SUN

Force Unit 1

Moon
Earth
 Force (Revision)
1. What is force?
2. What is the SI unit of force?
3. What do you mean by 1 N force?
4. Define the followings:
a. Distance and displacement
b. Speed and velocity
c. Scalar and vector
5. What is acceleration? What is its SI unit?
6. Can a moving body have velocity 0 m/s0?
7. At what condition acceleration of moving body will be zero?
8. State Newton’s second law of motion.
Force We have been observing some surprising and interesting events in our daily life.
The ripen fruits fall down from the tress, why they do not go up?
Why planets revolve round the Sun? Why satellites revolve round Earth?

Gravitation
The force of attraction between any two objects in the universe is called gravitation
or gravitational force

Geocentric Hypothesis Heliocentric Hypothesis

The hypothesis which assumed that The hypothesis which assumed that
Earth is in the center of solar system is Sun is in the center of solar system is
known as geocentric hypothesis known as heliocentric hypothesis
It was propounded by Nicholas
Copernicus in 1542 AD
NewtoN’s uNiversal law of GravitatioN
“The force of attraction between any two objects in the universe is directly proportional to
the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between their
centers”.
𝐦𝟏 F 𝐦𝟐

Let us suppose, d
Masses of two objects be m1 kg and m2 kg are kept at distance of d m from their centers.
Then F be the gravitational force between them
By Newton’s law of gravitation,
F 𝛼 𝐦𝟏 𝐱 𝐦𝟐 …………… (1)
𝟏
F 𝛼 𝟐 …………… (2)
𝒅
By combining equation 1 and 2 ,we get
𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
F𝛼
𝒅𝟐
𝑮 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
F= Where G is proportionality constant and
𝒅𝟐
known as Universal Gravitational Constant
Universal Gravitational Constant
m1 F m2
d 𝑮 . 𝒎𝟏 . 𝒎𝟐
Let us suppose, F=
𝒅𝟐
Masses of two objects be = m1 = m2 = 1 kg 𝑭 .𝒅𝟐
Distance between their centers = 1 m or, G =
𝒎𝟏 . 𝒎𝟐
Then, By Newton’s law of gravitation 𝑵 .𝒎𝟐
The SI unit of G =
𝑮 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝒌𝒈.𝒌𝒈
F= 𝟐 SI unit of G = Nm2kg-2
𝒅
𝑮 𝒙 𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒙 𝟏 𝒌𝒈
or, F = Its value is 6.67 x 10-11
(𝟏𝒎)𝟐
F=G The value of G was calculated by
Therefore, Henry Cavendish
Universal gravitational constant is defined as the gravitational force of attraction between two
objects of unit masses kept at unit distance.
Q1. At what condition the gravitational force of attraction between two objects is equal to
universal gravitational constant?
Q2. The value of universal gravitational constant is 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2, what do you mean
by it?
Relation between gravitational force and its factors
What are the factors affecting gravitational force?
➢Masses of objects
➢Distance between the centers of objects
Case 1: When the masses of objects changes but distance between their centers is same
If the masses of two objects is doubled
M1 = 2m1, and M2 = 2m2
Then,
𝐺. 𝑀1 𝑀2
𝐹 =
𝑑2
𝐺.2𝑚1 2𝑚2
or, 𝐹1 =
𝑑2

𝐺.𝑚1 . 𝑚2
or,𝐹1 = 4.
𝑑2

or, 𝐹1 = 4 F
Therefore the gravitational force increases by 4 times if the masses of two objects are
doubled.
Relation between gravitational force and its factors
Case 2: When the distance between the centers of objects changes but masses of
objects is same.
If the distance between the centers of objects is doubled
D = 2d
Then,
𝐺. 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹 =
𝐷2
𝐺.𝑚1 𝑚2
or, 𝐹1 =
(2𝑑)2

