Signals & Systems - Chapter 6

1S. A real-valued signal x(t) is known to be uniquely determined by its samples when the sampling
frequency is ws = 10,000π π. For what values of w is X(jw) guaranteed to be zero?

Solution:

From the Nyquist sampling theorem, it is know that X(jw) = 0 for |w| > ws/2. In other word signal frequencies
above ws/2 are not recoverable. Therefore:

answer is any frequency w such that |w| > 5,000π

1U. A real-valued signal x(t) is known to be uniquely determined by its samples when the sampling
frequency is fs = 25,000. For what values of w is X(jw) guaranteed to be zero?

Solution:

2S. A continuous-time signal x(t) is obtained at the output of an ideal lowpass filter with cut off
frequency wc = 1,000π
π. If impulse-train sampling is performed on x(t), which of the following
sampling periods would guarantee that x(t) can be recovered from its sampled version using a
appropriate lowpass filter?
-3
a) T = 0.5 x 10 Sec.
-3
b) T = 2 x 10 Sec.
-4
c) T = 10 Sec.

Solution:

Hlp(jw)
Signal with maximum frequency wm = 1,000π pass
through Sampling rate ws >2 wm = 2,000π

-wc 0 wc
-3
So Sampling period, TS, < (2π/wm)= 2π/2,000π =1 x 10 Seconds

a and c meet this condition.

2U. A continuous-time signal x(t) is obtained at the output of an ideal lowpass filter with cut off
frequency wc = 2,500 . If impulse-train sampling is performed on x(t), which of the following
sampling periods would guarantee that x(t) can be recovered from its sampled version using a
appropriate lowpass filter?
-3
a) T = 1.0 x 10 Sec.
-3
b) T =0.5 x 10 Sec.
-4
c) T = 10 Sec.

Solution:

3S. The frequency which, under the sampling theorem, must be exceeded by the sampling frequency is
called the Nyquist rate. Determine the Nyquist rate corresponding to each of the following signals:

a) x(t) = 1 + cos(2,000πt) + sin(4,000πt)

sin( 4,000π t )
b) x(t)=
πt

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 2
 sin( 4,000π t ) 
c) x(t)=  
 π t 

Solution:
Nyquist rate = 2 x maximum signal frequency
Sampling Rate must exceed Nyquist rate in order to be able to fully reconstruct the signal.

a) x(t) = 1 + cos(2,000πt) + sin(4,000πt)

The frequency for each term is a follows
Term 1 is DC w1 = 0
Term 2 w2 = 2,000π
Term 3 w3 = 4,000π

Maximum Signal Frequency wm = 4,000π

Another way of saying this is that X(jw) =0 for |w| > 4,000π

Sampling theorem says that ws > 2wm = 8,000π

Therefore Nyquist rate is 8,000π

sin( 4,000π t )
b) x(t) =
πt
Using Fourier Transform table, we have X(jw) = 1 for |w| < 4000π
0 for |w| > 4000π

Therefore Maximum Signal Frequency wm = 4,000π

Sampling theorem says that ws > 2wm = 8,000π

Therefore Nyquist rate is 8,000π

2
 sin( 4,000π t ) 
c) x(t) =  
 πt 
sin( 4,000π t )
We can rewrite the above function as x(t) = x1(t)x1((t) where x1((t)
πt
Using the Convolution property X(jw) = (1/2π)X1(jw)* X1(jw)

We know that convolving a signal with itself will double the maximum frequency therefore:

Therefore Maximum Signal Frequency wm = 8,000π

Sampling theorem says that ws > 2wm = 16,000π

Therefore Nyquist rate is 16,000π

3U. The frequency which, under the sampling theorem, must be exceeded by the sampling frequency is
called the Nyquist rate. Determine the Nyquist rate corresponding to each of the following signals:

a) x(t) = 1 + cos(3,000πt) + sin(6,500πt)

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 sin(12,000π t )
b) x(t)=
πt
2
 sin(14,000π t ) 
c) x(t)=  
 πt 

Solution:

4S. Let x(t) be a signal with Nyquist rate wo. Determine the Nyquist rate for each of the following
signals:
a) x(t) + x(t – 1)
dx (t )
b)
dt
2
c) x (t)
d) x(t)cos(wot)

Solution:
Nyquist rate = 2 x maximum signal frequency
Sampling Rate must exceed Nyquist rate in order to be able to fully reconstruct the signal.

a) y(t) = x(t) + x(t-1)

-jw
Fourier transform Y(jw) = X(jw) + e X(jw)

Since the Maximum Frequency for Y(jw) is the same as X(jw) then y(t) Nyquist rate is also w0.

dx (t )
b) y(t) =
dt
Fourier transform Y(jw) =jwX(jw)

Since the Maximum Frequency for Y(jw) is the same as X(jw) then y(t) Nyquist rate is also w0.
2
c) y(t) = x (t)
We can rewrite the above function as y(t) = x(t)x((t)
Using the Convolution property Y(jw) =(1/2π) X(jw)* X(jw)

We know that convolving a signal with itself will double the maximum frequency therefore:

Therefore Y(jw) =0 for |w| > w0 in other word Maximum Signal Frequency wm = w0

Therefore Nyquist rate is 2w0

X ( j ( w − w0 )) X ( j ( w + w0 ))
d) y (t ) = x(t ) cos(w0 t ) FourierTra
  nsform
→ Y ( jw) = +
2 2
Note: Use cos Fourier transform and convolution property to find Y(jw)

We see that Y(jw) = 0 when |w| > w0.+ w0/2 since X(jw)=0 when |w|> w0/2

Therefore Nyquist rate = 2wm = 3w0

4U. Let x(t) be a signal with Nyquist rate wo. Determine the Nyquist rate for each of the following
signals:
a) x(-t) + x(t – 3)

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 dx (t − 3)
b)
dt
jw t
c) x (t )e 0
d) x(t)sin(wot)

5S. Let x(t) be a signal with Nyquist rate wo. Also, let y(t) -= x(t)p(t – 1) where
∞
2π
p(t ) = ∑ δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
and T <
wo
Specify the constraints on the magnitude and phase of the frequency response of a filter that gives
x(t) as its output when y(t) as the input.

Solution:
Nyquist rate = 2 x maximum signal frequency
Sampling Rate must exceed Nyquist rate in order to be able to fully reconstruct the signal.

∞
2π
p (t ) FourierTra
  nsform
→
T
∑ δ (w − k 2π / T )
k = −∞

Shifting Pr operty
2π − jw ∞ 2π ∞
p (t − 1) FourierTra
  nsform
→ e ∑ δ ( w − k 2π / T ) = ∑ δ ( w − k 2π / T )e − jk 2π / T

T k = −∞ T k = −∞
Since y(t) = x(t)p(t-1)

1 1 ∞
y ( jw) = ( )[ X ( jw) * FT { p (t − 1)} = ∑ X ( j ( w − k 2π / T )e − jk 2π / T
2π T k = −∞
Therefore Y(jw) consists of copies of X(jw) shifted by k2π/T and added together as shown below

X(jw)

w
-w0/2 w0/2

Y(jw)
j2π/T
(A/T)e A/T (A/T)e-j2π/T

.... ....
w
-2π/T -w0/2 w0/2 2π/T

In order to recover x(t) from y(t), we need to be able to isolate one copy of X(jw) from Y(jw). From the
figure we see that if we multiply Y(jw) with filter H(jw):

H(jw) = T for |w| ≤ wc

0 for |w|>wc.

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 Where (w0/2) < wc < (2π/T) – (w0/2)

5U. Let x(t) be a signal with Nyquist rate wo. Also, let y(t) -= x(t)p(t – 3) where
∞
2π
p(t ) = ∑ δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
and T <
wo
Specify the constraints on the magnitude and phase of the frequency response of a filter that gives
x(t) as its output when y(t) us the input.

Solution:

6S. In the system shown below, two functions of time, x1(t) and x2(t), are multiplied together, and the
product w(t) is sampled by a periodic impulse train. x1(t) is band limited to w1, and x2(t) is band
limited to w2; that is
X1(jw) = 0 for |w| ≥ w1
X2(jw) = 0 for |w| ≥ w2

Determine the maximum sampling interval T such that w(t) is recoverable from wp(t) through the use
of an ideal lowpass filter.

