Let a line OA makes angle with a fixed line OX and AM is perpendicular from A on OX.
Then in right-angled triangle
AMO, trigonometrical ratios (functions) with respect to are defined as follows :
perpendicular(P)
sin = hypotenuse(H) Y
A
base(B)
cos = hypotenuse(H)
H P
perpendicular (P)
tan = Base (B)
X
H H B O B M
cosec= . sec= , cot =
P B P
1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Sign of Trigonometric-Ratios in different quadrants
I II III IV
sin/cosec +ve +ve -ve -ve
cos/ sec +ve -ve -ve +ve
tan/ cot +ve -ve +ve -ve
Y
II-quadrant I-quadrant
S A all positive
sin and cosec
are positive
X X
III-quadrant IV-quadrant
T C
tan and cot cos and sec
are positive are positive
Y
BASIC IDENTITIES
i. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1
a. 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
b. 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
ii. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
a. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
b. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
1
c. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
d. i.e. These are reciprocals of each other
iii. 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
a. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1
1
c. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃
iv. 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
v. 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 = 1 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
Trigonometric-Ratio of allied angles
Step1: Horizontal line (00 , 1800 , 360𝑜 , …) no change
Vertical line (900 , 270𝑜 , …) change 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⇔ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ⇔ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ⇔ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Step 2: Final sign depends is the sign of original T-ratio in the quadrant
Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is either zero or a multiple of 90º.
similarly,
Allied angles (– ) (90° – ) (90° + ) (180° – ) (180° + ) (270° – ) (270° + ) (360° – )
3 3
Trigo. ratio or − or + or ( – ) or ( + ) or − or + or (2 – )
2 2 2 2
sin –sin cos cos sin – sin – cos – cos – sin
cos cos sin – sin – cos – cos – sin sin cos
tan – tan cot – cot – tan tan cot – cot – tan
Compound angle formulas
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐵
Product to Sum formulas
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵)
Sum to Product Formulas
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐷 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐷 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐷 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐷 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
Half Angle formulas:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
Note: Angle gets halved
Double Angle Formulas (helps in getting rid of squares)
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
Formulas to convert T-Ratios in tan
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
Third angle formulas
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝜃 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝜃 =
1 − 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
Note
1
i. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(600 − 𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(600 + 𝐴) = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝐴
1
ii. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(600 − 𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(600 + 𝐴) = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝐴
iii. 𝑡𝑎𝑛(600 − 𝐴) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛(600 + 𝐴) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝐴
