Unit I Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education

UNIT TOPICS
Meaning & definition of Physical Education
Aims & Objectives of Physical Education
Career Options in Physical Education
competition in various sports at national and international level
Khelo-India Program

Q-1 Explain the Meaning & definition of Physical Education.

ANS = Meaning of physical education – Physical education is an integral part of general
education, it involves physical activities which help to achieve wholesome development of a
individual . Physical education develops body and mind, moreover it develops total
personality related to physical, mental, social, and emotional development of individual .
Physical education helps to develop good health. It leads to balanced development of
individual.
DEFINATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION→ There are following definition of physical
education-:
J.B. NASH: “ Physical education is that field of education which deals with big muscle
activities and their related responses.”
J.F. WILLIAMS : “ Physical education is the sum of a man’s physical activity selected and
conducted to develop personality. “
CHARLES A. BUCHER : “ Physical education is an integral part of the total education process
and its aim is to develop physically, emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium
of physical activities.’’
It is clear from the above definitions that physical education is an integral and important
part of education process which is learnt through playful activities.
Physical education is not limited to games, sports or exercises. It aims at complete
development of the personality through physical activities.
Q= 2 Explain the aims and objectives of physical education.
ANS= AIMS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION: The aim of physical education is to make every child
physically and mentally fit. To develop in him such personal and social qualities that help
him to live happily with others and build him into a good citizen.’’
OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION : There are following objectives of physical education-:
1- PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
2-PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
3- SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
4-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
1- Physical development- : According to this objectives, physical activities help in developing
the body. This objectives also guides a person to make his body strong, well shaped, good
looking, good working of internal organs, good health and improves the physical personality.
2- psychological development- This development is related with positive thoughts, ideas,
behavior, attitude and responses. This objective improves the psychological balance of an
individual.
3- Social development- This objectives develops the social qualities like cooperative
behavior, friendship, togetherness, honesty, obedience, sincerity, tolerance, adjustment,
leadership, boldness, self-control, self-discipline, etc. This objectives helps to stop the evils
of society and brings up the progress of the community
4-Emotional development-: Emotions are very important part for optimum development of
man’s personality. Emotions like love, hate, anger, jealousy, aggressiveness, cheerfulness,
pleasure, anxiety, etc. , are part of human personality. Physical education provides good
opportunity to practice these. Thus emotional development help man to achieve the aim of
physical education.

Q= 3 Explain the career options in physical education.

ANS= CAREER OPTIONS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION-: There are following career in physical
education-:
1-As a teacher of physical education.
2-As a coach.
3- As a yoga Instructor.
4-As a book publishers.
5- As a sports photo journalism.
6-As a player.
7- As a sports journalist.
8-As a officials or specialist of game.
9- As a book writer.
10- As a fitness trainer.
11-As a sports goods sealer.
12- As a dietician.
13- As a physiotherapist.

Q= 4 What is competition? Write the competition in various sports at national and

international level
ANS= COMPETITION IN VARIOUS SPORTS AT NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
MEANING OF COMPETITION-: Competition provide platform to the players to show their
talent career opportunities and competitive environment for learning new skills, technique
and strategy.

There are following types of games played at national and international platform.

S.No NATIONAL COMPETITIONS SPORT PARTICIPANTS

1 Agha Khan Cup Hockey India

2 Amrit Diwan Cup Badmiton India

3 Beighton Cup Hockey India

4 Bombay Gold Cup Hockey India

5 Burdwan Trophy Weight Lifting India

Badminton (National Women's team

6 Chaddha Cup India
championship)

7 C.K. Naidu Trophy Cricket India

8 DCM Trophy Football India

9 Deodar Trophy Cricket India

10 Dhyanchand Trophy Hockey India

11 Duleep Trophy Cricket India

12 Durand Cup Football India

13 Irani Trophy Cricket India

14 Kalinga Cup Football India

15 Konica Cup Badmition India

16 Lady Ratan Tata Trophy Hockey India

17 Maharaja Ranjit Singh Gold Cup Hockey India

18 Murugappa Gold Cup Hockey India

19 Nehru Trophy Hockey India

20 Radha Mohan Cup Polo India

21 Ranaji Trophy Cricket (National Championship) India

22 Rovers Cup Football India

23 Rohinton Baria Trophy Cricket ‘Inter-University’ India

24 Santosh Trophy Football India

25 Scissor Cup Football India

26 Scindia Gold Cup Hockey India

27 Subrato Mukherjee Cup Football India

28 Vijay Hazare Trophy Cricket India

29 Vijay Merchant Trophy Cricket India

30 Rangaswami Cup Hockey (National Championship) India

31 Maulana Azad Trophy Inter-University Sports and Athletics India

Table Tennis (National women

32 Jayalakshmi Cup India
Championship)
 INTERNATIONAL
S.No SPORT PARTICIPANTS
COMPETITIONS

1 Ashes Cup Cricket Australia England

2 Asia Cup Cricket, Badmition Asia

3 Australian Open Lawn Tennis International

4 Azlan Cup Hockey International

5 British Open Golf International

6 Champions trophy Hockey International

7 Colombo Cup Football International

8 Davis Cup Tennis International

9 Confederation Cup Football International

10 European Cup Badmition Europe

11 FIFA World Cup Trophy Football International

12 French Open Lawn Tennis International

13 Heineken Cup Lawn Tennis International

14 Hopman Cup Lawn Tennis International

15 Jules Rimet Trophy Football International

16 Malaysian Open Badminton International

17 Prince of Wales Cup Golf England

18 Sharjah Cup Cricket International

 19 Swaythling Cup Table Tennis World

20 Thomas Cup Badminton World

21 Uber Cup Badminton (Women) World

22 US Open Lawn Tennis International

23 Wimbledon Tennis International

24 Wisden Trophy Cricket England and West Indies

25 FIFA World Cup Football World

26 ICC World Cup Cricket World

Q= 5 Explain About khelo India programme.

ANS= KHELO INDIA PROGRAM -:Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi will launch the first
Khelo India Games at Indra Gandhi Indoor Stadium in New Delhi on January 31,2018.
The khelo India programme has been introduced to revive the sports culture in India at the
grass-root level by building a strong frame work for all sports played in our country and
establishing India as a great spouting nation. In keeping with Prime Minister Narendra
Modi’s vision, khelo India is expected to help scout young talent from the schools in various
disciplines and groom them as future sports champions.
Talented players identified in priority sports disciplines at various levels by a High-Powered
Committee will be provided annual financial assistance of 5 lakh per annum for 8 years.
The khelo India Schools Games are being held from 31 st January to 8th February,2018 in
New Delhi. Under-17 athletes have been invited to participate across 16 disciplines: Archery,
Judo, Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Boxing, Football, Gymnastics, Hockey, Kabaddi, Kho-
Kho, Shooting, Swimming, Volleyball, Wrestling and Weightlifting. The games will highlight
India’s sporting talent and showcase India’s sports potential.
199 gold medals, 199 silver medals and 275 bronze medals are at stake in the khelo India
School Games. The country’s brightest talent in the under-17 age group will compete in the
Games.
 Unit II Olympic Value Education

UNIT TOPICS
Ancient Olympic games, Modern Olympic, Winter Olympic Games
Olympic Symbols, Ideals, Objectives, values ,Olympic flag, Olympic motto & Olympic
Prize
International Olympic Committee
Indian Olympic Association

Q=1 Explain about ancient Olympic games.

ANS= ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES-The origin of Olympic games belongs to Greece. The first
ancient Olympic games started in Olympia valley in 776 BC. The games were held with
religious customs in the honor of their god ‘Zeus’.
The prizes (crown) given to winners were made from olive leaves.
Ancient Olympic games came to a sudden end when the roman emperor ‘Theodosius’
banned these games in the year 394 A.D . The gluey of these games vanished with time as
ruins are still present in Olympiad.
Q=2 Explain about modern Olympic games.
ANS= MORDEN OLYMPIC GAMES-: The credit to start the modern Olympic games goes to
Pierre, Baron de Coubertin of France. Coubertin was born in an Italian family and settled in
France. In the conference of physical education on 25th November 1892, Coubertin first
pronounced the ‘Restoration’ of Olympic games.
Later in June 1894 in the International Conference of Amateur sports at Paris, passed the
resolution to Create International Olympic committee(IOC) to observe the conduct of
modern Olympic Games. The first games to be held in 1896 at Athens. Since them these
Games were held after four years.

Q=3 Explain about winter Olympic Games.

ANS= WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES-: The winter Olympic Games are also part of major
International sporting events. These games are also held once in four years. These games
are practiced on snow and ice . The first winter Olympic games were held in Chamonix
(France) in 1924. These games were held continuously between 1924 to 1936. Then, these
Olympic were interrupted by the Second World War. In 1948 . These Olympics resumed and
were held once in four years. Until 1992, both Winter and Summer Olympic Games were
held in the same year. But according to the decision taken by the International Olympic
Committee the Winter Olympics were held in 1994 instead of 1996. The two-year gap
between Summer and Winter Olympics was fixed by the IOC.

In 2018, the Winter Olympics will be hosted by South Korea and after that in 2022 it will be
held in Beijing (China)

Q=4 What is Olympic symbols?

ANS= OLYMPIC SYMBOLS-: It comprises of five interlinked rings or circles to represent the
sporting friendship of all people, the rings also symbolize the five continents i.e., Africa,
America, Asia, Australia and Europe .
The five colors of the rings represent the following Continents-:
1-Blue ring represents America continent.
2- Black ring represents Africa continent.
3- Red ring represents Australia continent.
4- Green ring represents Europe continent.
5-Yellow ring represents Asia continent.
Q=5 What is Olympic ideals?
OLYMPIC IDEALS-: The Olympic ideals that Coubertin set before the world are enshrined in
these words-:

Q=6 Explain the Olympics objectives.