1 𝐺.𝑚1 . 𝑚2
or,𝐹1 = 𝑥
4 𝑑2

1
or, 𝐹1 = 𝑥 F
4
Therefore the gravitational force decreases by 4 times if the distance between the
centers of objects is doubled.
Numericals
Example 1:
1. The masses of Sun and Earth are 2x1030 kg and 6x1024 kg respectively. If the
distance between their centers is 1.5x108 km. Calculate the gravitational force
between Sun and Earth.
Solution,
Mass of Sun = m1 = 2x1030 kg
Mass of Earth = m2 = 6x1024 kg
Distance between their centers = d = 1.5 x 108 km
= 1.5 x 108 x 103 m
= 1.5 x 1011 m
Universal gravitational constant = G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
Numericals
By Newton’s law of gravitation,
𝐺. 𝑚1 . 𝑚2
𝐹 =
𝑑2
6.67 𝑥 10−11 𝑥 2 𝑥 1030 𝑥 6 𝑥 1024
or, 𝐹 =
(1.5 𝑥 1011 )2

80.04 𝑥 10−11+30+24
or, 𝐹 =
2.25 𝑥 1022
or, 𝐹 = 35.57 𝑥 10 43−22

or, F = 35.57 x 1021

⸫ F = 3.557 x 1022 N
Therefore, the gravitational force between Sun and Earth
= F = 3.557 x 1022 N
Numericals
Example 2:
2. The masses of Sun and Jupiter are 2 x 1030 kg and 2 x 1027 kg respectively. If the
gravitational force between Sun and Jupiter is 4.52 x 1023 N. Calculate the distance
between their centers.
Solution,
Mass of Sun = m1 = 2x1030 kg
Mass of Jupiter = m2 = 2x1027 kg
Gravitational force between them = F = 4.52 x 1023N
Distance between their centers = d = ?
Universal gravitational constant = G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2

By Newton’s law of gravitation,

𝐺. 𝑚1 . 𝑚2
𝐹 =
𝑑2
Numericals
or, d2 =
𝐺.𝑚1 .𝑚2
𝐹
6.67 𝑥 10−11 𝑥 2 𝑥 1030 𝑥 2 𝑥 1027
or, d2 =
4.52 𝑥 1023
26.68 𝑥 10−11+30+27
or, d2 =
4.52 𝑥 1023
or, d2 = 5.9026 𝑥 1046−23
or, d = 5.9026 𝑥 1023
or, d = 59.026 𝑥 1022
⸫ d = 7.68 x 1011 m
Therefore, the distance between centers of Sun and
Jupiter = d = 7.68 x 1011 m
Numericals
1. What will be the change in gravitational force between two objects if
their masses is doubled and distance between their centers is halved?
2. What will be the change in gravitational force between two objects if
their masses is halved and distance between their centers is doubled?
3. The masses of Earth and Moon are 6 x 1024 kg and 7.2 x 1022 kg
respectively. If he distance between their centers is 3.844 x 105 km,
calculate the gravitational force between them.
4. The masses of Sun and Earth are 2x1030 kg and 6x1024 kg
respectively. If the gravitational force between Sun and Earth is 3.557
x 1022 N, calculate the distance between their centers.
5. The gravitational force between two heavenly bodies is 4.5 x 1023 N
and the distance between their centers is 7.6 x 108 km. if the mass of
one heavenly body is 2 x 1030 kg, calculate the mass of another
heavenly body.
Example 3:
What will be the change in gravitational force between two objects if their
masses is doubled and distance between their centers is halved?
Solution,
Let us suppose,
Masses of two objects be m1 kg and m2 kg and distance between their centers be d
meter.
Then by Newton’s law of gravitation
𝑮 . 𝒎𝟏 . 𝒎𝟐
F1 = ……………….. (1)
𝒅𝟐
If the masses of the objects are doubled and distance between their centers is halved
1
then, 𝑚1′ = 2𝑚1 , 𝑚2′ = 2𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑1 = 𝑑
2
G.m′1 .m′2
F2 = ……………….. (2)
d1 2
G.2m1 . 2m2
or, F2 = 1 2
2
d
𝐆 .𝐦𝟏 .𝐦𝟐
or, F2 = 𝟒𝐱𝟒
𝐝𝟐
⸫ F2 = 16 x F1
Therefore the gravitational between two objects increases by 16 times.
Gravitation and Gravity
Consequences of gravitational force
1) The existence of solar system and revolution of planets and satellites.
2) The presence of atmosphere around the Earth.
3) The gravitational force of Earth keeps us firmly on its surface and
helps us to walk, run, drink, eat etc.
4) Tides in sea and ocean are caused due to gravitational force of Moon
and Sun.
5) Velocity of an freely falling body increases every second when it falls
towards the surface of Earth.

Gravity
The force of attraction by which Earth pulls any objects
towards its center is called gravity (Weight).
Acceleration due to gravity (g)
Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity per unit time
Gravity: the force by which Earth pulls any objects towards its
center.
Newton’s second law of motion: “The acceleration produced on a
body is directly proportion to force applied and inversely
proportional to the mass of body”.
That means when any object falls freely towards the surface of
Earth under the action of its gravity, the velocity of the object
increases that is acceleration is produced
Acceleration due to gravity (g):
The acceleration produced on the freely falling body under the
action of gravity in the absence of air resistance is called
Acceleration due to gravity
The SI unit of Acceleration due to gravity is m/s2.
Acceleration due to gravity (g) Mass = m

Let us Suppose,
Mass of Earth = M kg a=g
Radius of Earth = R m
Mass of object = m kg
Acceleration produced on the body = g m/s2 Mass = M
Radius = R
Force of attraction between them = F
Then by Newton’s law of gravitation,

…………….. (1)
𝑮.𝑴.𝒎
𝑭= 𝑹𝟐
By Newton’s second law of motion, Earth
F = m x g …………….. (2)
Combining equation (1) and (2), we get ❖ Prove that, g =
𝑮.𝑴
𝑹𝟐

mx g=
𝑮.𝑴.𝒎
❖ Prove that acceleration due to gravity is
𝑹𝟐
independent of mass of object
⸫ g =
𝑮.𝑴
𝑹𝟐
❖ Prove that, g𝜶 𝑹𝟐
𝟏
Acceleration due to gravity of Earth (g):
Example 4:
Mass of earth = M = 6 x 1024 kg
Radius of Earth = R = 6400 km
= 6400 x 1000 m
= 6.4 x 106 m
Universal gravitational constant = G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
By Newton’s law of gravitation
𝑮 .𝑴
𝒈 = 𝑹𝟐

𝟔.𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒

or, 𝒈 = (𝟔.𝟒 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 )𝟐

𝟒𝟎.𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏+𝟐𝟒
or, 𝒈 = 𝟒𝟎.𝟗𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐

or, 𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑−𝟏𝟐

⸫ g = 9.8 m/s2
Therefore the value of acceleration due to gravity of Earth = g = 9.8 m/s2
Acceleration due to gravity(g)
❖ The mass and radius of Jupiter are 2 x 1027 kg and 70,000 km respectively.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of Jupiter.
❖ The mass and radius of Moon are 7.2 x 1022 kg and 1730 km respectively.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of Moon.
The value of acceleration due to gravity
Earth = 9.8 m/s2
Jupiter = 25 m/s2
Moon = 1.67 m/s2
Above information shows that the acceleration due to gravity of Moon is about 6
times less that of Earth
And the acceleration due to gravity of Jupiter is about 2.5 times more than that of
Earth.
❖ A man can jump 1 m on Earth, how much he can jump on moon? Why?
❖ A man can lift 100 kg on Earth, how much he can lift on Moon? Why?
❖ A man can lift 100 kg on Earth, how much he can lift on Jupiter? Why?
❖ The mass of Jupiter is 319 times more than that of Earth but its acceleration due o
gravity is only 2.5 times than that of earth, why?
Acceleration due to gravity(g)
Example 5:
❖ man can lift 100 kg on Earth, how much he can lift on Jupiter? Why?

