain: i – Domain:

ii – Range: ii – Range:

iii – -int: iii – -int:

iv – -int: iv – -int:

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |229

Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Review

3. The range of the exponential functions given by the graphs below are I | = 5, ∈ ℝK for N and
4 8ˆ.
I | > 48, ∈ ℝK for O . Determine an equation for each function, in the form

(a) (b)
0, 45
2, 23

0, 7 2, 0

4. Evaluate each of the following logarithms. Try without using a log button on your calculator.
(a) STO 81 (b) STO! 32 (c) STO 0.125 (d) STO 27

1
(e) STO \ 100 (f) STO
125

Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page

N HA at
1. (a) 3/2 2. (a) i - I ∈ ℝK (b) i - I ∈ ℝK
0, 35 40
(b) 6/13 ii - I | = 24, ∈ ℝK 2, 0 ii - I | > 40, ∈ ℝK
iii - 2, 0 0, 18 iii - 3, 0 3, 0
(c) 13/12 HA at
iv - 0, 18 24 iv - 0, 35 O

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

5. Refer to #3 above. If and ˆ are both elements of the real numbers, where 9 0, ˆ 9 0, identify
which of the following scenarios provides an -intercept. Justify by providing a graph.
(a) = 0, ˆ = 0 (b) = 0, ˆ > 0 (c) > 0, ˆ = 0 (d) > 0, ˆ > 0

6. Solve each of the following for , without using a log button on your calculator.
1 4
(a) STO 512 (b) STO 3 (c) STO4
16 3

1 2
(d) 3 4 729 (e) 4 2 4 ! (f) STO 5
8 # 3

27
(g) STO 32 8 (h) STO6
3

Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page

4
4
1
3. (a) 2 3 85 (b) 3 8 48 4. (a) (b) 0/ (c) /$
4
(d) * (e) $/ (f) /$

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |231

Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Review

7. Given the function R % < % ' 8 •, an expression for the -intercept is:

A. 8ˆ
 Exam
Style
B. 4 8 ˆ

C. 8ˆ
4
4
D. 8ˆ

1 4 !
8. A student wishes to algebraically determine the -intercept of the function 2 32 . One of
8
steps in his correct solution lists the linear equation 3 8 ,
 Exam
Style where the values of and are, respectively, ____ and ____ .

9. For the function R % VWX'⁄ ) % , provide a detailed sketch, and

indicate the domain, range, asymptote, and coordinates of any intercepts.
Use an algebraic process to determine the graph characteristics, where applicable
state in exact values only.

10. The function & $VWX, ?% ; = 0, 9 1, 9 0 has a domain:

A. I | = ⁄3 , ∈ ℝK
 Exam
Style
B. I | = 8 3, ∈ ℝK
C. I | = 3 , ∈ ℝK
D. I | = 3/ , ∈ ℝK

Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page

5.
(b) YES, (c) YES, (d) No -int
(a) No -int -int -int

6. (a) )/$ (b) '/* (c) ( (d)

(e) )/$ (f) /) (g) ' / (h) '/

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

11. The function & VWX$ ?% 8 /. 0 ; 9 0 has a -intercept of:

A. 1/2
 Exam
Style
B. 1
C. /2
D.

12. An exponential function R % < % 8M; 9 0 has range of I = 18 , ∈ ℝK, and an -int. at 2, 0 .
A function O is obtained by vertically reflecting the graph of N about the -axis, and horizontally
stretching it about the -axis by a factor of 3.
A function P is obtained by reflecting the graph of N about the line y .
(a) Determine an equation for the
function O

(b) State the range, and and

intercepts for O

(c) Determine the equation for

the function P

(b) State the domain, and and

intercepts for P

13. The equation <VWX? %& 8 ] can be written in exponential form as:
c d d
A.
 Exam
Style
c d
B.

C. c

c 4U
D.

Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page

7. C 8. 43 9. Domain I%|% > , % ∈ ℝK 10. D
Range I& ∈ ℝK
Vert. Asym: at %
8/3, 0
-intercept (/ , / 0, 2 V.A. at
-intercept /, $ %

Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |233

Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Review

14. The expression 0$VWX% 0$VWX% can be written in exponential form as:
A. 5 {|}4 F
 Exam
Style
{|}4 `
B. 5

C. 5 {|} 4 `

D. 5{|} 4F

15. A function R % VWX$ % is transformed by horizontally stretching the graph about the line 0
by a factor of 1/8. Show how this transformation can also be obtained by vertically translating the
graph of N by a factor of M and state the value of M.

16. The graph of & VWX' % 8 ( is transformed to & R % with the following transformations applied:
$

- A horizontal stretch by a factor of 2

- A reflection about the -axis
- A translation 2 units to the left

Use an algebraic process to determine each of the

following characteristics of N
(a) Domain (b) -intercept (c) -intercept

17. NR If VWX'/ b /. $0 and žZ]Ÿ b, then the largest value of on r0, 2¡

d¢
has the form , where the value of is ____ (first digit of your answer) and
 Exam
Style
the value of
[
is (second digit).

Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page

%/
11. B 12. (a) X % $ 8 '( (b) Range I&|& > '(, & ∈ ℝK -int. *, / -int. /, '*
13. A '
(c) M % VWX r$ % 8 '( s (d) Domain I%|% = '(, % ∈ ℝK -int. '*, / -int. /, $

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

18. Write each of the following expressions as simplified single logarithms.

STO[ C 1 q 1
(a) 5STO[ 3 (b) 2STO STO STO q
2 2 9 3

19. If VWX k ,, then find an expression for each of the following:

\
27 n
(a) STO 9n (b) STO (c) STO
n 3

20. Given that VWX k $$ and VWX l $/, evaluate each of the following:
32n n
(a) STO 16no (b) STO (c) STO
o 8 o
`

Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page

14. C
15. Apply horiz. stretch & VWX$ (%  & VWX$ ( 8 VWX$ %  & 8 VWX$ % Same as a vert. translation 3 up
16. (a) I%|% > ' , % ∈ ℝK (b) '$, / (c) /, VWX/.0 7 17. 7

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Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Review

21. If VWX$ %, VWX$ 0 &, and VWX $ - '$, determine an expression for each of the following:
75
(a) STO 45 (b) STO 2700 (c) STO
8

22. Use an algebraic process to solve the equation 3 44 ! 60,

correct to the nearest hundredth.
Verify graphically on your calculator.

23. For the equation *$% '/% $

, use an algebraic process to:

(a) Determine an approximate solutions,

correct to the nearest hundredth.

(b) The exact solution can be written

STOn
in the form
o
STO
p
Determine the values of n, o, and p.

Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page

<0
18. (a) VWX? (b) VWX & t'/*
? ]'/$
$
19. (a) ,8$ (b) $, (c) , '
$

20. (a) * (b) (. 0 (c) .0

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 Chapter 3 – Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

24. The number of hours, •, that cream stays fresh decreases exponentially as the temperature of the
surrounding air, (in °p) increases. The relationship is • 160 0.1 . # .
(a) Determine how long cream will stay fresh
if it is kept at 2°p, correct o the nearest
whole hour.

(b) If cream is left out in a room stays fresh for

16 hours, use an algebraic process to
determine the temperature of the room,
correct to the nearest tenth of a degree.

25. A radioactive substance is decaying at rate of 1.15% every hour.

(a) If initially there is 100% of a sample, set up and
algebraically solve an equation to determine how
long it would take to decay to half the initial amount,
correct to the nearest tenth of an hour.

(b) Use your result from (a) to determine an alternative

exponential decay function, in the form n 100 •/Š ,
where the initial amount is multiplied by every A hours.

(c) In (a) and (b) above we saw that we can model the
amount the substance decays to using two different
types of equations, each with a different value for .
Use each to predict how much of the substance will
remain after 24 hours, correct to the nearest whole
percentage.

26. The effective percentage of oxygen in the air decreases as a function

of altitude. At sea level (0 km elevation), the oxygen count is 20.9,
while on top of Mount Everest (8.85 km) the oxygen count is 6.9.
Fill in the blank: Every _____ km in altitude, the effective percentage
of oxygen in the air decreases by half. Round to the nearest tenth.

Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page

21. (a) (% 8 & 8 ( (b) '$% 8 *& 8 (c) $% 8 & 7 22. % ~ '. '*
23. (a) x 3.60 (b) k '//, l '(, m 0 RTD Learning PowerMath

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Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Review

27. A $1000 investment is made in a fund that promises the invested

amount will double in 9 years.
(a) If that rate of return continues, set up and algebraically
solve an equation to predict how long it will take for
the investment to reach $5000. (Nearest tenth of a yr)

(b) Use an algebraic process to determine the average

annual rate of return (nearest tenth of a %) for the
investment, if it is compounded:
i Annually i Monthly

28. Use an algebraic process to solve each of the following equations.

(a) STO 85 STO 81 STO3 (b) STO 4 8 STO 82 2

29. Earthquake A measured 7.2 on the Richter Scale.

Determine the magnitude of Earthquake B, if it had one-third
the intensity of Earthquake A. Round to the nearest tenth.

30. Two friends are having a discussion about Donald Trump. At the start of their conversation the intensity
of sound for their discussion measured 59 dB. Near the end, the conversation had 25 times the sound
intensity. Determine the decibel level of their conversation near the end, to the nearest whole number.

Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page and this page

24. (a) ' hrs (b) $*. °C 26. 0. 0 km
;¥
; (b) Alternative equation: k '// '/$
25. (a) Solve: 0/ '// /. )((0  ; ~ 0). ) hrs 0).)

$ $ ¥0).) .
(c) Evaluate: ¦ '// /. )((0 and k '// '/$  Both give ~ 7*%

27. (a) $/. ) yrs (b) i (. /% ii (. % 28. (a) ' (b) * 29. *. 7 on Richter 30. 7 dB

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