ANS= OLYMPIC OBJECTIVES-: According to Coubertin following objectives can be achieved
through Olympic Games-:
1-To pay attention towards physical education and sports competitions in all the countries
of the world.
2- To develop the personality, character, citizenship qualities and health among the youths.
3- To develop patriotism and fraternity among sports person.
4- To develop international fraternity and peace.
5- Not to have any discrimination on the basis of caste and religion.

Q=7 Explain the Olympics values.

ANS= DEVELOPMENT OF VALUES THROUGH OLYMPIC -: The following values can be
developed through Olympic-:
1-Friendship-: The Olympic movement provided many opportunities to develop friendship
not only among the participants but among the nations also.
2- Solidarity-: The Olympic movement also provides ample opportunities to enhance
solidarity. It gives a feeling of brotherhood and unity among various nations.
3- Fair play-: Up to some extent, it can be said that Olympic Games enhance the chances of
fair play.
4- Free from Discrimination-: Olympic Games free from any caste and religion discrimination.
Q=8 Write short note on the following-:
(i) Olympic Flag (ii) Olympic motto (iii) Olympic Prize
ANS= OLYMPIC FLAG-: Olympic flag was designed according to Coubertin suggestion in 1913,
but this was firstly flown to Olympic stadium in 1920 at Antwerp Olympic games. It consists
of five colored ring circles interlinked with each other on white background. The colors of
rings are blue, black, and red (top) yellow and green (bottom).

Olympic motto-: Olympic motto comprises three Latin words- ‘’Citius, Altius, fortius’’ which
mean faster- Higher- Stronger, respectively.

Olympic Prize-: In Ancient times the Olympic heroes were awarded with olive crown but in
modern Olympics they are rewarded with medals and certificates first position receives gold
medal, second position gets silver medal and third position gets bronze medal. Up to first six
positions they also get certificates.

Q=9 Explain about International Olympic committee.

ANS= INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (IOC)-: The international Olympic committee
is the supreme authority of the modern Olympic games. It was created by Pierre Baron De
Coubertin on 23 June 1894. The IOC has its headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland. Greek
Demetrius Vikelas was its first president. The IOC organizes the modern Olympic games held
in summer and winter every four years.
MAIN FUNCTION OF IOC-: There are following function of IOC-:
1- The place where the Olympic s Games will be organized is decided by this committee.
2- For conducting the competition and general programmers for the Olympic, fundamental
rules and regulations are set up by this committee.
3- It also encourages and supports the promotion of ethics in sport as well as education of
youth through sports.
4- It also ensures the regular celebration of the Olympic games.
5- It also acts against any form of discrimination affecting the Olympic movement.
6- It encourages and supports the promotion of women in sports at all levels.
7- It leads the fight against doping in sports.
8- It encourages the development of sports for all.
Q=10 Explain about Indian Olympic Association (IOA).
ANS= INDIAN OLYMPIC ASSOCIATION (IOA)-: IOA was formed in 1927 by Dorabji Tata as its
first president, D.G. Noehren as it secretary and G.D. Sodhi as Assistant secretary. Since then
Indian Olympic Association is functioning and it is affiliated with International Olympic
committee (IOC). The head office of IOA is at New Delhi.
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF IOA-: There are following functions of IOA-:
1- Develop and promotion of the Olympic movement.
2- Enforcement of all rules and regulations of the International Olympic committee. and
Indian Olympic committee
3- Promotion and encouragement of the physical, moral and cultural education of the young
people of the nation so that their character can be developed.
4- To provide technical help for conducting National level competitions.
5- To observe and check the smooth working of National sports federation.
6- To supervise the sports development in the country like stadiums, infrastructure, etc.
7- Random check of athletes related to drugs, etc. as per directions of IOC.
8- To arrange funds for sports programmers for training of players and infrastructural
developments
 Unit III Physical Fitness, Wellness & Lifestyle

UNIT TOPICS
Meaning of Physical Fitness & Wellness & Lifestyle
Importance of Physical Fitness & Wellness
Importance of healthy/ positive lifestyle
Components of physical fitness
Components of Wellness
COMPONENT OF HEALTH RELATED FITNESS

Q= 1 Explain the meaning of Physical fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle.

ANS= MEANING OF PHYSICAL FITNESS-It is the capacity of an individual to do work
effectively with joy and pleasure. After the work is over, he still has sufficient capacity to do
more work without any exertion. Moreover, his recovery is faster and quicker.

MEANING OF WELLNESS-: Wellness is a vast term related with good health, balance of mind
and body and spirit of overall feeling of well-being. It gives us the motive to live most and
serve the best, thus gives us healthy and happy life. Thus, we can say wellness is the capacity
of a person to lead a well-balanced life relating to physical health, mental health, social
health along with emotionally balanced life.
MEANING OF LIFESTYLE-: Lifestyle is a manner of living that reflects the person’s values and
attitudes. In other words, Life style is a way of life or style of living that reflects the attitudes
and values of a person or group.

Q= 2 Explain the Importance of Physical fitness and Wellness.

ANS= IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND WELLNESS
• (I) Total Efficiency is Improved.
• (ii) Better Quality of Work.
• (iii) Optimum Growth and Development.
• (iv) Better Utilization of Time.
• (v) Healthy Environment.
• (vi) Prevents Health Hazards and Health Problems.
• (vii) Improve Physiological Functioning.
• (viii) Good Looking Physique.
• (ix) Improvement in Physical Abilities.
• (x) Idea of Hygienically Habit.
• (xi) Development of Social Quality.
• (xii) Experience of Life Stresses.
• (xiii) Prevents Premature Aging.
• (xiv) Preparedness for Emergency.

Q= 3 Explain the Importance of Healthy/ Positive Lifestyle.

ANS= IMPORTANCE OF HEALTHY/ POSITIVE LIFESTYLE
1- Increases Longevity
2- Increases Energy Level
3- Helps in Reducing Depression
4- Increases the Level of physical fitness
5- Increases Self- confidence
6- Improves Posture
7- Helps in Coping with Stress
8- Helps in preventing Diseases
Q= 4 Explain the components of physical fitness.
ANS= COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS
THERE ARE FIVE PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS. They are directly of indirectly inter-
related with each other. Each component has its own importance in different games and
sports.
1-STRENGTH
2-ENDURANCE
3-SPEED
4- FLEXIBILITY
5-COORDINATIVE ABILITY OR AGILITY
 (1) STRENGTH :- Strength is the ability of the muscles to overcome resistance. Strength
can be defined as the amount of force a muscle can exert.
Types of Strength
(a) Static Strength – It is also known as Isometric Strength. It is the ability to act against
resistance from single or one position. e.g. Arm Wrestling, power lifting, pushing wall etc.
(b) Dynamic Strength – It is also known as Isotonic Strength. It is related to movement. In
pull-ups and push-ups we require dynamic strength.
It is of three types:
(i) Maximal Strength – It is the ability to act against maximum resistance. It is also known
as power. It is more required in weight-lifting, throwing, wrestling etc.
(ii) Explosive Strength – It is the ability to overcome resistance with a high speed. In fact,
it is the combination of strength and speed. Explosive strength is generally used in sprint
starts, Jumping events, Weight-lifting etc.
(iii) Strength Endurance – It is the combination of strength and endurance ability. It is
defined as the ability to overcome resistance under fatigue condition. It is commonly
required for long distance race, swimming, road cycling etc.

(2) ENDURANCE :- It is the ability to sustain or continue activity. In other words, it is the
ability to resist fatigue. It is one of the important components for middle and long distance
races; and is required for almost all major games like football, hockey, basketball, handball,
etc.
It is of two types:
(a) Aerobic Endurance :- This endurance is helpful when the activity is done for longer
duration and the intensity or speed slower. This endurance is for longer duration and also
known as Cardio Vascular endurance as activity is performed in presence of oxygen. It
delays fatigue, thus it is required for long distance races, road cycling, cross country,
marathon race, football, etc.
(b)Anaerobic Endurance :- This component of endurance is helpful to perform activity for
short duration with fast speed. Anaerobic activity is performed in absence of oxygen with
the help of stored energy. It produces a lot of fatigue and tiredness as it causes oxygen-
debt. It is required for almost all games and sports like – Tennis, Badminton, Handball,
Basketball, Volleyball, Middle distance races, Swimming, etc.

(3) SPEED :- It is the ability to perform movement at faster rate. In other words, it is the
ability to move as fast as possible.
Types of speed :- There are following types of speed-:
(a)Reaction Time :- It is the time taken by the body to respond immediately after the
stimulus. It can also be said as the first reaction to bring into action.
(b)Acceleration :- It is time taken by the body to reach maximum speed.
(c)Speed of Movement :- It is the quickness of complete action or movement.
(d) Locomotors Ability-: It is the ability to maintain maximum speed for maximum time or
distance. This ability is significant in only a few sports events such as 100m, 200m, 400m,
swimming, etc.
(e)Speed Endurance-: Speed Endurance is the ability to perform movements with high speed
under conditions of fatigue. Speed endurance is a complicated ability which depends upon
explosive strength, speed and endurance.

(4) FLEXIBILITY :- It is the ability of joints to move in maximum range.

It is of two types-
(a) Passive Flexibility (b) Active Flexibility
Active Flexibility is of two types – (i) Static (ii) Dynamic
(a) Passive Flexibility – It is the ability of joint to move in maximum range with external help
e.g. stretching with partner.
(b) Active Flexibility – It is performed without external help or self movement of a part to
maximum range. It is of two types:-
(i) Static Flexibility – It is the flexibility performed from stationary position e.g. chakra
asana, toe touching, sideward bending, etc.
(ii) Dynamic Flexibility – It is the flexibility performed while in motion or movement. This
is required for gymnastics, diving, etc.

(5) COORDINATIVE ABILITY OR AGILITY :- It is the ability of the body to perform movement
with perfection and efficiency. It is the ability of the human body to change direction quickly
and effectively. In other words, it is ability to change movement or direction in the shortest
time without getting unbalanced. This provides good balance of body during action. It is
required for almost every game.

Q= 5 Explain the components of Wellness,

ANS= COMPONEMT OF WELLNESS
Wellness is ability to lead a well- balanced life relating to physical health, mental health and
emotionally balanced life. There are following components of wellness to develop optimum
health-:
1- Regular physical activity
2- Balanced Emotional Life
3- Managing Stress
4-No towards Intoxicants(Alcohol, tobacco, drugs, etc)
5- Positive and Healthy lifestyle
6- Personal Hygiene and Healthy Habits
7-Good Posture
8- Balanced Diet
9- Safe and Clean Environment
10- Proper Rest and Sleep
11- Positive behavior

Q=6 Explain the component of health related fitness.

ANS= COMPONENT OF HEALTH RELATED FITNESS - : There are five areas of health related
fitness. They are heart and lung endurance or cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength,
muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition, Heart and lung Endurance or
Cardiovascular Endurance is the ability to exercise the entire body for long periods of time.
1-Cardiovascular Endurance- : Cardiovascular Endurance is important for all of us. If we have
good cardiovascular endurance, we will definitely have healthy lungs and heart. It means
that there will be less stress on heart and lungs. We can prevent cardiovascular diseases and
can lead a healthy life for a prolonged period.
2- Muscular Strength-: muscular strength is also an important component of health related
physical fitness. Muscular strength is the amount of force the muscles can exert against
resistance. The muscular strength is essential for performing daily routine work easily and
smoothly such as lifting weight and putting it at another place, climbing stairs, etc.
3- Muscular Endurance-: muscular endurance is one of the important component of health
related physical fitness. muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or a group of muscles
to perform repeated muscular contraction against resistance for an extended or longer
period of time. It is associated with the muscles ability to continue to perform the activity
without fatigue.
4- Flexibility-: Flexibility is the range of movement of joints. An individual, who has good
flexibility, can move his/her body joints through a full range of motion in work and play.
5-Body Composition-: Body composition is one of the major component of health- related
fitness. Body composition is the percentage of lean body mass, i.e., bone, tendons, muscles,
water, ligaments, organs, etc.
 UNIT-4
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS FOR CWSN (CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS-DIVYANG

UNIT- TOPICS
- AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION
- ORGANISATIONS PROMOTING ADAPTIVE SPORTS (SPECIAL OLYMPICS BHARAT,
PARALYMPICS, DEAFLYMPICS)
- CONCEPT AND NEED OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
- ROLE OF VARIOUS PROFESSIONALS FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS(COUNSELLOR,
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST, PHYSIOTHERAPIST, PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER, SPEECH
THERAPIST )

Q=1 Explain the Meaning, Aims and objectives of Adaptive physical education.
ANS= MEANING OF ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION-: Adaptive physical education is
basically a specially designed physical education programme for divyang students.
Adaptive physical education provides safe, personally satisfying and successful experiences
of physical activity to children who are differently baled.
Adaptive physical education programmes have variety of modified physical activities for
divyang. Examples of these are given below-:
1- Leg handicapped people participate in throws basketball game, etc. (On wheel chair)
2- Hand handicapped people participate in jump, football game, etc.
3- Blind people participate in throw ball game, cricket with sound ball, etc.

AIMS OF ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION-: The aim of adaptive physical education is to help
differently abled students to achieve physical, mental, emotional and social growth through
regular physical and recreational activities. In fact, its aim is to provide equal opportunity to
the differently abled students to participate in physical education programmes safely and
successfully.
OBJECTIVES OF ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION-: There are following objectives of adaptive
physical education-:
1- To develop self –confidence of divyang students
2- To encourages the level of divyang students
3- To develop self- esteem
4- To develop respect in society
5- To provide safe, clean and healthy sports environment through physical activity
6- To motivate the divyang students
7- To develop motor skills
8- To develop capacity of the divyang students
9- To improves physical fitness
10- To develop socialization skills

ORGANISATIONS PROMOTING ADAPTIVE SPORTS (SPECIAL OLYMPICS BHARAT,

PARALYMPICS, DEAFLYMPICS)

Q=2 Explain about Special Olympic bharat.

ANS= SPECIAL OLYMPICS BHARAT-: Special Olympic bharat is an officially recognized
programme of special Olympics International with operates in India. It was founded in 1987
as special Olympic India, and changed its name to special Olympic Bharat in 2001. It is
recognized by the government of India as a National sports federation for the development
of sports opportunity for the people with intellectual disabilities. It gives training and
coaching to build the interest in sports, skills perfection and leadership abilities in
intellectual disabled persons.
Special Olympic bharat organizes training and competition at district, state, national and
international levels.
The best performer is referred to attend national coaching camp supported by Sports
Authority of India(SAI) to prepare for International Competitive events.
Special Olympic bharat programmes help to improve the over all health Special Olympic
bharat and fitness of disabled persons.

Q=3 Explain about Paralympics.

ANS= PARALYMPIC-: The Paralympics games are the world’ largest sporting for the people
with physical, visual, and intellectual disabilities.
The first Paralympics games were held in Rome (Italy) in 1960 and participated 400 athletes
from 23 countries. The first winter Paralympics winter games were held in . 1976 in
Sweden. The games are now the second biggest sporting event in the world after a gap of
four years.
The International Paralympics committee (IPC) is global governing body of the Paralympics
movement. It was founded on 22nd September 1989 at Bonn (Germany). The vision of IPC is
to unable Para-athletes to achieve sporting excellence and inspire an excite the world.
Q=4 Explain about Deaflympic.
ANS= DEAFLYMPICS-: The first summer Deaflympic games, held in Paris (France) in 1924. In
first Deaflympic games, only 148 athletes from 9 European countries participated. The
Deaflympic games are held every four years.
The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (ICSD) is the main governing body
responsible for the organization of Deaflympic.
To quality for the games athletes must have a hearing loss of at least 55 db in their “better
ear”.
For example, the football referees wave a flag instead of blowing a whistle ; on track , races
are started by using a light, instead of a pistil.
The first winter Deaflympic games, was held in Seefeld (Austria) in 1949.

Q= 5 What is Inclusion? Explain the needs of Inclusion.

ANS= CONCEPT OF INCLUSION-: Inclusive education means normal students and special
needs students learn while sharing the same physical space and interacting socially and
academically. It can be stated that in this education differently abled children are educated
with normal children within the same roof.
NEED OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION-: Inclusive education provides perfect training of real life .
All students , with or without disabilities, learn to interact and work collectively. Indeed,
there is a dire need as well as importance of Inclusive education. The need of inclusive
education are stated below-:
1-FOR MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENTLY ABLED STUDENT
2-FOR SELF-ESTEEM
3- FOR BETTER SOCIAL SKILLS AND COMMUNICATION
4-FOR BETTER LEARNING OF DIFFERENTLY ABLED STUDENT
5- FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF STRENGTHS AND WEEKNESSES
6- FOR BETTER ADJUSTMEND OF DIFFERENTLY ABLED STUDENT

Q= 6 EXPLAIN ROLE OF VARIOUS PROFESSIONALS FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL

NEEDS(COUNSELLOR, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST, PHYSIOTHERAPIST, PHYSICAL EDUCATION
TEACHER, SPEECH THERAPIST )
ANS= The role of various professionals for children with special needs is really vital. They
help and support such children in achieving their full potential , improving their motor skills,
giving ability to communicate properly and in promoting their mental as well as physical
health . The details of the role of various professionals for children with special needs is
stated below-:
1- COUNSELLOR-: School counselor is the specialist who work with students with special
needs in schools. A school counselor is a member of the education team who provides
valuable suggestions to students with special needs. He also helps team with their academic
goals, their social, personal and career development. He helps all students including
students with special needs, to achieve their full potential, gain self- confidence and positive
thinking.
2- OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST-: The occupational therapist will assess the child and modify
the environment or the way of doing a task to promote better participation and
independence. Sometime, the occupational therapist work with the child to help improve
specific skills to help a child perform better.

3-PHYSIOTHERAPIST-:The role of a physiotherapist is to assess and manage children and

young persons with movement disorder, disability. He evaluates movement and functions of
the body of children with special needs with particular attention to physical mobility and
pain. Physiotherapist use a range of techniques including massage manipulation, exercise
and movement, electrotherapy and hydrotherapy.
4- PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER-: Physical education teacher help students with special
needs to improve their physical fitness. Physical education teacher also provide such
physical activities for students with special needs which may help in reducing anxiety, stress,
tension and depression. Physical education teachers help students with special needs in
developing mental and physical health.
5- SPEECH THERAPIST-: A speech therapist in school provides treatment, support and care
for students with special needs who have difficulties in communication. Speech therapists
help students with special needs to gain ability to communicate through speech and
language. Speech therapists help and provide trainings for those students who face difficulty
in producing sounds or saying words incorrectly. they also help such students who have
fluency disorders like stoppages, repetitions or prolonging sounds in words.
 Unit V Yoga

UNIT TOPICS
Meaning & Importance of Yoga
Elements of Yoga
Introduction - Asanas, Pranayam, Meditation & Shudhi Kriyas.
Yoga for concentration & related Asanas (Sukhasana; Tadasana; Padmasana ,
Pashimottasana, Bhujangasana & Vajrasana
Relaxation Techniques for improving concentration – Yog-nidra

Q= 1 Explain the Meaning and Importance of Yoga.

