SET THEORY

LECTURE 02
Set
Characteristic
s •
 • A set can be described in the following
two ways:
• (1) Tabular Method:
In this method, all the elements of the set
are enclosed by set braces. For example,
METHODS OF (a) A set of vowels; A = {a, e, i, o, u}
DESCRIBING A (b) A set of even numbers; A = {2, 4, 6,
SET ......}
(c) A set of first five letters of alphabet; A
= {a, b, c, d, e}
(d) A set of odd numbers between 10
and 20; A = {11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
 (2) Selector / Set-builder Notation Method:
In this method, elements of the set can be
described on the basis of specific
characteristics of the elements.
• For example, let if x is the element of a set,
METHODS OF then the above four sets can be expressed
DESCRIBING A in the following way:
SET (a) A = {x | x is a vowel of English alphabet}
(b) A = {x | x is an even number}
(c) A = {x | x is a letter of the first five alphabet
in English}
(d) A = {x | x is an odd number between 10
and 20}
 (i) Null, Empty or Void Set: A set having no
element is known as null, empty or void set. It is
denoted by Ø. For example,
(i) A = {x | x is an odd integers divisible by 2}
(ii) A = {x | x2 = 4, x is odd}
A is the empty set in the above two cases.
(ii) Finite Set: A set is finite if it consists of a
specific number of different elements, i.e. the
counting process of the different
members/elements of the set can come to an end.
For examples,
TYPES OF SETS (i) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (ii) A = {a, e, i, o, u}
then the sets are finite, because the elements can
be counted by a finite number.
(iii) Infinite Set: If the elements of a set cannot be
counted in a finite number, the set is called an
infinite set. For example,
(a) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4 ......}
(b) Let A = {x | x is a positive integer divisible by 5},
then the sets are infinite, as the process of counting
the elements of these sets would be endless.
 •

TYPES OF SETS
 •

TYPES OF SETS
 •

TYPES OF SETS
 (x) Disjoint sets: If the sets A and B have no
element in common, i.e., if no element of A is in B
and no element of B is in A, then we say that A
and B are disjoint.
For example, let A = {3, 4, 5} and B= {8, 9, 10,
11}, then A and B sets are disjoint because there
TYPES OF SETS is no element common in these two sets.
(xi) Universal sets: Usually, only certain objects
are under discussion at one time. The universal
set is the set of all objects under discussion. It is
denoted by U or I. For example, in human
population studies, the universal set consists of
all the people in the world.
VENN DIAGRAMS

Generally Venn diagram is

LAWS OF
ALGEBRA OF
SETS
•
•
 OPERATIONS ON
SETS
• Union of Sets : The union
of any two given sets A and
B is the set C which consists
of all those elements which
are either in A or in B. In
symbols, we write
C = A ∪ B = {x | x Є A or x Є
B}
for example, A = {1,2,3,4,5}; B
= {2,4,6}, then A U B =
{1,2,3,4,5,6}
OPERATIONS ON
SETS
• Intersection of sets:
The intersection of two sets A
and B is the set of all
elements which belong to
both A and B. It is denoted by
A ∩ B.
Thus, A ∩ B= {x│ x Є A and
x Є B }.
for example, A = {1,2,3,4}; B
= {2,4},
A ∩ B = {2,4}
 •

