STEM 7 – GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

FIRST SEMESTER – MIDTERM

WEEK 1 – WORKSHEET NO. 1 (Matter and its Properties)

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Determine the sections in this worksheet that needs to be answered.
2. Copy the questions and then write your answer.
3. All answers must be written on a separate sheet of yellow pad paper.

A. PRE-TEST/PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Activity # 1 – REVIEWING CONCEPTS

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following questions in 3-5 sentences.

1. In the concept of chemistry, what is matter?
2. Which is easier to observe, the physical or chemical properties of an object?

B. INTERACTION
Activity # 2 – PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PART 1 – PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

INSTRUCTIONS: Write P if the situation indicates a physical change; write C if it undergoes

chemical change.
Situations P or C
1. An ice cube is placed in the sun. Later in the afternoon, there is a puddle of
water. Later still, the puddle is gone.
2. Two chemicals are mixed together and a gas is produce.
3. A bicycle changes color as it rusts.
4. A solid is crushed to a powder.
5. Two substances are mixed and light is produced.

6. A piece of ice melts and reacts with sodium.

7. Mixing salt and pepper
8. Chocolate syrup is dissolved in milk.
9. A marshmallow is toasted over a campfire.
10. A bread is cut in half.

PART B – PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

INSTRUCTIONS: Classify the following properties as either chemical or physical by writing P or C.
Properties P or C
1. Blue color
2. Density
3. Flammability
4. Dissolves in water
5. Boils at 100 degrees
6. Scratches glass
7. Sour taste
8. Rusting
9. Exploding fireworks
10. Melting point
11. Reacts with H2O to form gas
12. Reacts with something to form H2O
13. Hardness
14. Boiling point
15. Odor
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PART 3 – HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS AT HOME
INSTRUCTIONS: Give 5 examples of common household products found at home (not found in
the examples given in the concept presentation). Draw/ sketch the product on the left side. Write
the name of the product, chemical components, and its molecular formula on the right side.

Activity # 4 – SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following questions in 3-5 sentences.

1. Why is it important to separate material from a mixture?

2. What is chromatography?
3. What is distillation?
4. What is filtration?
5. What is evaporation?
6. What technique would you use to separate sand from water? There are two possibilities.
7. What technique would you use to separate alcohol from water?

C. INTEGRATION
CORE VALUE: Social Responsibility
INSTRUCTIONS: How important is matter in assuring the safety of people with the products that
we use every day? Create a mini flyer to share important information on why we need to double
check the labels of the products we are using at home.

Rubrics:
Content - ___ /5
Relevance - ___ /3
CV Integration -___ /2

D. ASSESSMENT
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following questions in 3-5 sentences.
1. Does the boiling point of a substance depend on how much of this substance you have?
If yes, why? If no, why not?

2. What is the importance of having varied separation techniques instead of one?

--End of Worksheet 1—

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CONCEPT PRESENTATION (1)
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
Properties of matter can be classified as either extensive or intensive and as either physical or
chemical.
Key Points
 All properties of matter are either physical or chemical properties and physical properties
are either intensive or extensive.
 Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of matter being
measured.
 Intensive properties, such as density and color, do not depend on the amount of the
substance present.
 Physical properties can be measured without changing a substance’s chemical identity.
 Chemical properties can be measured only by changing a substance’s chemical identity.
Key Terms
 intensive property: Any characteristic of matter that does not depend on the amount of
the substance present.
 extensive property: Any characteristic of matter that depends on the amount of matter
being measured.
 physical property: Any characteristic that can be determined without changing the
substance’s chemical identity.
 chemical property: Any characteristic that can be determined only by changing a
substance’s molecular structure.
All properties of matter are either extensive or intensive and either physical or chemical.
Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of matter that is being
measured.
Intensive properties, such as density and color, do not depend on the amount of matter.
Both extensive and intensive properties are physical properties, which means they can be
measured without changing the substance’s chemical identity. For example, the freezing point
of a substance is a physical property: when water freezes, it’s still water (H2O)—it’s just in a
different physical state.
A chemical property, meanwhile, is any of a material’s properties that becomes evident during a
chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be established only by changing a substance’s
chemical identity. Chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the
substance; the substance’s internal structure must be affected for its chemical properties to be
investigated.
Physical Properties
Physical properties are properties that can be measured or observed without changing the
chemical nature of the substance. Some examples of physical properties are:
 color (intensive)
 density (intensive)
 volume (extensive)
 mass (extensive)
 boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance boils
 melting point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance melts

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Chemical Properties
Remember, the definition of a chemical property is that measuring that property must lead to a
change in the substance’s chemical structure. Here are several examples of chemical
properties:
Heat of combustion is the energy released when a compound undergoes complete combustion
(burning) with oxygen. The symbol for the heat of combustion is ΔHc.
Chemical stability refers to whether a compound will react with water or air (chemically stable
substances will not react). Hydrolysis and oxidation are two such reactions and are both
chemical changes.
Flammability refers to whether a compound will burn when exposed to flame. Again, burning is a
chemical reaction—commonly a high-temperature reaction in the presence of oxygen.
The preferred oxidation state is the lowest-energy oxidation state that a metal will undergo
reactions in order to achieve (if another element is present to accept or donate electrons).
Physical and Chemical Changes to Matter
There are two types of change in matter: physical change and chemical change.
Key Points
 Physical changes only change the appearance of a substance, not its chemical
composition.
 Chemical changes cause a substance to change into an entirely new substance with a
new chemical formula.
 Chemical changes are also known as chemical reactions. The “ingredients” of a reaction
are called reactants, and the end results are called products.
Key Terms
 chemical change: A process that causes a substance to change into a new substance
with a new chemical formula.
 chemical reaction: A process involving the breaking or making of interatomic bonds
and the transformation of a substance (or substances) into another.
 physical change: A process that does not cause a substance to become a
fundamentally different substance.
There are two types of change in matter: physical change and chemical change. As the names
suggest, a physical change affects a substance’s physical properties, and a chemical change
affects its chemical properties. Many physical changes are reversible (such as heating and
cooling), whereas chemical changes are often irreversible or only reversible with an additional
chemical change.
Physical Changes
Another way to think about this is that a physical change does not cause a substance to
become a fundamentally different substance but a chemical change causes a substance to
change into something chemically new. Blending a smoothie, for example, involves two physical
changes: the change in shape of each fruit and the mixing together of many different pieces of
fruit. Because none of the chemicals in the smoothie components are changed during blending
(the water and vitamins from the fruit are unchanged, for example), we know that no chemical
changes are involved.
Cutting, tearing, shattering, grinding, and mixing are further types of physical changes because
they change the form but not the composition of a material. For example, mixing salt and pepper
creates a new substance without changing the chemical makeup of either component.
Phase changes are changes that occur when substances are melted, frozen, boiled,
condensed, sublimated, or deposited. They are also physical changes because they do not
change the nature of the substance.
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Chemical Changes
Chemical changes are also known as chemical reactions. The “ingredients” of a reaction are
called the reactants, and the end results are called the products. The change from reactants to
products is signified by an arrow:
Reactants → Products
The formation of gas bubbles is often the result of a chemical change (except in the case of
boiling, which is a physical change). A chemical change might also result in the formation of a
precipitate, such as the appearance of a cloudy material when dissolved substances are mixed.
Rotting, burning, cooking, and rusting are all further types of chemical changes because they
produce substances that are entirely new chemical compounds. For example, burned wood
becomes ash, carbon dioxide, and water. When exposed to water, iron becomes a mixture of
several hydrated iron oxides and hydroxides. Yeast carries out fermentation to produce alcohol
from sugar.
An unexpected color change or release of odor also often indicates a chemical change. For
example, the color of the element chromium is determined by its oxidation state; a single
chromium compound will only change color if it undergoes an oxidation or reduction reaction.
The heat from cooking an egg changes the interactions and shapes of the proteins in the egg
white, thereby changing its molecular structure and converting the egg white from translucent to
opaque.
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CONCEPT PRESENTATION (2)

Molecular Formula for Common Chemicals

A molecular formula is an expression of the number and type of atoms that are present
in a single molecule of a substance. It represents the actual formula of a molecule. Subscripts
after element symbols represent the number of atoms. If there is no subscript, it means one
atom is present in the compound. Read on to find out the molecular formula of common
chemicals, such as salt, sugar, vinegar, and water.

1. WATER
Water is the most abundant molecule on the Earth's surface and one of the most
important molecules to study in chemistry. Water is a chemical compound. Each
molecule of water, H2O or HOH, consists of two atoms of hydrogen-bonded to one atom
of oxygen. The name water typically refers to the liquid state of the compound, while the
solid phase is known as ice and the gas phase is called steam.

2. SALT
The term "salt" can refer to any of a number of ionic compounds, but it is most
commonly used in reference to table salt, which is sodium chloride. The chemical or
molecular formula for sodium chloride is NaCl. The individual units of the compound
stack to form a cubic crystal structure.

