SD1x-1 FinalDeck Revised 6.8.17

Video
1.1
Arvind Bhusnurmath
Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 1
Java
• Designed to serve the need for portability in the 90s.

• Java Virtual Machine
• Static typed
• Object oriented
• Vast collection of library packages
• One of the most popular languages
• TIOBE index (www.tiobe.com)

Install Java
• Search for “java jdk”

• Find your operating system
• Download and install

Development Environment
How to choose a development environment

• IDE (integrated development environment)
• Eclipse
https://eclipse.org/

Eclipse
• Go to Eclipse.org and install the latest version of Eclipse
• Install “Eclipse IDE for Java Developers”
• Launch Eclipse
Pick the default worksp

Video 1.2
Arvind Bhusnurmath
Hello World!
• A workspace is where Eclipse keeps projects.

• When you use Eclipse to create a project, it
creates a folder(directory) with that name in your
workspace.
• Create a package and create a class in that
package.
• For the simplest program, you need only a single
package, and only one (or a very few) classes.

File → New → Java Project
Enter project name, and

click Finish

Right click on project
→ New → Package
Enter package name,

and click Finish

Right click on
package → New →
Class
Enter class name,

choose public static
void main(String[]
args), and click
Finish

public class HelloWorld{
public static void
main(String[] args){
System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
}
}
Run the program by clicking ”Run” in the menu.

Variables and Types
Declaring a variable
double distance;
String firstName;
Declaring and initializing a variable

int count = 0;
Use/update a variable that you declared previously

distance = 5.67;

Numeric Data
• int for integers

• double if you have data with a decimal point.
• double pi = 3.1415;

Strings and Characters
• char ch = ‘a’;
• String name = “Superman”;
• Difference between single characters and a string
of characters.

Booleans
• Variables that either take the value true or

false
• And operation - &&
• Or operation - ||
• not operation - !

Conditionals
if (x < 5) {
System.out.println(“less than
5”);
}
else {
System.out.println(“more than
5”);
}
If the condition is satisfied do everything within the first set of braces,
otherwise execute statements within the second set of braces.

Nested Conditionals
if (condition1) {
//code block 1
if (condition2) {
//code block 2
}
}
code block 2 only gets executed if condition1 and

condition2 are both satisfied.

Video 1.3
Arvind Bhusnurmath
Loops
Loop = doing something over and over

• Problem – Sum of the numbers from 1 to 100 = ?
• int sum = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ….. + 100
• Adding repeatedly

While loops
int sum = 0;
int number = 1;
while (number <= 100) {
sum = sum + number;
number = number + 1;
}

The for loop
•The for loop is complicated, but very handy

•Syntax:
for (initialize ; test ; increment) statement ;
Notice that there is no semicolon after the increment
•Execution:
The initialize part is done first and only once
The test is performed; as long as it is true,
•The statement is executed
•The increment is executed

Sum of numbers using a for loop
int sum = 0;
for (int number = 1; number <= 100;
number = number + 1) {
sum = sum + number;
}
System.out.println(sum);

int sum = 0;
sum = sum + number;
}

int sum = 0;
sum = sum + number;
}

int sum = 0;
sum = sum + number;
}

When do you use each loop
• Use the for loop if you know ahead of time how

many times you want to go through the loop
Example: Stepping through an array
Example: Print a 12-month calendar
• Use the while loop in almost all other cases
Example: Compute the next step in an approximation
until you get close enough

Scope of a variable
• Block of code – statements between braces {}

• Access to a variable is limited to the block of
code where it is defined.
• for (int i = 0; ……; …..) - the variable i is scoped
to the contents of the loop. If you try and access i
outside the loop it causes a compile error.

The increment and decrement
operations
x++ is Java shorthand for x = x + 1;
x-- is Java shorthand for x = x – 1;
Extremely common to see this syntax in loops
Example: print hello 10 times
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(“hello”);
}

Video 1.4
Arvind Bhusnurmath
Sample Problem
Goal : Write a program that gets a single positive
integer from the user and checks whether it is prime
or not.
Reminder: A prime number is a number greater than

1 whose only factors are 1 and the number itself.