OPERATIONS
ON SETS
APPLICATIONS OF SET THEORY TO
SOLVE
BUSINESS PROBLEMS
•
Write the following set in roster form.
(i) A = {x : x is an integer, - 3 < x < 7}
(ii) B = {x : x is an integer, 4 < x < 12}
Write the following set in roster form.
(i) A = {x : x is an integer, - 3 < x < 7}
(ii) B = {x : x is an integer, 4 < x < 12}
Solution:
(i) A = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(ii) B = {6, 8, 10, 12}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 17, 21, 35, 52, 56}, B and C are subsets of
A such that B = {odd numbers},
C = {prime numbers}. List the elements of the set {x : x ∈B ∩ C}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 17, 21, 35, 52, 56}, B and C are subsets of
A such that B = {odd numbers},
C = {prime numbers}. List the elements of the set {x : x ∈B ∩ C}
Solution:
B ∩ C = {1, 3, 7, 17, 21, 35} ∩ {2, 3, 7, 17} = {3, 7, 17}
Therefore, reqd. list = {3, 7, 17}
• In a class of 100 students, 45 students read Physics, 52
students read Chemistry and 15 students read both the
subjects. Find the number of students who study neither
Physics nor Chemistry.
• In a class of 100 students, 45 students read Physics, 52
students read Chemistry and 15 students read both the
subjects. Find the number of students who study neither
Physics nor Chemistry.
• Solution:
• We know n (A ∪ B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A ∩ B). Let A indicates
Physics, B for Chemistry. Now
• n (A) = 45, n (B) = 52, n (A ∩ B) = 15
• So, n (A ∪ B) = 45 + 52 – 15 = 82
• We are to find n (A´ ∩ B´) = 100 – n (A ∪ B) = 100 – 82 = 18
In a survey of 1000 families it is found that 454
use electricity, 502 use gas, 448 use kerosene,
158 use gas and electricity, 160 use gas and
kerosene and 134 use electricity and kerosene
for cooking. If all of them use at least one of
the three, find how many use all the three
fuels.
In a survey of 1000 families it is found that 454 use electricity, 502 use gas, 448
use kerosene, 158 use gas and electricity, 160 use gas and kerosene and 134 use
electricity and kerosene for cooking. If all of them use at least one of the three, find
how many use all the three fuels.
Solution:
Let us take E for electricity, G for gas, K for kerosene.
Now n (E) = 454, n (G) = 502, n (K) = 448
n (G ∩ E) = 158 n (G ∩ K) = 160 n (E ∩ K) = 134, n (E ∩ G ∩ K) = ?
n (E ∪ G ∪ K) = 1000
Again n (E ∪ G ∪ K) = n (E) + n (G) + n (K) – n (E ∩ G)
- n (G ∩ K) – n (K ∩ E) + n (E ∩ G ∩ K)
or, 1000 = 454 + 502 + 448 – 158 – 160 – 134 + n (E ∩ G ∩ K)
= 952 + n (E ∩ G ∩ K)
Or, n (E ∩ G ∩ K) = 1000 – 952 = 48.
• There are 200 students in a class. Among them 100 students
passed in accounting, 80 students passed in business
mathematics and 50 students passed in both subject. Find
• How many students passed?
• How many students failed?
• How many students passed only in accounting?
• How many students passed only in business mathematics?
• How many students passed only in one subject?
• How many students passed at least in one subject?
The set of all students in class=U 4. n(A′∩B)
=n(B)- n(A∩B)
The number of students who
passed in accounting=A =80-50
=30
The set of students who passed
in Business math=B
5. n(A∩B′)+n(A′∩B)
=50+30
1. n(A∪B) =80
=n(A)+n(B)-n(A∩B)
=100+80-50
=130
2. n(A∪B)′
=n(U)-n(A∪B)
=200-130
=70
3. n(A∩B′)
=n(A)-n(A∩B)
=100-50
=50
There are 1,500 students who appeared at the CMA examination
under
the ICMAB. Out of these students, 450 failed in Accounting, 500
failed
in Business Mathematics and 475 failed in Costing. Those who
failed in
both Accounting and Business Mathematics were 300, those who
failed in both Business Mathematics and Costing were 320 and
those who
failed in both Accounting and Costing were 350. The students who
failed in all the three subjects were 250.
Find (i) How many students failed in at least any one of the
subjects?
(ii) How many students failed in no subjects?
(iii) How many students failed in only one subjects?
(iv) How many students failed in both Accounting and Business
A Survey of 600 workers in a plant indicated that 410 owned their
own
houses, 500 owned cars, 550 owned televisions, 410 owned cars
and
televisions, 340 owned cars and houses, 370 owned houses and
television and 300 owned all three. Illustrate by a Venn diagram
and
prove that the above data is not correct. What set is empty?
Solution: