PCOM growing up, people acquire the languages

used by those in the community. This is the

Lesson 1 process of LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. The
languages acquired while growing up are
WHAT IS LANGUAGE? known as mother tongues, which may also
⁃ Together with the creation of human be referred to as first languages. People
life is the creation of a wonderful and discover later on that other languages are
dynamic human capacity-language. Animals needed for various reasons. These other
are said to be able to communicate with languages may be referred to as second
each other. Whales sing, wolves howl, dogs languages. People learn these languages by
bark, and birds chirp. The sounds these studying formally in school or informally on
creatures produce often reflect the state of their own. This is the process of LANGUAGE
their emotions. While it may be true that LEARNING.
animals communicate, only human beings
are truly capable of producing language. ⁃ What happens if people visit another
speech community that is different from
What exactly is language? their own? Americans and British speak
⁃ Linguists agree that a language can English. However, they spell English words
only be called a LANGUAGE if it has a system differently. They pronounce words
of rules (also known as grammar), a sound differently. They have different ways of
system (phonology), and a vocabulary expressing the same concepts. It can be said
(lexicon). These are the requirements for that the Americans and the British belong to
identifying a means of a communication as a two speech communities which do not have
language. A monkey may be able to signal to exactly the same set of rules for their
its partner that it is sharing food. The languages. This is why there are differences
monkey will produce sounds and gestures, in their languages. The opening activity on
but will not be able to organize the sounds the previous page illustrates this reality.
into a meaningful system with rules. What
the monkey is producing is not a language in ⁃ What happens if you, for example,
the strictest sense of the word. Human who speaks a mother tongue and English, go
beings, on the other hand, are able to to work in China where the residents speak
communicate their desire to share food Putonghua (Mandarin) and a little bit of
through several ways that are English? Will you be able to communicate
understandable to other human beings. with the Chinese? The answer is yes. Though
They may utter a word (Food!), raise a it will be a challenge for you and your
question (Want some food?), or give a Chinese friends to try to understand each
statement (I'd like to share this food with other, eventually you will be able to
you). communicate as you slowly learn each
⁃ When people use language, they can other's languages. What is happening the
understand each other because they belong result of such contact may here is called
to the same speech community. They can LANGUAGE CONTACT (interaction) can be a
understand each other because in their new form of language. It is possible that in
speech community, people share the same your attempt to communicate with each
set of rules in the language system. While other, you and communicate with each
other, you and your Chinese friend will Communication may then be classified
produce a new language form that is according to:
understandable to both of you. Your own CmCP
languages may also change as you constantly 1. communication mode
interact and communicate with each other. 2. context
Thus, language change is the result of 3. purpose and style.
language contact. Language is indeed a
complex human capacity. It is, therefore, TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING
important to be aware of its features and TO MODE
behavior to be able to use language more A message may be conveyed via these types:
effectively and productively in VNV
communicating with others. 1. Verbal
2. non-verbal
Lesson 2 3. visual.
What is communication?
⁃ Depending on what is being Though communication is often thought of
considered, communication as a term takes as verbal, the non-verbal mode is equally
on different contexts resulting in people essential as it enhances one's message.
having different views on communication
types. Since COMMUNICATION is generally VERBAL - NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
fined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, - (the motive and mood of the speaker
concepts, and views tween or among two or shows)
more people, various contexts come to play. Effective communication calls for the
CONTEXT is the circumstance or blending of these two types. One cannot be
environment in which communication takes separated from the other.
place. Such circumstance may include the
physical or actual setting, the value positions When you were in Senior High School, you
of a speaker/listener, and the relevance or were trained to blend verbal and non-verbal
appropriateness of a message conveyed. It modes of communication. In fact, when
meeting people for the first time, as what
focuses on certain communication processes
and even groupings of people that constitute you may have experienced many times, the
a communication situation. initial meeting when you speak during the
first few minutes is significant as it leaves a
Different contexts can impact one's lasting impression on your listeners. You
communication. Each Communication type show interest in meeting these people by
is governed by a particular circumstance. acknowledging their presence through an
Thus, is essential to pay attention to the amiable, congenial, disposition, and a
interplay of factors surrounding context of smiling face. Rather than just speaking, it is
communication which may be physical, to use the non-verbal code through a
cultural, social , an psychological in nature. handshake, an approving facial expression, a
and a kind disposition or character.
 VISUAL COMMUNICATION that it makes use of technology that provides
- (Signs and symbols) apps (applications), videos, and images that
- (Emoji is the best example) rely less on the printed word making
VISUAL COMMUNICATION, on the other presentations more interesting. This leaves a
hand, is the type of communication that uses powerful effect on the audience and
visuals to convey information and/or prospective clients. Speakers/presenters
messages. should, however, be mindful of the content
- E.g : signs, symbols, imagery, maps, of their presentation since wrong and
graphs, charts, diagrams, pictograms, irrelevant information may lead to
photos, drawings or illustrations, and miscommunication or communication
even various forms of electronic breakdown, thereby defeating the very
communication. purpose for the use of visuals. Likewise, they
- E.g of electronic communication should pay attention to graphic elements,
symbols or images: are the emojis, such as position, color, size, shape, and
emoticons, and animation among orientation as all these play an important
others to convey the writer's role in the preparation of slides. Audience
emotions or clarify the intent of the size should be considered as well when
message sender. These are achieved preparing slide presentations or other forms
through digital mode or text. of visuals.