∞
P(t) = ∑ δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
x1(t)
w(t)
X X wp(t)

x2(t)
X2(jw)
X1(jw)

w w
-w1 w1 -w2 w2
Solution:
w(t) = x1(t)x2(t) →W(jw) = (1/2π){X1(jw) * X2(jw)}

We have the following facts:

1) X1(jw)=0 for |w| > w1
2) X2(jw)=0 for |w| > w2
Convolution two signal will result a signal that is non-zero with at least on of the signals is non-zero

Therefore:
W(jw)=0 for |w| > (w1 + w2)

Nyquist rate = 2 wM = 2(w1 + w2) which is also the minimum sampling frequency for the signal to be
recoverable.

Maximum sampling period = 2π / ( minimum sampling frequency) = 2π / 2(w1 + w2) = π / (w1 + w2)

6U. In the system two functions of time, x1(t) and x2(t), are multiplied together, and the product w(t) is
sampled by a periodic impulse train where:

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 d (e j 2000t + 10e − j 2500πt )
x1(t) =
dt
j 2000 t
x2(t) = e Cos (15000πt ) Sin(12000πt )

Determine the maximum sampling interval T such that w(t) is recoverable from the samples.

Solution:

7S. Determine whether each of the following statement is true or false:

a) The signal x(t) = u(t + To) – u(t – To) can undergo impulse-train sampling without aliasing,
provided that the sampling period T < 2To.
b) The signal x(t) with Fourier transform X(jw) = u(w + wo) – u(w – wo) can undergo impulse-train
sampling without aliasing, provided that the sampling period T < π/wo.
c) The signal x(t) with Fourier transform X(jw) = u(w) – u(w - wo) can undergo impulse-train sampling
without aliasing, provided that the sampling period T< 2π π/wo.

Solution:

1  1 
a) x(t) = u(t + To) – u(t – To) X ( jw) = e + jwT0  + πδ ( w) − e − jwT0  + πδ ( w)
 jw   jw 
Meaning that x(t) is not a band-limited signal (wM is not finite) therefore we can not sample it at a high
enough rate so that it can be reconstructed . {Answer: False}

b) X(jw) = u(w+w0) –u(w-w0) X(jw)=0 for |w| > w0 x(t) is band limited

Nyquist rate = 2wM = 2w0 ws > 2w0 for no aliasing (2π/Ts) > 2w0

Therefore sampling period without aliasing is Ts < (π/w0)

{Answer: True}

c) First draw X(jw) and its convolution with Impulse train with Sampling frequency = 2π/T > w0

X(jw)
1

w
w0

P(jw)*X(jw)

... ...
w
-w0 0 +w0
So if we Filter the x(t)p(t) through a low pass filter with the cut off frequency of wc = w0 we can recover
the signal.

{Answer: True}

7U. Determine whether each of the following statement is true or false:

a) The signal x(t) = 7u(t + 2To) – 12u(t – 2To) can undergo impulse-train sampling without aliasing,
provided that the sampling period T < 4To.
b) The signal x(t) with Fourier transform X(jw) = u(w + wo) – u(w – 2wo) can undergo impulse-train
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 sampling without aliasing, provided that the sampling period T < 2π π/wo.
c) The signal x(t) with Fourier transform X(jw) = 5u(w) – 21u(w - wo/2) can undergo impulse-train
sampling without aliasing, provided that the sampling period T< π/wo.

Solution:

8S. A signal x(t) with Fourier transform X(jw) undergoes impulse-train sampling to generate
∞
x p (t ) = ∑ x(nT )δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
-4
where T=10 . For each of the following sets of constraints on x(t) and/or X(jw). Does the sampling
theorem guarantee that x(t) can be recovered exactly from xp(t)?

a) X(jw) = 0 for |w| > 5,000π π

b) X(jw) = 0 for |w| > 15,000π π
c) {Real X(jw)} = 0 for |w| > 5,000π π
d) x(t) is real and X(jw)=0 for w > 5,000ππ
e) x(t) is real and X(jw)=0 for w < -15,000ππ
f) X(jw)*X(jw)=0 for |w| > 15,000π π
g) |X(jw)|=0 for w > 5,000π π

Solution:

For all the section sampling frequency is Ws = 2π/T = 20,000π.