3. ALCOHOL
There are several different types of alcohol, but the one that you can drink is ethanol or
ethyl alcohol. The molecular formula for ethanol is CH3CH2OH or C2H5OH. The
molecular formula describes the type and number of atoms of elements present in an
ethanol molecule. Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and is
commonly used for lab work and chemical manufacture. It is also known as EtOH, ethyl
alcohol, grain alcohol, and pure alcohol.

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 4. VINEGAR
Vinegar primarily consists of 5 percent acetic acid and 95 percent water. So, there are
actually two main chemical formulas involved. The molecular formula for water is H2O.
The chemical formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH. Vinegar is considered a type of weak
acid. Although it has an extremely low pH value, the acetic acid doesn't completely
dissociate in water.

5. CARBON DIOXIDE
Carbon dioxide is a gas that is found in the atmosphere. In solid form, it is called dry ice.
The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. carbon dioxide is present in the air you
breathe. Plants "breathe" it in order to make glucose during photosynthesis. You exhale
carbon dioxide gas as a by-product of respiration. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is
one of the greenhouse gases. You find it added to soda, naturally occurring in beer, and
in its solid form as dry ice.

6. AMMONIA
Ammonia is a gas at ordinary temperatures and pressure. The molecular formula for
ammonia is NH3. An interesting fact that you can tell your students is to never
mix ammonia and bleach because toxic vapors will be produced. The
main toxic chemical formed by the reaction is chloramine vapor, which has the potential
to form hydrazine. Chloramine is a group of related compounds that are all respiratory
irritants. Hydrazine is also an irritant, plus it can cause edema, headaches, nausea, and
seizures.

7. GLUCOSE
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6 or H-(C=O)-(CHOH)5-H. Its empirical or
simplest formula is CH2O, which indicates there are two hydrogen atoms for each carbon
and oxygen atom in the molecule. Glucose is the sugar that is produced by plants during
photosynthesis and that circulates in the blood of people and other animals as an energy
source.
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CONCEPT PRESENTATION (3)

Methods for Separating Mixtures

How Did Goldminers Search for Gold?

Separation of Mixtures
Not everyone is out searching for gold (and not many of those
searchers is going to get much gold, either). In a chemical
reaction, it is important to isolate the component(s) of interest
from all the other materials so they can be further
characterized. Studies of biochemical systems, environmental
analysis, pharmaceutical research – these and many other
areas of research require reliable separation methods.

Here are a number of common separation techniques:

Chromatography
Chromatography is the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension or as a
vapor (as in gas chromatography) through a medium in which the components move at different
rates. Thin-layer chromatography is a special type of chromatography used for separating and
identifying mixtures that are or can be colored, especially pigments.

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Distillation
Distillation is an effective method to separate mixtures
comprised of two or more pure liquids. Distillation is a
purification process where the components of a liquid
mixture are vaporized and then condensed and isolated.
In simple distillation, a mixture is heated and the most
volatile component vaporizes at the lowest temperature.
The vapor passes through a cooled tube (a condenser),
where it condenses back into its liquid state. The
condensate that is collected is called distillate.

Distillation apparatus

In the figure above, we see several important pieces of equipment. There is a heat source, a
test tube with a one-hole stopper attached to a glass elbow and rubber tubing. The rubber
tubing is placed into a collection tube which is submerged in cold water. There are other more
complicated assemblies for distillation that can also be used, especially to separate mixtures,
which are comprised of pure liquids with boiling points that are close to one another.

Evaporation
Evaporation is a technique used to separate out homogenous mixtures where there is one or
more dissolved solids. This method drives off the liquid components from the solid components.
The process typically involves heating the mixture until no more liquid remains. Prior to using
this method, the mixture should only contain
one liquid component, unless it is not important
to isolate the liquid components. This is
because all liquid components will evaporate
over time. This method is suitable to separate a
soluble solid from a liquid. In many parts of the
world, table salt is obtained from the
evaporation of sea water. The heat for the
process comes from the sun.

Once the sea water in these evaporation ponds

has evaporated, the salt can be harvested.

Filtration
Filtration is a separation method used to
separate out pure substances in mixtures
comprised of particles some of which are large
enough in size to be captured with a porous
material. Particle size can vary considerably,
given the type of mixture. For instance, stream
water is a mixture that contains naturally
occurring biological organisms like bacteria,
viruses, and protozoans. Some water filters can
filter out bacteria, the length of which is on the
order of 1 micron. Other mixtures, like soil,
have relatively large particle sizes, which can
be filtered through something like a coffee filter.
Filtration
Summary
 Mixtures can be separated using a variety of techniques.
 Chromatography involves solvent separation on a solid medium.
 Distillation takes advantage of differences in boiling points.
 Evaporation removes a liquid from a solution to leave a solid material.
 Filtration separates solids of different sizes.

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