ANS= MEANING OF YOGA –: The Origin of the word ‘Yoga’ is from Sanskrit word ‘Yuj’ which
means to joints. According to Patanjali – “The meaning of the word ‘Yuj’ is to stabilize the
mind for the union of Atma and Parmatma.
In simple words, Yoga is a way to join God.
Swami Digamber Ji – “Yoga is a union of Atma and Parmatma”.
Geeta (Epic Book) describes Yoga as – “ Evenness of temper”.
Shankracharya Says, “Yoga is withdrawal of sense organs the worldly objects and their
control through Yoga”.
Practically speaking, Yoga is a life science which deals with the health of body and harmony
of mind. The main purpose of Yoga is to provide sound body with tension-free and sound
mind.

IMPORTANCE OF YOGA-: The following points clearly show the importance of Yoga.
1-Away From Cardiac Problems;
2-Proper Functioning Of Digestive Organs;
3-Provides Relaxation;
4-Keeps The Correct Posture Of Body.
5-Relaxes Stresses And Tensions.
6-Develops Concentration.
7-Removes Ortho Problems;
8-Prevents Premature Ageing
9-Improves Health;
10-Cure And Prevention From Diseases;
11-Physical Purity;
12-Yoga Can Be Performed Easily;
13Helps In Spiritual Development;
14. Increases Flexibility;
15. Reduces Obesity;
16. Beautifies The Body.

Q= 2 Explain the Element of Yoga.

ANS= Element of Yoga-: Patanjali described eight elements of Yoga in Yogasutras.

These elements of Yoga are stated below:
1-:Yama – These are the basic principles for the benefit of society. According to
Maharishi Patanjali, there are five Yama, i.e., (i) Satya (ii) Ahinsa (iii) Asteya (iv)
Brahmacharya (v) Aparigraha

2-:Niyama – These are the basic principles for self. There are five niyamas such
as: (i) Sauch (ii) Santosh (iii) Tapa (iv) Swadhyaya (v) Ishwara Pranidhana
3-Asana – Asana means position or posture of the body.
4. Pranayama – Pranayama is the control of the process of breathing.
5. Pratyahara – Pratyahara is the process of self-control in which an individual
becomes able to control over his senses. Indeed, to introvert the mind and
senses is called pratyahara.
6. Dharana – Fixing the attention on single object i.e., high concentration.
7. Dhayana – Dhayana is a process of complete constancy of mind. It is a stage
prior to Samadhi.
8. Samadhi – The union of individual’s soul with the supreme soul is called
Samadhi. Samadhi is also called the checking or destruction of all the impulses of
mind.

INTRODUCTION - ASANAS, PRANAYAM & MEDITATION

Q=3 What do you mean by Asanas, Pranayam & Meditation.
ANS= ASANA – Asanas are slow stretching activity in which holding a body
posture brings stability of body and poise to mind.
◼ Asanas are categorized under three types such as:
◼ (i). Meditative Asanas – For improving mental activities, such as; Padmasana,
sukhasana ,etc.
◼ (ii). Relaxative Asanas – Shavasana and makarasana are the main asanas of
relaxative asanas. The practice of these asanas removes fatigue and relaxes an
individual physically and mentally.
◼ (iii). Cultural or Corrective Asanas – For curing various health problems.
Shirsasana, Shalabhasana, Dhanurasana, Chakrasana, Mayurasana and
Singhasana etc are the prominent asanas of cultural .

PRANAYAM -: The word Pranayam is derived from Sanskrit word which means
breathing air as power of life. Thus Pranayams are systematic rhythmic control of
breathing to provide deep effects over individual.
Pranayams are systematic breathing activities in which inhal (Purak), exhale
(Rechak), and holding of breath (Kumbhak) are controlled. There are various
types of pranayams like Anulom-Velom, KapalBhati, Surya Bhedan, Ujayii,
Bhramari, Sitli, Sitkari etc.
These Pranayams develop a lot of inner strength and cure many chronic health
problems.
MEDITATION -: Meditation is a process of complete constancy of mind. Indeed,
the concentration and the process of thinking on any subject of object is called
Meditation.

Q=4 What do you mean by shudhi kriyas?

ANS= SHUDHI KRIYAS -:The cleanliness of internal organs of our body can be done by
six actions. Shudhi Kriyas are very essential for maintaining the health of our body.
There are following Shudhi Kriyas: (i) Neti (ii) Dhouti (iii) Basti (iv) Nauli (v) Tratak (vi)
Kapalbhati.
YOGA FOR CONCENTRATION & RELATED ASANAS (SUKHASANA; TADASANA;
PADMASANA , PASHIMOTTASANA, BHUJANGASANA & VAJRASANA

Q=5 Explain the Procedure and Benefits of Sukhasana.

ANS= SUKHASANA-Sit erect on the floor. Stretch out your legs ahead in front.
After that you have to bend your knees along with fold your legs. Your thighs
and crossed legs ought to frame a little triangle ,keep some space between your
feet and pelvis. Keep your hands on your knees with palm facing down.
BENEFITS OF SUKHASANA-
1-It relaxes your brain.
2-It help in improving body posture.
3-It improving strengths your back.
4-It help in reducing fatigue.
5-Kick out anxiety, stress and mental tiredness

Q=6 Explain the Procedure and Benefits of Tadasana.

ANS= TADASANA:- PROCEDURE:-
Standing straight and take a small gap between your feet.
With deeply breathe, raise your both arms.
Keep your arms upward by interlock your fingers.
Now come on the toes by raising your heels.

 Benefits Of Tadasana:-
It reduces obesity of the body.
Develop leg muscle.
Increase height in children.
Relieves legs and ankle pain.
It remove constipation problems.
Q=7 Explain the Procedure and Benefits of Padmasana.
ANS= PADMASANA PROCEDURE:- (Lotus Posture) – It is sitting with crossed legs
in such a way that feet should touch the opposite hip while hands are on knees
and the back is straight.

Benefits of Padmasana:
A very good meditation posture.
Improves leg strength and flexibility.
Pranayams are performed in this posture.
Cures Arthritis and Knock-knees.

Q=8 Explain the Procedure and Benefits of Pashimottasana.

ANS= PASHIMOTTASANA PROCEDURE:-
Sitting with straight legs in front. Legs stretched while trying to touch the fore
head to the knees, hand hold the feet.

 BENEFIRTS OF PASCHIMOTANASANA-:
1-Relieves Diabetic of patient.
2-Controls weight and prevents obesity .
3-Back and leg muscles are strengthened and relaxed.
4-Cures gastric and Constipation problems.
Q=9 Explain the Procedure and Benefits of Bhujangasana.
ANS= BHUJANGASANA: PROCEDURE:- Lie down prone position. Join both the
feet together start raising the upper part of the body places the hands under the
shoulder on the ground. The two hands should not be ahead or behind the
shoulder. The upper part of the waist will appear likecobra.

 Benefits of Bhujangasana
It reduces obesity.
Increases flexibility
Strengthens the spine
Strengthens the arms and shoulders.
Improves digestive functioning.

Q=10 Explain the Procedure and Benefits of Vajrasana.

ANS= PROCEDURE OF VAJRASANA:-In this asana, we sit with flexed legs while
hands are over knees and back straight. Body is resting over the ankles.

BENEFITS OF VAJRASANA:-
1-Improve leg muscles strength.
2-Cures Gastric problems, Flat foot and Arthritis.
3-It helps in Digestion
4-It helps in getting rid of constipation.
Q= 11 What is Relaxation techniques? Explain about Yoganidra techniques.
ANS= RELAXATION TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING CONCENTRATION
Relaxation techniques are a grate way to help with stress management.
Relaxation is not just about peace of mind or enjoying a hobby. Relaxation is a
process that decreases the effects of stress on your mind and body. Relaxation
techniques can help you cope with everyday stress and with stress related to
various health problems.
YOG-NIDRA-Yoganidra (also known as yogic sleep) is a powerful relaxation
technique that you can do when you gain some control over the relaxation
response.
TECHNIQUE OF YOG-NIDRA
1-Lie down straight on your back like shavasana. Close your eyes and relax. Take
a few deep breaths in and out. Remember to take slow and relaxed breaths.
2-Begin by gently your attention to your right foot. Keep your attention there
for a few second, while relaxing your foot. Then gently remove your attention up
to the right knee, right thigh and hip. Become aware of your whole right leg.
3-Gently repeat this process for the left leg.
4-Take your attention to all parts of your body-genital area, stomach, naval
region and chest.
5-Take a deep breath, observe the sensation in your body and relax in this still
state for a few minutes.
6-Taking your own time, your may then slowly sit up and wherever you feel
comfortable, slowly and gradually open your eyes.
 UNIT- 6
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & LEADERSHIP TRAINING

UNIT TOPICS
- Leadership qualities & role of a leader
-Creating leaders through physical education.
-Meaning, objectives and types of Adventure Sports( Rock climbing, Tracking,
River Rafting, Mountaineering, Surfing )
- Safety Measures to prevent sports injuries

Q= 1 What is physical activity?