for signal to be recoverable 2x(Max. Signal Frequency, W M) < Ws

a) Maximum signal Frequency = wM = 5,000π

2 W M = 10,000 π < Ws = 20,000π Therefore X(jw) is fully recoverable.

b) Maximum signal Frequency = wM = 15,000π

2 W M = 30,000 π > Ws = 20,000π Therefore X(jw) is not fully recoverable.

c) Since we do not have the imaginary portion of X(jw), we can determine Nyquist rate is indeterminate
which means we cannot guarantee recovery.

d) Maximum signal Frequency = wM = 5,000π

2 W M = 10,000 π < Ws = 20,000π Therefore X(jw) is fully recoverable.

e) Maximum signal Frequency = wM = 15,000π

2 W M = 30,000 π > Ws = 20,000π Therefore X(jw) is not fully recoverable.

f) Convolution property says that:

X(jw) = 0 for |w|>w1 X(jw)*X(jw) = 0 for |w|>w1
Therefore in this problem:
X(jw) = 0 for |w| > 15,000π/2
Maximum signal Frequency = W M = 15,000π/2
2 W M = 15,000 π < Ws = 20,000π Therefore X(jw) is fully recoverable.

g) fs=10,000 ws = 20,000π.
Maximum signal Frequency = wM = 5,000π
2 W M = 10,000 π < Ws = 20,000π Therefore X(jw) is fully recoverable.

8U. A signal x(t) with Fourier transform X(jw) undergoes impulse-train sampling to generate
∞
x p (t ) = ∑ x(nT )δ (t − nT )
n = −∞

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 -5
where T=2x10 . For each of the following sets of constraints on x(t) and/or X(jw), does the sampling
theorem guarantee that x(t) can be recovered exactly from xp(t)?

a) X(jw) = 0 for |w| > 51,000π

π
b) X(jw) = 0 for |w| > 15,000π
π
c) X(jw)*X(jw)=0 for |w| > 30,000π
π
d) |X(jw)|=0 for w > 49,000π π

Solution:

9S. Using the following system in which sampling signal is an impulse train with alternating sign.

p(t)
1
p(t) ... ∆ ...
2∆
xp(t) H(jw)
x(t) X y(t) -1
X(jw)

W
-wM wM

H(jw)

1
w
-3π/∆ -π/∆ π/∆ 3π/∆

a) For ∆ < π/(2wM), sketch the Fourier transform of xp(t) and y(t)
b) For ∆ < π/(2wM), determine a system that will recover x(t) from xp(t).
c) For ∆ < π/(2wM), determine a system that will recover x(t) from y(t).
d) what is the maximum value of ∆ in relations to wM for which x(t) can be recovered from either xp(t)
or y(t)?

Solution:

∞ ∞
π
a) We can write p(t) = p1(t) – p1(t-∆) where p1(t) = ∑ δ (t − k 2∆) ⇒ P1 ( jw) =
k = −∞
∑ δ ( w − π / ∆)
∆ k = −∞
using the above information and the time shifting property we can write P(jw) as:
-jw∆
P(jw) = P1(jw) – e P1(jw)
∞ ∞
π πk πk
P ( jw) = { ∑ δ (w − )− ∑ δ (w − )e − jw∆ } where e − jw∆ = e − jwk = ( −1) k where w=πk/∆
∆ k = −∞ ∆ k = −∞ ∆
1
FT
x p (t )= x (t ) p (t ) → X p ( jw) = [X ( jw) * P( jw)]
2π

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 P(jw)
... 2π/∆ ...

w
-3π/∆ -2π/∆ -π/∆ 0 π/∆ 2π/∆ 3π/∆

Xp(jw)
1/∆ ...
...

w
-3π/∆ -2π/∆ -π/∆ 0 π/∆ 2π/∆ 3π/∆

H(jw)
...
... 1

-3π/∆ -2π/∆ -π/∆ 0 π/∆ 2π/∆ 3π/∆ w

Y(jw)=Xp(jw)H(jw)
... 1/∆
...

-3π/∆ -2π/∆ -π/∆ 0 π/∆ 2π/∆ 3π/∆ w

b) recovering x(t) from xp(t)

Let’s use:
1) FT{cos(w0t)} = π[δ(w-w0) + δ(w-w0)
2) Convolutions FT{xp(t)cos(πt/∆)} = (1/2π)Xp(jw)*{ π[δ(w-π/∆) + δ(w-π/∆)}

cos(πt/∆) H(jw)
∆

xp(t) X w x(t)
-wM wM

c) recovering x(t) from y(t) – use similar process as b.