Reading input from the user
• First, import the Scanner class:

import java.util.Scanner;
• Create a scanner and assign it to a variable:
Scanner scanner = new
Scanner(System.in);
• The name of our scanner is scanner
• new Scanner(...) says to make a new one
• System.in says the scanner is to take input from the keyboard
• Next, it’s polite to tell the user what is expected:
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
• Finally, read in the number:
myNumber = scanner.nextInt();
• If you haven’t previously declared the variable myNumber, you can
do it when you read in the number:
int myNumber = scanner.nextInt();

Reading input from the user
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Prime {
public static void main(String
args[]){
Scanner scanner = new
Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a number:
int myNumber = scanner.nextInt();
}
}

Video 1.5
Arvind Bhusnurmath
Syntactic Style

Why does style matter
• Good style isn’t just to make your code “look

pretty”
• The most critical factor in style is readability
• If a program is readable,
• It is easier to debug
• It is easier to maintain
• It is easier to upgrade
• For “real” programs (those that actually get used),
the time spent reading them far exceeds the time
spent writing them

Be consistent!
• Most times, you will enter an ongoing project, with

established style rules
• Follow them even if you don’t like them
• As they are what your team is used to, they will be more
readable to other members of your team

Do it right the first time
• You only write code once, but you read it many

times while you’re trying to get it to work
• Good style makes it more readable and helps you get it
right!

Indent nested code
• Always indent statements that are nested inside (under the

control of) another statement
• if (itemCost <= bankBalance) {
writeCheck(itemCost);
bankBalance = bankBalance - itemCost;
}
• The open brace always goes at the end of a line
• The matching close brace lines up with the statement being
closed
• Don’t use C-style braces unless that is the already
established standard for the project you are on
• Indentation should be consistent throughout the program
• 4 spaces is the standard for Java (other languages may differ)

Break up long lines
• Keep your lines short enough to be viewed and

printed
• Many people use 72 or 80 character limits
• Suggestions on where to break a long line:
• It’s illegal to break a line within a quoted string
• Break after, not before, operators
• Line up parameters to a method
• Don’t indent the second line of a control statement with
a long test so that it lines up with the statements being
controlled

Using spaces
• Use spaces around all binary operators except “dot”:

if (n > 1 && n % 2 == 1) n = 3 *
n + 1;
• Do not use spaces just within parentheses:
if ( x < 0 ) x = -x; // don’t do
this
• Use a space before and after the parenthesized test in a
control statement:
if (x < 0) {...}
while (x < 0) {...}

Use meaningful names
• Names should be chosen very carefully, to indicate the

purpose of a variable or method
• If the purpose changes, the name should be changed
• Spend a little time to choose the best name for each of your
variables and methods!
• Long, multiword names are common in Java
• Eclipse will complete long names for you (control-space)
• However, if a name is too long, maybe you’re trying to use it
for too many purposes
• Don’t change the name, separate the purposes
• Don’t abbreviate names
• But very common abbreviations, such as max for “maximum”,
are OK

Meaningful names: exception
• It is common practice to use i as the index of a for-

loop, j as the index of an inner loop, and k as the
index of a third-level loop
• This is almost always better than trying to come up
with a meaningful name
• Example:
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
for (int j = 1, j <= 10; j++) {
System.out.println(" " + (i *
j));
}
}

Naming variables
• Capitalize the first letter of each word except the

first:
total, maxValue
• Use nouns to name variables:

balance, outputLine
• Variables are supposed to represent values

Naming constants
• A constant is an identifier whose value, once given,

cannot be changed
• Constants are written with the keyword final, for
example:
• final int FIVE = 5;
• final float AVOGADROS_NUMBER =
6.022E23;
• Constants are written in ALL_CAPITALS, with
underscores between words

Comments
• Single-line comments start with //
• Multi-line comment start with /* and end with */
• Documentation comments start with /** and end

with */, and are put just before the definition of a
variable, method, or class

Correct (syntactic) style
made easy
• In Eclipse, go to Window à Preferences à Java à
Code Style à Formatter, and under Select a profile:
choose Java conventions [built-in]
• Select some or all of your code and choose Source

à Format
• To simply indent correctly, without reformatting,

select some lines and choose Source à Correct
Indentation

Video 1.6
Arvind Bhusnurmath
Topics
• What is a class?
• Instance variables
• Methods
• Using a class

Example
Model a parking lot with spaces for cars

Java does not have a Car datatype
Java does not have a Parking Lot datatype
Classes allow you to create your own datatype.
To model a problem in the object oriented
programming world, the nouns in the problem will
typically be converted into classes.