Solution,
Mass that can lifted on Earth = 100 kg
Acceleration due to gravity of Earth = 9.8 m/s2
Weight applied = mg
= 100 x 9.8
= 980 N
Acceleration due to gravity of Jupiter = 2.5 times than that of earth
= 2.5 x 9.8
= 24.5 m/s2
Now weight applied on Jupiter
W = mg
or, 980 = m x 24.5
980
or, m=
24.5
⸫ m = 40 kg
Therefore person can lift 40 kg on Jupiter
Acceleration due to gravity(g)
Example 6:
❖ The mass of Jupiter is 319 times more than that of Earth but its acceleration due o gravity
is only 2.5 times than that of earth, why?
Solution,
Let,
Mass of Earth = M kg
Radius of Earth = R m
𝐺.𝑀
g= 𝑅2
Even the mass of Jupiter is 319 times more than that of Earth but also the radius of Jupiter is
11 times more than that of Earth then,
Mass of Jupiter = M1 = 319M
Radius of Jupiter = R1 = 11R
Acceleration due to gravity of Jupiter
𝐺 . 𝑀1
g1 = 𝑅1 2
𝐺 . 319𝑀
or, g1 = 11𝑅 2
319 𝐺 . 𝑀
or, g1 = . 2
121 𝑅
or, g1 = 2.5 x g
 V = 0 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity(g)
❖The value of acceleration due to gravity of Earth is 9.8 m/s2, what do 1 Second
you mean by it?
The value of acceleration due to gravity of Earth is 9.8 m/s2 means that V = 9.8 m/s
the velocity of freely falling body increases every second by 9.8 m/s under
the action of gravity in the absence of air resistance
2 Second
❖It is dangerous to jump from significant height on the earth surface,
why?
When a person jumps from significant height, his velocity will increase V = 19.6 m/
every second by 9.8 m/s under the action of gravity in the absence of air
resistance because of acceleration due to gravity and strikes the ground
by maximum velocity. Therefore it is dangerous to jump from significant
3 Second
height on the earth surface.
Coin and feather experiment:
➢Galileo Galilei did this experiment
➢A coin and feather are dropped from same height V = 29.4 m/
➢In the presence of air resistance, Coin fall faster
➢In the absence of air resistance, both fall together
Acceleration due to gravity(g)
Leaning Pisa tower experiment:
➢A small stone and large stone were dropped from top of the tower
➢Both fall together

Conclusion:
Acceleration due to gravity in independent of the mass of object in the
absence of air resistance.
❖An astronaut dropped hammer and feather on the lunar surface,
which will fall faster? why?
❖A person dropped 5 kg stone and 50 kg stone from the same height
on the surface of Earth, which will fall faster? Why?
❖A ball of paper and sheet of paper from dropped from same height,
which will fall faster? Why?
❖It is safe to jump with parachute from the significant height, why?
Variation of Acceleration due to gravity(g):
Value of ‘g’ changes with followings:
❖ With the radius of Earth Rpole
❖ With altitude
❖ With depth
Requator
With radius of Earth
➢ Our Earth is not perfectly spherical
➢ It is slightly bulged at equator
➢ The radius of Earth is more at equator and less at poles
➢ Acceleration due to gravity is inversely proportional to the square of
radius of Earth
➢g 𝜶
𝟏
𝑹𝟐
➢ Requator > Rpoles
➢ Value of acceleration due to gravity gpoles > gequator
➢ The value of g maximum at poles and minimum at equator
 g'
Variation of Acceleration due to gravity(g):
With the altitude:
Height = h
Let, Mass of Earth = M kg
Radius of Earth = R m
Acceleration due to gravity at surface of Earth
𝐺.𝑀
g= …………. (1)
𝑅2 g
“h” be the height above the earth’s surface then
the distance from center of Earth will be ‘R + h’ Radius = R
Hence the acceleration due to gravity will be
′
𝐺 .𝑀
𝑔 = 2
… … … … . (2)
𝑅+ℎ
Dividing equation (2) by (1), we get
𝐺 .𝑀
𝑔′ 𝑅+ℎ 2
=
𝑔 𝐺. 𝑀
𝑅2
Variation of Acceleration due to gravity(g):
With the altitude:
𝑔′ 𝑅2
or, = ………….. (3)
𝑔 𝑅+ℎ 2
𝑔′ 𝑅 2
or, =
𝑔 𝑅+ℎ
𝑅 2
⸫ 𝑔′ = 𝑥𝑔
𝑅+ℎ
Since R2 < (R + h)2
So g’ < g
Therefore, as we go up above the surface of earth, the value of
acceleration due to gravity decreases
❖Where the value of acceleration due to gravity is more, at equator or
poles? Why?
❖Where the value of ‘g’ is more at terai or hilly region? Why?
❖Where the value of ‘g’ is more at Butwal or Kathmandu region?
Why?
Variation of Acceleration due to gravity(g):
Depth = d
With the depth:
If M is mass of Earth,
R is radius of Earth
D is the depth below the surface of Earth, then Radius = R
The value of acceleration due to gravity will be
given by
′
𝑑
𝑔 = 1− 𝑥𝑔
𝑅
Hence the value of ‘g’ decreases as we go inside the
Earth due to decreases in relative density of Earth.
𝐺.𝑀 𝐺.𝑀
a. g = b. g =
𝑅2 𝑑2
𝐺 .𝑀 𝑅 2
′
c. 𝑔 = d. ′
𝑔 = 𝑥 𝑔
𝑅+ℎ 2 𝑅+ℎ
𝑑
e. 𝑔′ = 1 − 𝑥𝑔
𝑅
 Mass and Weight
Mass Weight
The amount of matter contained by the The force of attraction by which Earth pulls
object is called mass. any objects towards its center is called
weight.
Its SI unit is kg. Its SI unit is Newton.
It is measured by beam balance. It is measured by spring balance.
It is constant. It is variable.
Acceleration due to gravity Universal gravitation constant

The acceleration produced on freely falling The force of attraction between any two
body under the action of gravity in the objects of unit masses kept at unit distance
absence of air resistance is called from their centers is called universal
acceleration due to gravity gravitational constant.
It is represented by ‘g’ It is represented by ‘G’

Its value is 9.8 Its value is 6.67 x 10-11

Its SI unit is m/s2 . Its SI unit is Nm2/kg2

It is variable. It is universal constant.

It is vector quantity. It is scaler quantity.

Accleration due to gravity and Weight
Acceleration due to gravity: Weight:
𝐺.𝑀 𝐺 . 𝑀 .𝑚
a. g = a. W =
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝐺.𝑀 𝐺 . 𝑀 .𝑚
b. g = 2 b. W =
𝑑 𝑑2
′ 𝐺 .𝑀 𝐺 . 𝑀 .𝑚
c. 𝑔 = c. W =
𝑅+ℎ 2 𝑅+ℎ 2
𝑅 2 d. W = mg
d. 𝑔′ = 𝑥𝑔
𝑅+ℎ
𝑑
e. 𝑔′ = 1− 𝑥𝑔
𝑅
 Numericals:
1. The mass and radius of Earth are 6 x 1024 kg and 6400 km respectively. Calculate the
acceleration due to gravity of a meteor whose mass is 2000 kg at the height of 3600 km
from the surface of Earth. Also calculate the weight of the meteor at the same height.
2. The mass of Earth is 6 x 1024 kg. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity produced on an
object at the distance of 3 x 105 km from the center of Earth.
3. The height of Mount Everest is 8848 m. calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity at
the top of Mount Everest if its value at the surface of Earth is 9.8 m/s2. (Radius of Earth =
6400)
4. The mass and radius of Earth are 6 x 1024 kg and 6400 km respectively. Calculate the
height above the surface of Earth where the value of acceleration due to gravity is 4.002
m/s2.
5. The weight of an object at the height 3600 km from the surface of Earth is 8004 N.
Calculate the mass of object if mass and radius of Earth are 6 x 1024 kg and 6400 km
respectively.
6. The weight of an object on the surface of Earth is 200 N. Calculate the weight of object at
height 6400 km from surface of earth. (Radius of Earth = 6400)
7. The weight of an object on the surface of Earth is 400 N. How far it should be taken from
the center of Earth so that its weight will be 100 N. (Radius of Earth = 6400)
8. The weight of an object on the surface of Earth is 900 N. How far it should be taken from
the surface of Earth so that its weight will be 100 N. (Radius of Earth = 6400)
 Numericals:
Example 7:
The mass and radius of Earth are 6 x 1024 kg and 6400 km respectively. Calculate the
acceleration due to gravity of a meteor whose mass is 2000 kg at the height of 3600 km from
the surface of Earth. Also calculate the weight of the meteor at the same height.
Solution,
Mass of Earth = M = 6 x1024 kg
Radius of Earth = R = 6400 km