How these symbols are interpreted is very TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING

crucial in visual communication. There are TO CONTEXT
some instances when visual communication
is classified under non-verbal CONTEXT - in communication is referred to
communication. as a composite of people interacting with
Whatever the classification is, note that this each other.
type has now become pervasive in
communication. It is then important that the Communication may also be classified
receiver of the message is able to decode the according to CONTEXT:
meaning correctly by CONTEXTUALISING the iieoi
information received. 1. intrapersonal
2. interpersonal
Visual communication 3. extended
- Effective for visual learners 4. organizational communication
now occupies an important place in any 5. intercultural communication.
work environment. For instance, during
presentations, instructors, managers, INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
doctors, lawyers, legislators, and the like use
visuals to transfer data into digestible - The Latin prefix intra- means within
information. Very likely, they will have or inside.
greater success in catching the attention of - Intrapersonal communication -
the audience, making the latter easily recall means talking to oneself.
the information. What makes visual - Some label it as self or inner talk,
communication even more advantageous is inner monologue, or inner dialogue.
 - Psychologists call it with other names - a transaction does not necessarily
such as self-verbalization or self- take place since it can only be a
statement. simple interaction such as greetings,
getting to know a person, or
Do you find it normal to talk to yourself? ordinary conversations that happen
Some say it is,some say it's not. The gauge, between or among the interactants.
however, rests on the frequency of the - This may occur in dyads (group of
occurrence and how you handle such. For two people) or small groups, also
instance, if you find yourself talking to known as group communication.
yourself, there is really no need for you to
answer back. You talk to yourself because A communication situation is interpersonal if
you think that there is the need to: boost it is meant to establish or deepen one's
your confidence when you are nervous to relationship with others. However, if the
speak in front of an audience, apprise objective is to achieve something at the end
yourself that you performed a good job, or of the conversation, it becomes
console yourself that you did a task poorly. transactional. While the former is
Moreover, engaging in inner speech such as characterized by less seriousness and
fantasizing or daydreaming is not bad as long formality, the latter is more formal and
as you are able to distinguish it from profound. Whereas interpersonal talks are
reality. Self-talk can be advantageous as it meant for maintaining social relationships,
can enable you to practice what you ought TRANSACTIONAL TALKS aim to accomplish
to say in times when you lack the or resolve something at the end of the
motivation and confidence to speak. One conversation. Note the examples below.
magic statement that you can try is: "I can do
it!" Saying this over and over again will give EXTENDED COMMUNICATION
you positive reinforcement that you can do - Extended communication involves
things courageously and that it is not the use of electronic media.
impossible to do so. Furthermore, as you - before when it only called for the use
respond to life's challenges, you may also of television and radio, nowadays,
find yourself verbalizing your thoughts and the description of extended
feelings. It is then important that as you communication may be expanded as
introspect, you are able to improve on your to include tele, audio, or phone
decisions in life and likewise enhance conferencing; video-conferencing;
yourself-worth as a person. Skype calls; and other technological
means.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION For example, linked by a telecommunication
system, people who are far apart, or are far
- As opposed to intra, the Latin prefix from the venue, can participate in a meeting
inter- means between, among, and or a conference. In an e-conference like this,
together. participants may not be physically present
- An interactive exchange takes place but are still able to track down the lectures
as interpersonal communication and participate actively because of the mass
takes place. articulation and dissemination of
information, allowing speakers to reach a oral and written communication skills that
wider group of listeners. the organization expects you to possess.
- Since extended communication is
public in nature, speakers are There are two types of organizational
expected to be prepared when they structure:
speak, making their language more 1. formal
formal. 2. informal.