Creating a Car class
public class Car {

}
This code should be in a file called Car.java

(instance variables)
• Instance variables are basically the properties of
an “instance” of the class in question.
• What properties does a car have?
• Example - make, model, year of manufacture, is it
new or used?, miles, owner.
• “A 2014 second hand Audi A4”

public class Car {

//instance variables
String make;
String model;
int year;
boolean isNew;
double miles; //miles the car has
traveled
String owner;
}
Creating an instance of a Car
public class Car {
//instance variables
String make;
String model;
int year;
boolean isNew;
double miles; //miles the car has
traveled
String owner;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car myCar = new Car();
}
The “.” operator
myCar.make = “Audi” ;
myCar.model = “A4”;
myCar.year = 2014;
myCar.miles = 0;
myCar.isNew = true;
myCar.owner = “Arvind”;

Doing something with a car
• Sell the car

• The nouns in a problem get turned into classes
• The verbs in a problem get turned into methods
• Methods are similar to functions that you might
have seen in other languages.

/**
sell the car to newOwner
*/
public void sell(String newOwner)
{
owner = newOwner;
if (isNew) {
isNew = false;
}
}

public class Car { public void
//instance sell(String newOwner)
variables {
String make; owner =
String model; newOwner;
int year; if (isNew) {
boolean isNew; isNew =
double miles; false;
String owner; }
}
}
public static void

main(String[] args) {
Car myCar = new
Car();
}
A method with a return
Statement
• We want to know whether the car is older than
10 years
public boolean isOld() {
int thisYear=
Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR);
if (thisYear – year > 10) {
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
Car myCar = new Car();
myCar.make = “Audi” ;
myCar.model = “A4”;
myCar.year = 2014;
myCar.miles = 0;
myCar.isNew = true;
myCar.owner = “Arvind” ;
boolean isMyCarOld = myCar.isOld();
myCar.sell(“John Doe”);
System.out.println(”Car owned by” +
myCar.owner);
}

Video 1.7
Arvind Bhusnurmath
Topics
• What is a constructor?
• “this” keyword
• Using inbuilt classes

Defining Constructors
• A constructor is code to create an object

• You can do other work in a constructor, but you
shouldn’t
• The syntax for a constructor is:
ClassName(parameters) {
…code…
}
• The ClassName has to be the same as the class
that the constructor occurs in
• The parameters are a comma-separated list of
variable declarations

Example constructor 1
public class Person {
String name;
int age;
boolean male;
Person (String aName, boolean isMale) {

name = aName;
male = isMale;
}

Using a constructor
• The new keyword is used to create an instance

of the class
• Classname variable = new
Classname(constructor parameters)

Example constructor 2
• Most constructors just set instance

variables:
public class Person {
String name;
boolean male;
Person (String name, boolean male) {
this.name = name ;
this.male = male ;
}
} Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 68
The this keyword
• this refers to the current instance of the class, the

object in question.
• It is generally used for 2 purposes
• disambiguate between an instance variable and a local
variable, especially in constructors
• when the entire current object has to be passed to a
method

Using an inbuilt class
• A useful Java class is StringBuilder which is

an efficient way of dealing with large strings.
• https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/jav
a/lang/StringBuilder.html
• Scroll down to the constructor summary
• Use the most suitable constructor
• StringBuilder s1 = new
StringBuilder(“my first string
builder”);
SD1x-1 70
StringBuilder
• Go to the method summary in the

documentation
• use the “.” operator to access methods
• append
• substring

Video 1.8
Arvind Bhusnurmath
Topics
• Writing methods other than a constructor

• Scope
• Return statements

Defining a method
A method has the syntax:
return-type method-name(parameters) {
method-variables
code
}
Example:
boolean isAdult(int age) {
int magicAge = 21;
return age >= magicAge;
}
Example:
double average(int a, int b) {
return (a + b) / 2.0;
}

Methods may have local variables
• A method may have local (method) variables
• Formal parameters are a kind of local variable
int add(int m, int n) {
int sum = m + n;
return sum;
}
• m, n, and sum are all local variables
• The scope of m, n, and sum is the method
• These variables can only be used in the method, nowhere
else
• The names can be re-used elsewhere, for other variables

Blocks (== Compound statements)
Inside a method or constructor, whenever you use

braces, you are creating a block, or compound
statement:
int absoluteValue(int n) {
if (n < 0) {
return -n;
}
else return n;
}
Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath 76 SD1x-1 76

Declarations in a method
• The scope of formal parameters is the entire
method
• The scope of a variable in a block starts where you
define it and extends to the end of the block
if (x > y) {
int larger = x;
}
else {
int larger = y;
}
return larger;
Returning a result from a method
• If a method is to return a result, it must specify

the type of the result:
• boolean isAdult ( …
• You must use a return statement to exit the
method with a result of the correct type:
• return age >= magicAge;