MEANING OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY-: Physical activity is defined as bodily
movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure.
In other words, activities mean physical activities such as running, jumping,
walking, cycling, jogging, exercises, games & sports, etc.

Q= 2 Define Leadership and Explain the types of leaders.

ANS= MEANING OF LEADERSHIP:- Leadership may be defined as the quality of a
person to lead others in the various facets of life.
In simple words, Thus, the leader is said to “give the lead”, make acceptable
suggestions, show the right path, act as a model for others.
There are two types of leaders-
(a) Professional leader-: Professional leader is that who earns the quality of
leadership by becoming a teacher, officer, administrator, etc.

(b) Democratic leader-: They are chosen by the choice of the people. It is of two
types:
(i) Mature leader-: leader. Mature leader is like a political.
(ii) Amateur leader-: These are leader with voluntary service like student leader,
game leader, captain, group leader, academic leader, etc.

Q= 3 Explain the qualities of a good leader.

ANS= LEADERSHIP QUALITIES-: There are some personal as well as professional
qualities which are necessary for the leadership in the field of physical
education.
These qualities are mentioned below:-
1- Energetic
2- Friendliness and affection
3- Decisiveness
4- Intelligent
5- Good Health
6- Dedication and Determination
7- Respect for other People
8- Social
9- Decision Maker
10- Morality and Loyalty
11- Good Communicator
12- Discipline and Responsibility.

LEADERSHIP
L – Loyalty
E – Enthusiasm
A – Ability of Plan
D – Discipline
E – Energetic
R – Responsibility
S – Sincerity
H – Healthy
I – Intelligent
P – Patience
Q=4 What is the roll of a leader?
ANS= ROLE OF A LEADER-The following points clearly show the role of a leader:
1-OPPORTUNITY TO DIRECT-It provide opportunity to direct and lead the group
for betterment. It improves the command, class or team control in better way.
2-REDUCES STRESS OF TEACGER OR COACH-It enable a teacher and coach to
spend more time for teaching or coaching or other important work. It reduces
the stress of teacher or coach.
3-DEVELOPS SOCIALIZATION-A leader develops social qualities among its team
members and encourages others to do same.
4-BETTER DISCIPLINE-A student leader helps in better utilization of class time as
he assists the teacher or coach in class discipline.
5-INSPIRE OTHER-Student leader encourages and inspires others to perform
better.
6-CLOSE RELATIONSHIP- A student leader provides close and healthy relationship
of a student with the teacher or coach thus better understanding between them.
7-GOOD MEDIUM TO CONVEY- Leader acts as good medium to convey between
students and teacher, thus better understanding.
8-IMPROVE COORDINATION- Leader improves the coordination of group, thus
collective effort of the group.

CREATING LEADERS THROUGT PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Q=5 How can we develop leadership through physical education?

ANS= Physical education programs are planned with the aim of all round
development of individual with special focus on leadership qualities. Physical
education programs and its activities provide lot of opportunities for leadership
such as classroom, playground, playfield, adventure camps, etc. thus enhance
leadership.
To create and develop a good leader the following points should be considered
such as:
1-APPOINTING LEADER FOR DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES- A student leader should be
appointed for different activities like game leader, captain of football team, class
leader or monitor, house leader etc.
2-RESPONSIBILITY FOR CONDUCTING EVENT- A student leader or captain should
be given independent responsibility to conduct sports program while check-over
and corrections should be done by teacher.
3-GIVE AUTHORITY-A student leader or captain should be given authority to take
decisions regarding conduct of sports program while check-over should be there
by teacher.
4-GUIDANCE TO LEADER-The teacher should be the guiding force of the leader
and give tips for better control of the group.
5-ASSIGNING DUTIES-Student leader should be assigned duties such as ground
and equipment arrangement, discipline, etc.
6-RECOGNITION AND HONOR TO LEADER-Leader should be given recognition,
honored in public or group.
7-TECHNICAL TIPS-Leaders should be given special and technical tips for
improvement of their leadership abilities.

Q= 6 Explain the meaning and objectives of Adventure Sports.

ANS= Meaning of Adventure Sports:- Adventure sports activities are the risky
and dangerous activities which are mostly performed in natural environment.
These activities give a lot of excitement, thrill and increase anxiety along with
self-esteem. These activities are also termed as Extreme sports.
Adventure sports comprise of very wide range of activities like Mountaineering,
Rock Climbing, Trekking, River Rafting, etc.
OBJECTIVES OF ADVENTURE SPORTS
Adventure Sports are often very challenging and up to some extent have
different objectives from other types of sports. These sports have following
objectives:
1- To develop self confidence.
2- To build the concentration.
3- To have bonding with nature.
4- To face the challenges against odd situations.
5- To encourage creativity.
6- To develop mental and physical fitness.
7- To improve social relation.
8- Proper use of abundant energy.
9- Understanding nature.
10-Encourage tourism.
11- Knowledge about forest resources.
TYPES OF ADVENTURE SPORTS (ROCK CLIMBING, TRACKING, RIVER RAFTING,
MOUNTAINEERING AND SURFING )

Q=7 Define Rock Climbing. Write the Safety Measures for Rock Climbing.
ANS= Rock Climbing: - Rock climbing is one of the most dangerous sports activity
which requires a strong mental control, agility, flexibility, endurance and various
coordinative abilities such as balance coordination and rhythm etc.
In fact it is an activity in which participant’s climbs on natural rock formation or
on artificial rock walls. To successfully complete a climb, the participant must
come to the base safely.
Material Required for Rock Climbing :- A rope, a helmet, a harness, good quality
climbing shoes, tight fitting clothing's, tapes for fingers to avoid abrasions, belay
devices etc.

Safety Measures for Rock Climbing:-

1. Before starting climbing always check knots.
2. While climbing a rock always wear a helmet. It protects your head from
falling rocks.
3. Before you climb make sure that you should bring enough gear with you.
4. Check your knots, harness buckle, belay etc. frequently.
5. Take some time with each step.

Q=8 Define Trekking. Write the Safety Measures for Trekking.

ANS= TREKKING -: Trekking refers to making the long and difficult journey on the
mountains for pleasure sport. Trekking is a part of adventure sports. Indeed, it
needs a lot of courage, confidence and strong physique.
The duration of trekking can be as less as a day to over a month. Trekking is
beneficial adventurous activity for every individual. It helps in building self-
confidence. It improves the cardio-vascular system. It also improves the health
condition.
MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR TREKKING :- Food material and cooking utensils, first
aid box, sleeping bag, rope, a good pair of shoes and socks, flash light, match
box, tent mattress, wind cheater if rainy season.
SAFETY MEASURES FOR TREKKING :-
1. Avoid trekking during bad weather.
 2. To prevent insect bite do wear full sleeves shirts and full pants.
3. Wear proper footwear so that you don’t slip while trekking on mountains.
4. Don’t eat leaves, flowers etc, while trekking, they may be poisonous.
5. Tape the required material such as water, match box, food stuffs, small
knife and rope etc.

Q=9 Define River rafting. Write the Safety Measures for River rafting.
ANS= RIVER RAFTING -: River rafting is also one of the major activities of
adventure sports. River rafting is also named as white water rafting. It is a
challenging recreational outdoor activity using a boat or raft to navigate over the
flow of river. Raft is lightweight multilayer rubberized boat filled with air; it
chambers enabling it to float on water. This is usually done over fast flowing
river or stream in order to provide thrill and excitement to rafter.
Material Required for River Rafting :- Helmet, life jacket, a swim suit, sun glasses,
raft push etc.

SAFETY MEASURES FOR RIVER RAFTING :-

1. You should avoid to go for river rafting alone.
2. You should have enough capabilities as a swimmer.
3. Whenever you go for river rafting always wear life jacket and helmet.
4. If it is going dark, don’t raft. So end your trip before darkness falls.
5. You should have proper knowledge about the classification of the river.

Q=10 Define Mountaineering. Write the Safety Measures for Mountaineering.

ANS= MOUNTAINEERING -: Mountaineering is one of the most dangerous sports
activity that combines climbing and hiking up mountaineering or mountain
terrains. An individual who wish to get involved in this sport needs to have
tremendous endurance, agility, strength, experience and mental patience. It may
involve in normal rocky or snowy environment.
Material Required for Mountaineering :- Climbing Helmet, Face Mask, Personal
First-aid Kit, Snow Climbing Shoes, Snow Cutter, Safety Hooks, Snow Gloves, High
Energy Packed Food, Sunglasses Etc.
SAFETY MEASURES FOR MOUNTAINEERING :-
1. Dehydration is common occurrence at higher mountains, so drink water
frequently.
2. Before going for mountaineering ensure that you are in good physical
condition.
3. Before going for mountaineering you must go for weather forecast.
4. Carry your personal medicines and first aid kit while going for
mountaineering.

Q=11 What is Surfing?

ANS= SURFING -: It is the water sports in which the wave rider referred as
‘Surfer’ rides on moving wave balancing on the surfing board, the wave usually
carrying the surfer near the shore. The waves suitable for surfing are primarily
found in oceans, sea, lake or in rivers in the form of standing wave or tidal bore.

Equipments Required for Surfing-: Good surfing board, swim suit, life jacket, etc.

Q=12 Explai the safety measures to prevent sports Injuries.