With the use of electronic media, messages Formal structure - allows communication to
are transmitted quickly. For instance, with take place via designated channels of
the use of the Internet, recorded videos may message flow between positions in the
be transmitted in seconds/minutes and may organization.
be viewed by a greater number of people.
With extended communication, your own This may make use of four approaches:
thinking, behavior, and attitude may be 1. Downward communication is the
influenced by other people and you may be type that flows from upper to
persuaded to take the views you hear. It is lower positions, i.e., president to a
important then that you weigh what you manager or supervisor, a manager
hear and assess them against those beliefs to an ordinary staff. The flow of
that you hold onto so you do not get easily communication is top-down or
swayed by other people's convictions. from a superior to a subordinate,
usually asking certain individuals to
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION perform a certain task
2. Upward communication - is
With this type, the focus is on the role that bottom-up in which subordinates
communication plays in organizational send communication to their
contexts. Organizations comprise individuals superiors/bosses bearing their
who work for the company. When you views/feedback on organizational
graduate, for example, you become a policies, issues related to their
professional, either working for a company jobs, and the like
or putting up your own. Whichever, you 3. Horizontal communication- is
should know that each organization has lateral in approach as it takes place
expectations that you as a communication among people belonging to the
professional should meet or that you as the same level but coming from
owner may establish. different departments or units to
facilitate performance of tasks
For an organization to be successful, a through proper coordination
system of communication should be put in 4. Crosswise communication - is
place. A set of rules or standards for diagonal in nature as employees
communication protocol should be made from different units or
clear so that interaction patterns are departments working at various
established. On the part of the individual, levels communicate with each
you should be equipped with the needed other
 - Each of these communication - They all share in the values, practices,
approaches has its own advantages vision, and mission of the
and disadvantages. organization.
- Note that these structures are
usually presented in the company's INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
organizational chart and policy
manuals. - it is communication between or
among people having different
Informal communication linguistic, religious, ethnic, social,
- comes from unofficial channels of and professional backgrounds.
message flow. - Even gender difference affects
- Also known as 'grapevine,' communication.
- messages coming from the different - Individuals having different
levels of the organization are orientations communicate and
transmitted. interpret messages differently. This
This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of particularly happens with non-
some employees accompanied by verbal communication.
uncertainty, such as superiors playing - For instance, Australians consider
favorites and unfavorable or unacceptable eye contact as important in assessing
company rules and regulations. Some the sincerity of a person while for
employees even resort to baseless gossips Indians, looking straight into the eyes
and rumors which they spread like wild fire. of a person while talking is
Tracing the origin of a rumor is almost next inappropriate. This does not,
to impossible. In fact, when some people are however, mean that they are
confronted, they impute the blame to others dishonest or insincere.
so they can get out of the mess quickly. - Moreover, Indians interpret waving
of hands from side to side as no or go
Organizational culture away while it means hello among
- means each organization has its own Westerners.
culture. - For Filipinos, twitching of lips means
- Based on its history and to refer to something or someone.
development, an organization When someone asks: "Where is my
develops its own core values, vision book?" instead of responding:
and mission statements, goals, and “There it is," the response may be
objectives. twitching or puckering lips. When
- Organizational culture is of utmost seen by people from other cultures,
significance since it will dictate the such facial expression may be taken
kind of behavior that employees to mean as "seduction." It is
should possess as well as the extent important then not to be judgmental
of commitment expected from them or to rush into interpretations as
by the organization. cultures sometimes vary
enormously.
Similarly, linguistic differences are of the a. To inform
essence. With the advent of World Englishes, b. to entertain
different cultures develop different lexicon c. to persuade
peculiar only to the speech community.
- In the Philippines, a local variety of informal communication
English called Philippine English has - does not employ formal language.
been developed which has - It involves personal and ordinary
introduced lexical innovation, not conversations with friends, family
found or used in other varieties, members, or acquaintances about
such as thrice, batchmates, CR anything under the sun.
(comfort room), solons, barangay - The mode may be oral as in face-to-
captain, and high blood. Even in face, ordinary or everyday talks and
terms of pronunciation, words are phone calls, or written as in the case
pronounced differently by Filipinos, of e-mail messages, personal notes,
which, to some, are considered letters, or text messages.
erroneous. For instance, these - The purpose is simply
supposedly pronounced with a hard a. to socialize
/th/ represented with a /d/ is b. enhance relationships.
pronounced instead with a /d/ by the
average Filipino since hard /th/ is not Communication Models
part of the Filipino phonology.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING

TO PURPOSE AND STYLE

Finally, communication may be classified

according to purpose and style.
- focus here is on the communication - Plato, Aristotle and the Greek
setting and the mode of delivery. Sophists (great rhetoricians)
- Formal communication employs - Effective public speaking was an
formal language delivered orally or in important consideration in the study
written form. Lectures, public of communication
talks/speeches, research and project - 3 variables in this communication
proposals, reports, and business process: Speaker, Speech, Audience
letters, among others are all ~ Speaker is very important. - Without the
considered formal situations and speaker, there will be no speech to be
writings. produced.
- Note that while lectures and ~ A Linear Model - not after the response
speeches are delivered orally, the more on the message delivery
texts have been thought out carefully ~ Aristotle has given 3 elements of a good
and written well before they are communicator:
delivered. A. ETHOS- is the characteristics which
- objectives of this type of makes you credible in front of the audience.
communication
 B. PATHOS - if you say what matters to ~ Conceptualized for radio and television
them and they can connect with it, they will but was then adopted to communication
be more interested. - Emotional bonds ~ A Transactional Model
C. LOGOS - logic; People will understand ~ Information source → Transmitter →
you only if they understand what you are Reception (Decoder) → Destination
trying to say. (Receiver)
Laswell’s Communication Model ~ KEY DIFFERENCES: Noise, Reception,
Destination, Feedback
Berlo’s Communication Model