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 cos(πt/∆) H(jw)
2∆

y(t) X w x(t)
-wM wM

d) As can be seen from figure in section a, we can avoid aliasing by having wM < π/∆ since sampling rate is
wS = 2π/∆ and it has to be larger the wM for guaranteed recover.

9U. Using the following system in which sampling signal is an impulse train with alternating sign.

p(t)
1
p(t) ... 2∆ ...
4∆
xp(t) H(jw)
x(t) X y(t) -1
X(jw)

W
-wM wM

H(jw)

1
w
-4π/∆ -2π/∆ 2π/∆ 4π/∆

What is the maximum value of ∆ in relations to wM for which x(t) can be recovered from either xp(t) or
y(t)?

Solution:

10S. The sampling theorem states that a signal x(t) must be sampled at a rate greater than its
bandwidth (or equivalently, a rate greater than twice its highest frequency). This implies that if x(t)
has a spectrum as indicated in figure (a) then x(t) must be samples at a rate greater than 2w2.
However, since the signal has most of its energy concentrated in a narrow band, it would seem
reasonable to expect that a sampling rate lower than twice the highest frequency could be used. A
signal whose energy is concentrated in a frequency band is often referred to as a bandpass signal.
There are a variety of techniques for sampling such signals, generally referred to as bandpass-
sampling techniques.
To examine the possibility of sampling a bandpass signal at a rate less than the total bandwidth,
consider the system shown in figure (b). Assuming the w1 > w2 – w1, find the maximum value of T
and the values of the constant A, wa and wb such that xr(t) = x(t).

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 +∞
p(t)= ∑ δ (t − nT )
k = −∞
Figure (a) X(jw) Figure (b)

xp(t)
1 x(t) X H(jw) xf(t)

w p(t)
-w2 -w1 w1 w2
... 1 ...
T t
H(jw)

... A ...
-wb -wa wa wb w

Solution:
∞
2π
We have that P ( jw) =
T
∑ δ ( w − k 2π / T )
k = −∞

1 1 ∞
Since xp(t) = x(t)p(t) X p ( jw) = [ X ( jw) * P ( jw)] = ∑ δ ( w − k 2π / T )
2π T k = −∞

P(jw)
... 2π/T ...

w
-4π/T -2π/T 0 2π/T 4π/T

Xp(jw)
1/T
... ...

w1 w2 w
-2π/T 0 2π/T 2π/T - w2

Consider that aliasing does not occurs when (2π/T – w2) > 0 Sampling period, T < 2π/w2
which means TMax = 2π/w2 and result in following XP(jw):

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 Xp(jw)
1/T
... ...
w
-2π/T 0 2π/T 2π/T - w2

In order to have xr(t) = x(t) A= T, wa = 2π/T & wa = wb- w1

10U. Consider the system shown in figure (b). Assuming the w1 > w2 – w1, find the maximum value of T
and the values of the constant A, wa and wb such that xr(t) = x(t).

+∞
p(t)= ∑ δ (t − 4nT )
k = −∞
(a) X(jw) (b)

xp(t)
1 x(t) X H(jw) xf(t)

w p(t)
-w2 -w1 w1 w2
... 1 ...
4T t
H(jw)

... A ...
-wb -wa wa wb w

Solution:

11S. The system shown below consists of a continuous-time LTI system followed by a sampler,
conversion to a sequence, and an LTI discrete-time system. The continuous-time LTI system is
causal and satisfies the linear, constant-coefficient differential equation
dyc (t )
+ y c (t ) = x c (t )
dt
The input xc(t) is a unit impulse δ(t)

a) Determine yc(t).
jw
b) determine the frequency response H(e ) and the impulse response h[n] such that w[n] = δ[n].