Returning no result from a method
• The keyword void is used to indicate that a method doesn’t

return a value
• The return statement must not specify a value
• Example:
void printAge(String name, int age) {
System.out.println(name + " is " + age + "
years old.");
return;
}
• There are two ways to return from a void method:
Execute a return statement
Reach the closing brace of the method

Sending messages to objects
• We don’t perform operations on objects, we “talk” to them

• This is called sending a message to the object
• A message looks like this:
• object.method(extra information)
• The object is the thing we are talking to
• The method is a name of the action we want the object to
take
• The extra information is anything required by the method
in order to do its job
• Examples:
g.setColor(Color.pink);
amountOfRed = Color.pink.getRed( );

Putting it all together
class Person { // methods

String getName() {
// fields return name;
String name; }
int age;
void birthday() {
// constructor age = age + 1;
Person(String name) { System.out.println(
this.name = name; "Happy birthday!");
age = 0; }
} }

Using our new class
Person john;
john = new Person("John Smith");
System.out.print (john.getName());
System.out.println(" is having a birthday!");
john.birthday();
Of course, this code must also be inside a class!

Program structure
• A program consists of one or more classes

• Typically, each class is in a separate .java file
public class SomeClass {

// instance variables
// one or more constructors
// methods
// optionally a main method

}

null
• If you declare a variable to have a given object type, for

example,
Person john;
String name;
• ...and if you have not yet assigned a value to it, for example,
with
john = new Person();
String name = “John Smith";
• ...then the value of the variable is null
• null is a legal value, but there isn’t much you can do with it
• It’s an error to refer to its fields, because it has none
• It’s an error to send a message to it, because it has no methods
• The error you will see is NullPointerException

Video 1.9
Arvind Bhusnurmath
Topics
• Representing data collections

• Arrays
• ArrayLists

Arrays
Example: How do we keep track of the rainfall during the

year?
double jan1 = …;
double jan2 = …;
…
This is tedious!
Solution : Array!

Arrays
An array is an indexed sequence of values of the same data type.
double[] rainfall= new double[365];
Notice the usage of the new keyword.
365 consecutive locations in memory are allocated to this array.
It is easy to index into any array location.
rainfall[0] is the very first entry in the array. 0 indexing.

Declaring arrays
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rainfall
rainfall[0]

Declaring arrays
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rainfall
rainfall[1]

Number of elements in an array
Get the number of elements in an array by using

array.length
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rainfall
rainfall[rainfall.length - 1]

Looping through an array
Assume the rainfall array is populated by the rainfall every day
in inches.
double sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < rainfall.length; i++)
{
sum += rainfall[i];
}
avgRainfall = sum / rainfall.length

ArrayList
• Arrays are fixed size. If you wanted to use the

rainfall array to capture 2 years worth of data, it
would be impossible to do so.
• ArrayLists work like arrays but with the added

flexibility of methods to append and remove
elements

Declaring an ArrayList
ArrayList<String> studentNames = new
ArrayList<String>();

Adding a new element
package basicjava;
import java.util.*;
public class CollectionExample {
ArrayList<String> studentNames = new
ArrayList<String>();
studentNames.add("Student1");
studentN ames.add("Student2");
System.out.println(studentNames.size());
}
}

ArrayList of integers
• int vs Integer
• Integer is an inbuilt java class that acts as a wrapper for the

primitive datatype int.
• int, double and boolean are primitive java types.

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Video

• Designed to serve the need for portability in the 90s.

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 2

• Search for “java jdk”

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 3

How to choose a development environment

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 4

• Install “Eclipse IDE for Java Developers”

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 6

• A workspace is where Eclipse keeps projects.

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 9

Enter project name, and

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 10

Enter package name,

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 11

Enter class name,

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 12

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 14

Declaring and initializing a variable

Use/update a variable that you declared previously

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 15

• int for integers

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 16

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 17

• Variables that either take the value true or

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 18

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 19

code block 2 only gets executed if condition1 and

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 20

Loop = doing something over and over

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 22

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 23

•The for loop is complicated, but very handy

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 24

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 25

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 26

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 27

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 28

• Use the for loop if you know ahead of time how

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 29

• Block of code – statements between braces {}

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 30

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 31

Reminder: A prime number is a number greater than

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 33

• First, import the Scanner class:

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 34

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 35

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 37

• Good style isn’t just to make your code “look

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 38

• Most times, you will enter an ongoing project, with

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 39

• You only write code once, but you read it many

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 40

• Always indent statements that are nested inside (under the

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 41

• Keep your lines short enough to be viewed and

Property of Penn Engineering, Arvind Bhusnurmath SD1x-1 42