= 6400 x 1000 m
= 6.4 x 106 m
Universal gravitational constant = G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
Height above the surface of Earth = h = 3600 km
= 3600 x 1000 m
= 3.6 x 106 m
Acceleration due to gravity at height ‘h’
𝐺 .𝑀
g=
𝑅+ℎ 2
Numericals:
Example 7:
6.67 𝑥 10−11 𝑥 6 𝑥1024
or, g=
6.4 𝑥 106 + 3.6 𝑥 106 2
40.02 𝑥 10−11+24
or, g=
10 𝑥 106 2
40.02 𝑥 1013
or g=
100𝑥 1012
or g = 0.4002 x 1013-12
or, g = 0.4002 x 10
⸫ g = 4.002 m/s2
Mass of the meteor = m = 2000 kg
Weight of the meteor at height ‘h’ = w = mg
= 2000 x 4.002
= 8004 N
Acceleration due to gravity at height ‘h’ = g = 4.002 m/s2
 Numericals:
Example 8:
The mass of Earth is 6 x 1024 kg. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity produced on an
object at the distance of 3 x 105 km from the center of Earth.
Solution,
Mass of Earth = M = 6 x1024 kg
Distance from the center of Earth = 3 x 105 km
= 3 x 105 x 1000 m
= 3 x 108 m
Universal gravitational constant = G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
Acceleration due to gravity
𝐺 .𝑀
g=
𝑑2
6.67 𝑥 10−11 𝑥 6 𝑥1024
or, g =
3 𝑥 108 2
40.02 𝑥 10−11+24
or, g =
9 𝑥 1016
or g = 4.446 x 1013-16
⸫ g = 4.446 x 10-3
Acceleration due to gravity at distance ‘d’ from center of earth = g = 4.446 x 10-3 m/s2
Numericals:
Example 9: The height of Mount Everest is 8848 m. calculate the value of
acceleration due to gravity at the top of Mount Everest if its value at the
surface of Earth is 9.8 m/s2. (Radius of Earth = 6400)
Solution,
Radius of Earth = R = 6400 km
= 6400 x 1000 m
= 6.4 x 106 m
Universal gravitational constant = G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
Height above the Mount Everest = h = 8848 m
Acceleration due to gravity on the Earth surface = g = 9.8 m/s2
Acceleration due to gravity on the top of Mount Everest
𝑅 2
𝑔′ = 𝑥 𝑔
𝑅+ℎ
2
6.4 𝑥 106
or, 𝑔′ = 𝑥 9.8
6.4 𝑥 106 +8848
6400000 2
or, 𝑔′ = 𝑥 9.8
6408848
or, g’ = 0.9986 x 9.8
or, g’ = 9.7 m/s2
Acceleration due to gravity at top of Mount Everest = g = 9.7 m/s2
 Numericals:
Example 10: The weight of an object on the surface of Earth is 200 N. Calculate the
weight of object at height 6400 km from surface of earth. (Radius of Earth = 6400)
Solution,
Radius of Earth = R = 6400 km
= 6400 x 1000 m
= 6.4 x 106 m
Weight of an object on the surface of earth = w1 = 200 N
We know,
𝐺.𝑀.𝑚
w1 =
𝑅2
𝐺 .𝑀 .𝑚
or, 200 =
6.4 𝑥 106 2
or, G. M. m = 200 x 6.4 𝑥 106 2 …………… (1)
Height above the surface of Earth = h = 6400 km
= 6400 x 1000 m
= 6.4 x 106 m
Numericals:
Example 10:
Then, weight of an object at the height ‘h’
𝐺 .𝑀 .𝑚
w2 =
𝑅+ℎ 2
2
200 𝑥 6.4 𝑥 106
or, 𝑤2 =
6.4 𝑥 106 + 6.4 𝑥 106 2
2
200 𝑥 6.4 𝑥 106
or, 𝑤2 =
12.8 𝑥 106 2