ANS= SAFETY MEASURES TO PREVENT SPORTS INJURIES
1- Good planning during physical and adventure activities.
2- The aim and objectives of the physical activities and adventure sports should
be made clear to all participants and concerned.
3- The team and group leader should have relevant qualification or experience to
lead the adventure activity.
4- The participant should possess good level of physical fitness.
5- The participant should possess high level of adjustment ability in all odd
conditions.
6- The participant should proper used safety gadgets.
7- Pack a first aid kit for any emergency during physical and adventure activity.
8- Learn the ABC’s ( Airway Breathing Compressions ) for treating any
emergencies.
9- Avoid physical and adventure activity during bad weather or climate
conditions.
10- Wear proper footwear during physical and adventure activity.
 UNIT=7 TEST, MEASUREMENT& EVALUATION

UNIT TOPICS
Define Test, Measurement & Evaluation
Importance of Test, Measurement & Evaluation In Sports
Calculation of BMI & Waist - Hip Ratio
Somato Types (Endomorphy, Mesomorphy & Ectomorphy)
Measurement of health related fitness.

Q=1 Define Test, Measurement & Evaluation

ANS= MEANING OF TEST –: Test provides data or score which can be measured and thus
can be evaluated . A good test helps to collect data or score which can be evaluated for
further improvement. There are various types of test such as Kraus Weber test , Harvard
step test , AAHPER youth fitness test, Rockport walking test, etc.

Meaning of measurement-: Measurements are related to physical measurements such

as size, height, weight , vital capacity, achievements , etc . Indeed measurements refers to
the process of administrating a test to obtain a quantities data . It can also be said that
measurement aids the evaluation process in which various tools and techniques are used in
the collection of data .

Meaning of Evaluation- The evaluation tells the progress of the individual or group. It is
basically a subjective judgment based upon interpretation or analysis of data/ scores gained
from the test.

Q= 2 Explain the Importance of Test, Measurement & Evaluation.

ANS= INPORTANCE OF TEST , MEASUREMENT AND EVLUATION IN SPORTS- There are
following points clearly show the importance of Test, Measurement & Evaluation-:
1-Classification of sportspersons
2-Selection of a sportsperson
3- Testing of Training Effects
4- Individualization of Training Programme
5- Motivation of Sportspersons
6- To Achieve Goals and Objectives Specifically
7- To Study the Development of Sportsperson
8- To Compare and Evaluate Training Methods

Q= 3 Define BMI. Explain the method to calculate BMI.

ANS= BMI (BODY MASS INDEX)
BMI stands for Body Mass Index. BMI is used to measure body composition on the basis of
weight and height. BMI help a person to know whether he is underweight, normal weight, or
overweight, thus accordingly diet and workout can be done to gain or to reduce weight.
Test Administration- In this testing/ index the health and fitness abilities of individual is
based upon the relationship of Height and Weight.BMI is calculated by taking person’s
weight in kg and dividing by Height mt square, i.e., Weight -:- (Height x Height)2.

METHODS TO CALCULATE BMI (BODY MASS INDEX)

Body Mass Index = weight in kg/(height in m)2
The WHO criteria for underweight, healthy or normal weight, overweight and obesity by
BMI
EXAMPLE -: For instance, if your height is 1.82 m, the divisor of the calculation will be (1.82 x
1.82)= 3.3124. If your weight is 70.5 kg then your BMI is 21.3 (70.5-:- 3.3124).
BMI Category
Blow 18.5 Underweight
18.5-24.9 Normal and Healthy weight
25 – 29.9 Overweight
30 – 34.9 Obesity Class I
35 – 39.9 Obesity Class II
40 < Obesity Class III

Q= 4 Explain the Waist-Hip Ratio Test.

ANS= WAIST-HIP-RATIO (WHR)
This is the ratio of circumference of waist to that of the hips.
Test Administration- It is calculated by measuring the smaller circumference of the waist
(above the belly) and dividing by the hip circumference at the widest part of buttocks or hip.
The ratio is applied both to man and women.
EVALUATION OF TEST – WHR is good indicator of health and attractiveness of a person.
The ratio around 0.7 is considered good and health among women, whereas the ratio at
around 0.9 is considered health among men. These persons have less chance of health
problems like diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, cancers etc.
Waist to hip ratio (WHR) ranges for standard

Sex Acceptable Unacceptable

Excellent Good Average High Extreme
Female Less than 0.75 0.75-0.80 0.80-0.85 0.85-0.90 Above 0.90
male Less than 0.85 0.85-0.90 0.90-0.95 0.95-1.00 Above 1.00

Q=5 EXPLAIN SOMATO (BODY) TYPES .

ANS= SOMATO (BODY) TYPES
It is classification of Human body according to its shape and physique. It was developed by
W.H. Sheldon. He classified the human body in terms of three extreme body type.
1-ENDOMORPHIC 2- MESOMORPHIC 3-ECTOMORPHIC
1-ENDOMORPHIC-An endomorphic person is generally stocky with large round body, short
neck, short arms and wide hips. They have lot of fat on their body. They are low in physical
fitness level related to speed and endurance whereas they have massive strength .
Endomorphic are comfort loving, peaceful and fun loving.
2-MESOMORPHIC-These person have muscular body with broad chest, strong legs and arms
with medium height. mesomorphic person has good strength, speed and flexibility and
attractive personality. They are good for almost all activities . They are adventurous and
courageous people.
ECTOMORPHIC-They are slim and thin with narrow face, shoulder, chest and hips. They have
low fat on their body. Endomorphic have less strength , whereas they dominate in
endurance activities. Personality wise they are quite, sensitive, restrained, socially and
thoughtful.
Q=6 Explain the health related fitness.
ANS= MEASUREMENT OF HEALTH RELATED FITNESS-: There are five areas of health related
fitness They are heart and lung endurance or cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength,
muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition. Heart and lung endurance or
cardiovascular endurance is the ability to exercise the entire body for long periods of time-:
1-Cardiovascular Endurance- : Cardiovascular Endurance is important for all of us. If we have
good cardiovascular endurance, we will definitely have healthy lungs and heart. It means
that there will be less stress on heart and lungs. We can prevent cardiovascular diseases and
can lead a healthy life for a prolonged period.
2- Muscular Strength-: muscular strength is also an important component of health related
physical fitness. Muscular strength is the amount of force the muscles can exert against
resistance. The muscular strength is essential for performing daily routine work easily and
smoothly such as lifting weight and putting it at another place, climbing stairs, etc.
3- Muscular Endurance-: muscular endurance is one of the important component of health
related physical fitness. muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or a group of muscles
to perform repeated muscular contraction against resistance for an extended or longer
period of time. It is associated with the muscles ability to continue to perform the activity
without fatigue.
4- Flexibility-: Flexibility is the range of movement of joints. An individual, who has good
flexibility, can move his/her body joints through a full range of motion in work and play.
5-Body Composition-: Body composition is one of the major component of health- related
fitness. Body composition is the percentage of lean body mass, i.e., bone, tendons, muscles,
water, ligaments, organs, etc.
 UNIT-8
FUNDAMENTAL OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY& KINESIOLOGY IN SPORTS

UNIT TOPICS
Meaning and Importance of Anatomy & Physiology.
Meaning and Importance of Kinesiology
Function of skeleton system
Classification of Bones
Joint and its types
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system
Effect of exercise on Respiratory System
Effects of exercise on muscular system

Introduction- Our body is a complex functioning of various systems of body. Good working
of body consists of the proper functioning of various systems which make man more
efficient. Each system consists of various Organs. Organs consist of various tissues and
tissues consist of many cells. Thus the functional ability of the body depends upon the
efficiency of each cell. In this chapter we will learn the basic working of various systems.

Q= 1 Explain the Meaning and Importance of Anatomy & Physiology.

ANS= MEANING OF ANATOMY= It is the branch of biology which studies the human body
structure.
MEANING OF PHYSIOLOGY= The scientific study of human body and its systems is
considered as physiology. Thus, physiology deals with the functioning of body systems and
there effects.
IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY=
1-Knowledge Gain about Body- These are important subjects of biology and give us
knowledge about body.
(2) Understanding of Body Structure- Anatomy is a subject which helps to understand the
body structure.
(3) Understanding the Body Organs- Physiology helps to understand the functioning of
various organs and systems, thus given us knowledge about their working.
(4) Helps to Understand Body – These subjects help to understand the functioning of various
organs.
(5) Helps to Improve Health- These are important subjects which help to improve good
health of individual.
(6) Prevents Health Problems- Good understanding of these subjects helps to overcome
health problems with their knowledge.
(7) Improves Efficiency- These subjects help the individual to improve the efficiency of
various systems, thus overall efficiency can be improved.

Q= 2 Explain the Meaning and Importance of Kinesiology.

ANS= MEANING OF KINESIOLOGY- Kinesiology is the scientific study of human body
movement.
IMPORTANCE OF KINESIOLOGY There are following importance of kinesiology in the field of
sports-:
1- UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MOVEMENT-: Kinesiology gives us better understanding of
human movements.
2- KNOWLEDGE ABOUT FORCES ON BODY-: It gives us knowledge about various forces acting
upon body.
3- EFFICIENT MOVEMENT-: It provides knowledge to perform efficiently movement as it
helps to develop good skills.
4- CORRECT MOVEMENT-: It helps the faulted movement and thus movement is effective
and efficient.
5- PREVENT INJURIES-: Knowledge of Kinesiology helps to reduce injuries, moreover ,
prevents the cause of injury through movement.
6- IMPROVES PERFORMENCE-: It helps to improve the performance of individual by
developing good technique and training method.
7- GUIDES SAFETY PRINCIPLES-: This subject guides us the safety principles and prevents
injuries.