~ 1948 HAROLD DWIGHT LASWELL

~ Communication as the ff Ws:
• WHO SAYS
• WHAT IN ~ 1920, DAVID BERLO
• WHICH CHANNEL ~ Probably the most well-known
• TO WHOM ~ Formerly known as the SMCR (Sender,
• WHAT EFFECT Message, Channel, Receiver)
~ The process of communication begins ~ Noise was later included, SMCRN
with: ~ 4 Major Variables are the ff:
• Communicator (Who) • Source
• Message (What) • Message
• Medium (Which Channel) • Channel
• Receiver (Whom) • Receiver
• Effect (What Effect) ~ Source: Encoder (CAKSC)
~ Similar to Aristotle’s (Linear and same • Communication Skills,
components) • Audience,
~Key Difference: 5 Variables (+ Medium & • Knowledge,
Effect) • Social System
Shannon-Weaver Model • Culture
~ Message: contains (CETSC)
• Content,
• Elements, (Language & Gestures)
• Treatment (Manner of Transmission)
• Structure (Flow of the Message)
• Code, how was the message sent
(Verbal & Non-Verbal)
~ CLAUDE ELDWOOD SHANNON & WARREN ~ Channel (5 Senses)
WEAVER ~ Receiver (CAKSC); same with Source
~ 1949 (introduced the model of 3 Types of Models:
communication) 1. Linear: One way
 2. Transactional: Feedback or remittance of deducted premiums from
Response employees' salaries to the SSS or the Social
3. Interactive: Several Reactions Security System (or GSIS or Government
(Several Nationalities can be an Service Insurance System in the case of
example) government offices), the company's
General Principles of Effective Oral accountability to its employees is
Communication undoubtedly affected. Compare this
~ Know your PURPOSE situation with that of an organization that
~ Know your AUDIENCE observes ethical practice and remits the
~ Know your TOPIC employees' monthly contributions to the SSS
~ ADJUST your SPEECH to CONTEXT of or GSIS regularly. It is important to note that
situation one's behavior should be regulated by
~ WORK ON the FEEDBACK given you honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity,
Principles of Effective Oral Communication and moral uprightness. Be guided by the
a) Clear Purpose: know your objective following to achieve ethical communication:
b) Complete Message: Claims are system that will pave the way
supported by facts and essential
information 1. Establish an effective value for the
c) Concise: Brevity; no need to be development of your integrity as a person.
wordy One's behavior and decision-making style
d) Natural Delivery: Punctuate affect, in turn, the operations of an
important words with appropriate organization.
gestures and movements.
e) Specific and Timely Feedback 2. Provide complete and accurate
Principles of Effective Written Comms information. Whether it is needed or not,
(7Cs) the data you provide should always be
a. CLEAR: always be guided by your contextualized and correct.
purpose
b. CONCISE: stick to the point; be brief 3. Disclose vital information adequately and
c. CONCRETE: support claims with appropriately. Never conceal or hide
facts information that are necessary for purposes
d. CORRECT: observe grammatical of transparency. Observing a code of ethics
correctness; have time to revise and is essential as it determines the kind of
edit behavior that is proper and desirable over
e. COHERENT: ideas should be one that is displeasing and offensive. A CODE
connected and related to the topic OF ETHICS sets the standards to be observed
by a person or a company that will create a
ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION good reputation or a positive image not only
Communication ethics emphasizes that for an individual but also for the
morals influence the behavior of an organization. It will, therefore, pave the way
individual, group, or organization thereby for the attainment of the desired results
affecting their communication. For instance, leading to the success of an individual or the
given the unethical communication practice entire company. Success in decision-making
of a certain company of concealing the non- will likewise impact the company's
reputation. * Helps in building relationships
* Doesn’t follow authority lines
WRITTEN NOTES Page 10
(pages refer to the slide number) Communication models
Page 5 Read page 38
Mode:
- way Page 11
- how can you message them Linear (not after the response more on the
Context : message delivery)
- condition Sender ~ receiver
- Situation ~~~ noise
- Location where the 2 person is involved Models: Aristotle and Laswell
with
- The context of the message, same picture Page 12
- Language Transactional (sends a message then
Purpose and style: receives feedback)
Both parties have a same role
Page 6 and 7 No response = failed communication
Mode
- verbal (written, oral, visual) Page 13
- Non- verbal (signals, body language) Interactive (field of common experience)
- Remove “written” from non- verbal Different cultures
Page 8
1. Intrapersonal - to talk to one’s self Page 14 pp. 39
2. Interpersonal- deepen the knowledge General Principles of effective
about the topic. Gets other people/s communication
opinions 1. Know your purpose (inform? Persuade?
3. Extended - electronic media Entertain?)
Page 9 2. Know your audience (age, gender,
Purpose and style language they speak, educated or non-
* Formal: CEO wants to inform something educated)
* Formal and official style: a memo (date, 3. Know your topic (make a research
time, attendees, agenda) 4. Adjust your speech and writing to the
* Flow is controlled (somebody recites or context of the situation
leads the meeting) 5. Work on the feedback given to you
* Use of slang and foul language is avoided
* Authority lines are need to be followed
* Professional setting Recitations:
* Corporate meetings - What are the levels of
* Conference communication?
- Communication is complex? -
Informal: irreversible
* Casual meeting with friends - Why is communication relational?
* Use slang words
 - Difference of language learning (Can
be formal or informal schooling or
learning) to language accusation (L1
mother tongue you learn from the
environment?)
Reminders
- Read ethics in communication
- Modes of communication
- Quiz next meeting
- Recit next time
- Objective type