200 𝑥 40.96 𝑥 1012

or, 𝑤2 =
163.84 𝑥 1012
or, 𝑤2 = 50
Therefore, the weight of object at the height 6400 km from the
surface of Earth = 50 N
Numericals:
Example 11:
The weight of an object on the surface of Earth is 900 N. How far it should be taken
from the surface of Earth so that its weight will be 100 N. (Radius of Earth = 6400)
Solution,
Radius of Earth = R = 6400 km
= 6400 x 1000 m
= 6.4 x 106 m
Weight of an object on the surface of earth = w1 = 900 N
We know,
𝐺.𝑀.𝑚
w1 =
𝑅2
𝐺 .𝑀 .𝑚
or, 900 =
6.4 𝑥 106 2
or, G. M. m = 900 x 6.4 𝑥 106 2
…………… (1)

Let the object be taken to the distance ‘h m’ from surface of Earth so that its
weight will be 100 N. then,
𝐺 .𝑀 .𝑚
𝑤2 =
(𝑅+ℎ)2
Numericals:
Example 11:
𝐺 .𝑀 .𝑚
𝑤2 =
(𝑅+ℎ)2
6 2
900 𝑥 6.4 𝑥 10
or, 𝑤2 =
6.4 𝑥 106 +ℎ 2
900 𝑥 40.96 𝑥 1012
or, 100 = 2
6
6.4 𝑥 10 +ℎ
900 𝑥 40.96 𝑥 1012
or, 6.4 𝑥 106 +ℎ 2 =
100
or, 6.4 𝑥 106 + ℎ 2 = 368.64 x 1012
or, 6.4 𝑥 106 + ℎ = 368.64 x 1012
or, h = 19.2 x 106 - 6.4 𝑥 106
⸫ h = 12.8 x 106 m

Therefore the height above the surface of Earth = h = 12.8 x 106 m

Numericals:
Example 12:
When a piece of stone is dropped from top of Dharahara before 2072 Baisakh 12, 11:56
am, it took 6 seconds to reach to the ground. What was the height of Dharahara?
Solution,
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 m/s2
Time taken to reach ground = t = 6 s
We know,
1
ℎ = 𝑔𝑡 2
2
1
or, ℎ = 𝑥 9.8 𝑥 62
2
or, h = 176.4 m 10 m 10 m

Therefore height of Dharahara was 176.4 m

Moon’s Surface Earth’s Surface
g = 1.67 m/s2 g = 9.8 m/s2

➢In the given figure, two identical metal balls A and B having equal masses
are being dropped towards the surface of Moon and the Earth. If both are
released simultaneously, which one does strike the ground faster? Show with
calculation.
Freefall and Weightlessness
Freefall:
When an object falls freely under the action of
gravity in the absence of air resistance, then it is
called freefall.

Weightlessness:
The condition at which weight of body is considered
to be zero is called weightlessness

Weightlessness due to freefall:

When an object falls freely under the action of
gravity in the absence of air resistance, then the
weight of body is considered to be zero, this
condition is called weightlessness due to freefall.

Freefall is the cause and weightlessness is the effect.

Freefall and Weightlessness
❖What is the acceleration of an object during freefall?
➢The acceleration of the object will be equals to g = 9.8m/s2.
❖What is weight of an object during freefall?
➢The weight of the object will be zero during freefall.
❖What is the difference between fall of parachute on the Earth
and on the moon?
➢The fall of parachute on the Moon – it is freefall
➢ On the Earth – it is not freefall
Conditions for weightlessness:
▪ During the freefall (a = g)
▪ In the space (g = 0 m/s2)
▪ At the center of Earth
▪ Inside the artificial satellite revolving round the Earth
Freefall and Weightlessness
❖Our Earth is pulled by the Sun with huge gravitational force,
but it does not go towards the Sun, why?
❖Artificial satellite do not need any energy to revolve round the
Earth, why?
❖Artificial satellite do not fall towards the Earth while revolving
round the Earth, why?
❖An astronaut feels weightlessness inside the artificial satellite
revolving round the Earth, does it mean that there is no
gravitational force in the artificial satellite? Justify your answer.
➢When an artificial satellite revolve round the Earth, it gains
centrifugal force which is equal and opposite to the
gravitational force of earth so they cancelled each other, hence