Q= 3 Explain the functions of Skeleton system.

ANS= FUNCTION OF SKELETON SYSTEM-: Skeleton system consists of bones and joints which
provide attachment to the movement muscles (skeletal muscles). There are following
functions of Skeleton system -:
1- Provides support-: It Provides supporting framework to the body. It acts as pillars and
provides structure to individual.
2- Provides Shape-: It Provides Shape and structure to individual. It gives attachment to
muscles and provides us figure and structure.
3- Protection-: Bones protect the delicate internal organs of the body like skull bones which
protect brain.
4-: Provide Junction-: Bones provide junction or attachment to skeletal or muscles and
tendons.
5-: Manufacturer of RBCs-: Bones are capable of manufacturing of RBCs in the blood, e. g.,
RBCs are manufactured in the bone marrow.
6-: Act as lever-: Bones act as lever and thus provide movement of muscles as well as body
parts.
7-: Provide movement-: Skeletal muscles attached to bones give external movement to
body.
8-: Ossification-: Bones are capable of doing self repair whenever they are damaged.

Q= 4 Explain the Classification of Bones.

ANS= Classification of Bones-: There are 206 bones in the body. The structure and size
differs in bones. They are classified as-:
1-: Long Bones-: They are long and wide. They act as lever. They have long shaft and they are
found in legs and arms like femur and humerus bones.
2-: Short Bones-: They are short in size and cube shaped. They are found in wrist.
3-: Flat Bones-: Flat bones have broad surface. They mostly protect our organs and give
attachment to muscles like sternum, scapula.
4-: Irregular Bones-: These bones have irregular shape like vertebra, skull etc.
5-: Cartilaginous Bones-: Cartilaginous Bones are flexible and soft. They are found in ear and
nose.

Q=5 Define joints. Explain its types.

ANS= JOINT AND ITS TYPES-: It is the place where two or more bones meet/joint. Joints are
of three types-:
1-: Immovable Joints-:They are also known as fixed joints. Bones are joined together and no
movement is possible like skull joint.
2-: Slightly movable joints-: In these joints there is slight movement like inter- vertibrations.
3-: Freely Movable or Synovial Joints-:These joints filled by synovial fluid.
There are following types-:
(a)Ball and socket joint (at shoulder or hip joint)
(b) Hinge joint (at elbow joint)
(c) Pivot joint(at neck joint)
(d) Gliding joint (at carpals joint)
(e) Saddle joint (at thumb joint)

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Q= 6 Explain the Effect of exercise on Cardiovascular system.

ANS= Effect of exercise on Cardiovascular system-: There are following Effect of exercise on
Cardiovascular system -:
(1) Hypertrophy of heart : With regular exercise the hypertrophy (enlargement) of heart
takes place . Thus there is an increase in stroke volume.
(2) Increased cardiac output -: Regular training increase the cardiac output . Thus more
blood is pumped out from heart of the working tissue.
(3) Faster adaption to working load -: in a trained person , the heart can adapt to working
load quickly.
(4) Resting pulse increase-: Regular exercise increased cardiac output the basal heart rate
decreases , thus the resting time of heart increases . Therefore , heart is not stressed during
normal working .
(5) Return of normal pulse quickly-: The pulse or heart rate returns to normal quickly after
exercise .Thus , body feels relaxed after some time.
(6) Decrease in Blood Density-Regular exercise decreases the blood density, i.e. plasma
content increases. Therefore, there is an easy and fast flow of blood.
(7) Reduction in cardiac Problems- Regular exercise decreases the cholesterol level in
blood, therefore, reducing heart attack risk and other cardiac problems.
(8) Cardiovascular system Improves – Regular exercise improves Cardiovascular system ,
thus blood travels faster through blood vessels .
(9) Increase stroke volume -: Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in
one beat from the left ventricle . Regular exercise increases the stroke volume.

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Q= 7 Explain the Effect of exercise on Respiratory system.

ANS= Effect of exercise on Respiratory system-: There are following Effect of exercise on
Respiratory system -:
(1) Increase in tidal volume -: Tidal air is the amount of air that flows in and out of the lungs
in each quiet respiratory movement . Regular exercise increases the tidal volume .
(2) Strengthens diaphragm and muscles -: Regular exercise strengthens the diaphragm and
the muscles of the chest .
(3) Increase in endurance-: If exercise is performed regularly and for a longer period , it
increases endurance.
4) Increase in vital air capacity-: It is the amount of air which an individual can inhale and
exhale with maximum effort . Regular exercise increases the vital air capacity of an
individual .
(5) Increase willpower -: Regular exercise increase the willpower of the individual . For
example , Pranayama, specific exercise for lungs, increases the willpower of the doer .
(6) Expansion of chest -: Regular exercise causes greater expansion of chest and thus
physical personality improves.
(9) pulmonary diffusion increases- In a trained person, there is faster removal of carbon
dioxide and oxygen attaches to blood. Thus faster pulmonary diffusion
(10) Increases in size of lungs – When a person performs exercise regularly, requires more
amount of oxygen.

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Q= 8 Explain the Effect of exercise on muscular system.
ANS= There are following effects of exercise on muscular system .
(1) Change in shape and size muscle -: Through regular exercise , the shape and size of
muscle is changed .
(2) Gain in muscular strength-: Regular exercise there is gain in muscular strength and power
.
(3) Improves muscles efficiency -: Regular exercise increase in the number of capillaries in
muscles . By this , there is faster circulation of blood , thus it improves the efficiency of
muscles .
(4)lactate threshold increase -: Regular exercise increases the ability of muscles to tolerate
more lactic acid for longer duration i.e., lactate threshold increases , thus muscles delay
tiredness and fatigue .
(5) Proper Shape of body-Regular exercise provide proper shape to the body, thus improving
physical personality .
(6)Faster response of muscles- In trained muscles, the stimulus travels faster, thus muscles
actions and responses are faster.
(7)Body posture remains correct- By doing regular exercise, the strength of muscles
increases, which is turn, keeps the body posture in correct position. Also, posture
deformities do not occur.
(8) Improves reaction time – As a result of regular exercise , the speed of nerve impulses
increases which ultimately improves the reaction time.
(9)Faster recovery from injury -: Trained muscles can recover from injury very fast ;
moreover , there are less chances of injuries .
(10)Increase in muscle mass -: Regular exercise increase the muscle mass . Thus, the
efficiency of muscles improves .
(11)Increase endurance -: A trained muscle has more aerobic endurance , therefore , its
capacity to work for longer duration without fatigue , is improved .
 UNIT -9 PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS

UNIT TOPICS
Meaning & Importance of Psychology in physical Education & Sports
Meaning of growth & development
Developmental characteristics at deferent stage of development
Adolescent Problems & their Management

Introduction: - These days sport competition is very tough. Players are using best
techniques and best training methods for better results during competitions. Even then they
are not satisfied by their results. Thus the importance of Psychology was realized in physical
education to give best possible results of players.
The knowledge of sports psychology helps Coaches, Physical Teachers and Players to stress,
anxiety and methods to control anxiety level. It also helps to tackle various problems of life.
This chapter will help to understand the importance of psychology in our life and especially
in the field of physical education.

Q= 1 Explain the Meaning & Importance of Psychology in physical Education & Sports
ANS= Meaning and Definition of Psychology :- Psychology is derived from Latin word
‘psyche’ and ‘logas’ which means ‘soul study’. Today psychology is considered as the science
of behavior. This definition has passed through many stages. Earlier psychology was
considered as science of soul, later it was believed to be science of consciousness of mind.
Now it is recognized as the science of behavior.
• According to “ McDougall” :- ‘ Psychology is the positive science of conduct of
behavior.’
• According to “ Crow and Crow” :- ‘ Psychology is the science of human behavior and its
relationship’.
Meaning of Sports Psychology :- Sport Psychology is the branch of Psychology which deals
with positive behavior of sportsperson during training and competition period to increase
performance.
IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF SPORTS-:

1- IMPROVES PERFORMANCE-: The knowledge of sports psychology helps to improve

performance of players by scientific ways modifying behaviour.

2- MOTIVATION AND PROPER FEEDBACK OF PLAYER-: Proper motivation and proper

feedback enhances the performance of players.

3- CHECK OVER DECLINING PERFORMANCE-: Knowledge of sports psychology helps to

control and check the declining performance, thus helpful for players and coaches.

4- UNDERSTANDING LEARNING RATE-: The Knowledge of sports psychology helps to

understand the learning rate of a sports person.

5- MODIFYING BEHAVIOR-: Sports psychology helps in modifying proper behaviour of

sportsperson which helps in the improvement of results and brings better adjustments in
various situations.

6- IMPROVES MENTAL ABILITIES OF SPORTS PERSON -: Sports psychology improves the

mental abilities of the sportsperson .Thus it benefits players for developing the personality.

7- CONTROL S BEHAVIOUR OF A SPORTS PERSON-: Sports psychology develops proper

behaviour during competition.

8- OVERCOMING THE STRESS-: Knowledge of sports psychology helps to overcome stresses

and reduces the tensions f players, thus enhances performance and develop self-
confidence.

9- DEVELOPING GOOD RELATIONSHIP-: Sports psychology promotes close relationship with

other team members. It helps in the overall performance and good team effort

10- BETTER SELECTION OF PLAYERS-: The knowledge of sports psychology guides the coaches
for better selection of players.

Q=2 DEFINE GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

ANS= MEANING OF GROWTH-: Growth is used physically. Generally , it is related to an

individual’s size , height and change in weight. Indeed, changes in quantitative aspects are
included in the scope of growth.
MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT-: Development is related to all types of changes in shape or
structure, which enhance the working efficiency of an individual. These changes are more
related to qualitative aspects than quantitative aspects.