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 yc(t) Conversion of y[n]
xc(t) LTI LTI w[n]
impulse train to
System X H(ejw)
a sequence

+∞
p(t)= ∑ δ (t − nT )
k = −∞
y[n]=yc(nT)

Solution:

a) xc(t) = δ(t)
dy c (t )
+ y c (t ) = δ (t )
dt
Take F .T . of both side
jwYc ( jw) + Yc ( jw) = 1
1
Yc ( jw) = → y c (t ) = e −t u (t )
IFT
jw + 1

b)
y c (t ) = e − t u (t )
y[n] = y c (nT ) = e − nT u[n]
1
Y (e jw ) =
1 − e e − jw −T

jw W (e jw )
given : H (e ) = ;
Y ((e jw )
FT
given : w[n] = δ [n] → W (e jw ) = 1
1
H (e jw ) = = 1 − e −T e − jw
1
1 − e −T e − jw
Therefore
h[n] = δ [n] − e −T δ [n − 1]

11U. A continuous-time LTI system is causal and satisfies the following linear, constant-coefficient
differential equation:
dy (t )
3 + 5 y (t ) = 2 x (t )
dt

x(t) System y(t)

Determine y(t) and h(t) if input x(t) is a unit impulse δ(t).

Solution:

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 2
12S. A signal, x (t), undergoes sampling using the following pulse train:
∞
T
p (t ) = ∑ δ (t − 10,000 )
n = −∞

2
Explain if x (t) can be fully recovered from the sampled signal where |X(jw)|=0 for |w| > 8,000
rad/sec.

Solution:

Ts = 0.0001 Ws = 2π/T = 20,000 π Sampling Frequecy

Mag. F{x(t)x(t)}=|X(jw)*X(jW)|=0 for |w|>16,000 wM = 16,000
Since Ws < 2 W M signal is NOT recoverable from the sampled data

13S. x(t) has a Nyquist rate of w0. Determine the Nyquist rate of the following signal:

y(t) = x(t)cos(2wot)

Solution

Nyquist rate = 2 x maximum signal frequency

Sampling Rate must exceed Nyquist rate in order to be able to fully reconstruct the signal.

X ( j ( w − w0 )) X ( j ( w + w0 ))
y (t ) = x(t ) cos(w0 t ) FourierTra
  nsform
→ Y ( jw) = +
2 2
Note: Use cos Fourier transform and convolution property to find Y(jw)

We see that Y(jw) = 0 when |w| > 2w0.+ w0/2 since Y(jw)=0 when |w|> 5w0/2

Therefore Nyquist rate = 2wm = 5w0

14S. What is the maximum allowable sampling period such that the following signal can be recovered
from the sampled signal?

x(t) = Cos (2258π

πt) * sin(7742π
πt)
Note: “*” indicates convolution

Solutions:

X(jw) = π[δ(w-2258) + δ(w+2258)]+ π/j[δ(w-7742) + δ(w+7742)] = 0 for all w

T ∞

Wrong Approach
This approach would be correct if the convolution was in time domain.
w1 = 2258πt
w2 = 7742πt

wM = (2258π + 7742π)=10000π

wS > 2wM must be true for the signal to be recoverable

2π/Ts > 20000π Ts < 1/10000 sec or 100 uSec.

15S. xp(t) is a sampled signal from x(t) with Fourier transform X(jw) as shown below:
∞
x p [t ] = ∑ x(nT )δ (t − nT )
m = −∞

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 Determine the limits of sampling period that guarantees x(t) is recoverable completely from the
signal xp(t) when X(jw)*X(jw)=0 for |w| > 1500π
π.

Solutions:

Based on Convolution property we know that

If X(jw)=0 for |w| > w1 then X(jw)*X(jw)=0 for |w|>2w1

Therefore, we can conclude that x(jw)=0 for |w|>1500π/2 = 750π

In order to avoid aliasing and be able to recover x(t) from the xp(t)

Sampling Frequency = ws > 2wm = 1500π

2π/Ts > 1500π
Ts < 1/750 Seconds

16S. Let x(t) be a signal with Nyquist rate 2000 rad/sec. Determine the Nyquist rate for the following
signal:
x(t)cos(3000t)

Solution:
X ( j ( w − 3000)) X ( j ( w + 3000))
y (t ) = x (t ) cos(3000t ) FourierTra
  nsform
→ Y ( jw) = +
2 2
Nyquist rate is 2 wM therefore x(jw) = 0 when |w| > 1000 rad/sec.

Therefore Y(jw) = 0 when |w| > 1000+ 3000 = 4000 rad/sec.

Therefore Nyquist rate = 2wm = 2 * 4000 = 8,000 rad/sec.

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