Q= 3 DICUSS THE DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AT DEFFERENT STAGE OF

DEVELOPMENT
ANS= There are following developmental characteristics at different stages of development-:

1- Infancy or Babyhood stage (from birth to 3 years)-: During this stage of body, the
development occur in progressive manner. The cognitive development starts as child tries
to balance and tries to gain control over big muscles. The vocabulary of child is with simple
words.

2- Childhood stage(from 3 to 12 years)-: Childhood stage is divided into three stages-:

(i) Early Childhood(3 to 6 years)
(ii) Middle Childhood (7 to 10 years)
(iii) Late Childhood (11 to 12 years)

(i) Early Childhood( 3 to 6 years)-:The period of early childhood starts from 3rd year and
continues till 6th year. The motor development during this period takes place rapidly. In this
period a child becomes, perfect in various fundamental movements such as running,
jumping, throwing and acquires the ability to unite or combine these movements.
(ii) Middle Childhood(7 to 10 years)-: The period of middle childhood starts from 7th year
and continues up to the 10th year. In this period children become active and agile. The speed
abilities develop at faster rate. Coordinative abilities also show a higher level of
development in this age group.

(iii) Late Childhood(11 to 12 years)-: The period of early childhood starts from 11th year and
continues till 12 year. In this stage of childhood cross and fine motor development activities
are performed. The activities like football, basketball, badminton, T.T. Tennis, athletic, etc.
develop at a faster rate than in the middle childhood period.

3- Adolescence stage(13 to 19 years)-: This period is delicate period and challenge for
parents . In teen age, children want to live independent . Adolescence age causes many
changes related to physical, mental, emotional and social.
 ADOLESCENT, ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS & THERE MANAGEMENT

Q=4 What do you mean by Adolescent? Discuss the Problems of Adolescent

ANS= Meaning of Adolescent-: The word ‘Adolescence’ is derived from a Latin word which
means “grow to maturity” . Adolescence is the growing period from childhood to maturity.

Problems of Adolescent-: There are following problems of Adolescence-:

1- Aggressive and violent Behaviour
2- Overconfident and Hide Mistakes
3- Only friends given importance
4- Deflected Towards Drugs and smoking
5- Wrong Sexual Desires
6- Lack of concentration
7- Neglect family
8- Lavish Expenses
9- Attraction Towards opposite Sex
10- Inadequate Rest and Sleep
11- Wasted of time

Q= How to manage Adolescence Problems

ANS= Management of Adolescence Problems-:
1- Proper knowledge of Adolescence
2- Providing Healthy Environment
3- Proper Sex Education
4- Correction and checking of mistakes
5- Proper use of tine
6- Proper guidance
7- Develop moral values
8- Spiritual guidance
9- Friendly attitude
10- Independent ideas and liberty with proper check
 UNIT-10 TRAINING AND DOPING IN SPORTS

UNIT TOPICS
Meaning and concept of sports training
Principles of sports training
Meaning, types and Importance of Warming-Up
Meaning and Importance of Limbering down
Meaning and classification of Doping
Prohibited Substances & their side effects

Q= 1 Explain the meaning and concept of Sports-Training.

ANS= MEANING OF SPORTS TRAINING -: The Programme of training process in sports is
known as ‘Sports-Training’. It helps to improve performance along with specific component
of physical fitness.

SPORTS TRAINING CONCEPT

Preparatory Part Competition Part Transitional part Macro-Cycle :

Months workout
Preparatory Part – I Competition Part-I Off season for plan of
Development of Practice matches with recreational play training sessions
basic component correction work
and basic skills

Preparatory Part – II Competition Part-II Off season of Meso-Cycle :

Development of Actual matches with similar related Weekly Workout
specific components feedback and motivation games plan of
and advance skills training sessions

Preparatory Part –III Micro-Cycle :

Development of Days workout
tactics and strategies plan of training session
Q=2 Explain the Principles of sports training.
ANS= PRINCIPLES OF SPORTS TRAINING
Principles are the scientific and systematic way to improve sports performance. They guide
us to develop our physical fitness abilities to improve further.
1. Regularity;
2. Proper loading;
3. Individual difference;
4. Recovery;
5. Proper warming-up and limbering down;
6. Progression (i.e., simple to complex);
7. Safety and prevention;
8. Psychological feedback;
9. Medical check-up before any hard training;
10.Total body involvement;
11.Adaptation and tolerance.
Q= 3 Define warming-up. Explain its types.
ANS= Meaning of Warming-Up:-
➢ Warming-up is the process of heating the body muscles through certain exercises
prior to the competition. It is a short-term activity and it is done prior to any
competition or training. It helps the sportsperson to prepare physically, mentally and
physiologically for any type of training or competition.
➢ If proper warming-up is done muscles become ready to respond efficiently.
“Warming-Up is a process of heating-up the whole body by running and performing
exercises prior to the activity or competition.”
It is of two types : Passive and Active Warming-Up.

WARMING-UP

Passive Active
(Self-performing) (External Sources)

General Warming-Up Specific Warming-up

(Common for all activities) (Particularly for that activity)
A- Passive Warming-Up:-
➢ The main aim of passive Warming-up is to increase the body temperature without
performing any physical activity. In passive warming-up the body temperature is
increased usually by external means such as by wearing heavy uniform, massage, hot
water, steam, sunlight and hot drinks.
B- Active Warming-Up:-
➢ In active warming-up, a sportsman takes part in various physical activities. These
activities increase his working efficiency. The temperature of body increases up to
required level.
➢ There are two types of active warming-up
(1) General Warming-Up (2) Specific Warming-Up
(1)- General Warming-Up:-
➢ General warming-up is usually performed in all types of activities. This type of
warming –up includes jogging, running, jumping, stretching, calisthenics and other
general exercises.
(2)- Specific Warming-Up:-
In active warming-up, exercises are done with implements. Special exercises are performed
which have direct relationship with the activity to be done. These specific exercises are
performed after the activities of general warming-up.
For example, a sprinter may take few starts and run for short distance before the actual
competition.
A basketball player may practice for lay up shorts or free throws before the competition.
This type of warming-up improves the coordinative abilities.

Q= 4 Explain the Importance of warming-up

ANS= IMPORTANCE OF WARMING-UP:-

1- Increases The Body Temperature;

2- Increases Metabolic Rate;
3- Increase In Working Capacity;
4- Reduces The Anxiety And Tension;
5- Warming-up Avoids Injury;
6- Increases The Speed Of Muscles;
7- Improves The Level Of Performance;
8- Joints Become More Flexible.
Q=5 Explain the meaning and Importance of Limbering down.
ANS= MEANING OF LIMBERING DOWN:- Limbering down is also called warming down. To
bring the body in normal state after any competitions or training is called cooling down.
In fact cooling down is a necessary activity after training or competition.
IMPORTANCE OF LIMBERING DOWN:-
As worming-up is essential before training or competitions, cooling is equally essential to
bring the body back to the normal position after training or competition. Its advantages are
mentioned below:
IMPORTANCE OF LIMBERING DOWN:-

1- Body Temperature Become Normal;

2 - Decrease In Tension;
3- Muscles Do Not Remain Stiff;
4- Heart Rate Returns To Its Initial Stage;
5- Normal Blood Flow In The Body;
6- Supply Of Oxygen;
7- Reduces Fatigue;
8- Relaxes Body.

DOPING

Q= 6 What is Doping?
ANS= Meaning of Doping:-
“ Doping is the word, which is used in the field of sports, when athletes use prohibited
substances or methods to unfairly improve their sporting performance”.
In fact, some athletes take illegal substances to enhance their performance. This activity is
known as Doping.
Q= 7 Write down the classification of doping.
ANS= CLASSIFICATION OF DOPING:- Doping can be classified into the following two types:-

(a)Performance enhancing substances; (b) Physical methods

1-Stimulants; 1-Blood Doping
2-Anabolic steroids; 2-Gene Doping.
3-Narcotics;
4-Diuretics;
5-Beta Blockers;

Q=8 Explain about prohibited substances.

ANS= PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES
1-Stimulants-: These drugs improve work output ability by reducing the feeling of fatigue. It
increases the heart rate and improve the reaction time. They are used to increase endurance
and speed. Its side effects are aggression, violent behaviour and irregular heartbeat.
2-Anabolic steroids-:Anabolic steroids increase the muscle size and strength, they enhance
the performance in sports. Its side effects are heart and liver diseases.
3-Narcotics-: They are good painkillers. They are used during training period to remove the
feeling of restlessness and tiredness. These drugs have various side effects like addiction,
loss of concentration, nausea and vomiting.
4-Diuretics-: These drugs eliminate fluid from the body. The person reduces body weight in
very short period These drugs increase urine secretion. These drugs have various side effects
like dehydration, low blood pressure and kidney damage.
5-Beta Blockers-: They reduce the anxiety, lower the heart rate, reduce stress and relax
muscles. These are generally used by shooters, ski-divers, jumpers, motor racing players,
archers etc. they cause serious health problems in later age.

Q=9 Explain the side effects of prohibited substances.

ANS= SIDE EFFECTS OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES:-
There are following side effects of prohibited substances (Doping)
1. Addictive Effects
2. Cardiac problems
3. Affects kidney and liver
4. Unbalanced psychological behaviour
5. Digestive problems
6. Dehydration
7. Respiratory problems
8. Infections
9- Shame and Repentance.