Waves - Combine

LESSON 1 : Vibrations and Waves
t
1- Introduction T= , t = time
n
= number of oscillations
 A wave is produced by a source of vibration.
 Mechanical waves need a material medium or their
2.6- Frequency, f
propagation.
 Examples of mechanical waves include water waves
The number of complete oscillations per second.
,sound waves, shock waves as in earthquakes and waves
The S.I. unit is Hertz (Hz)
in strings, springs and rods.
Electromagnetic waves do not need a material medium for
their propagation.
1 n
f = or f =
 Examples of electromagnetic waves are radio waves , T t
light waves , infra-red (IR) and ultra-violet ( UV).
 As a wave travels through a medium, there is no transfer
of matter but only transfer of energy from a vibrating
source. 3- Displacement – time graph
2- Common terminology of vibrations
2.1- Vibration:
A periodic motion where the system performs a

repeated to-and-fro motion about an equilibrium
position.
2.2- Equilibrium position:
The position of the object where is no resultant Example 1

force acts on the object.
A pendulum makes 20 complete oscillations in 24.0 s.
2.3- One oscillation: Calculate
To-and-fro motion from the equilibrium position. (a) the period (b) the frequency
Solution
(a)- (b)-
Example 2
2.4- Amplitude
The maximum displacement of the objects from their

equilibrium position.
2.5- Period, T
The time taken for one complete oscillation. Based on he graph above, determine the
(a) amplitude (b) period
The S.I. unit is second (s) (c) frequency
1
Solution
(a)- (b)-
(c)-
4- Natural Frequency
The frequency of the free oscillation of a system without
any external forces are exerted to the system.
4.1- Factors affecting the natural frequency of the

vibration systems.
Vibration system Factors affecting Formula
Oscillation of a
pendulum 4.3- What is meant by Resonance?
A phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of forced

Oscillation of a vibrations on an object matches the object’s natural frequency
spring hang with and a dramatic increase in amplitude results.
a mass
4.4- Experiment to show a phenomenon of resonance
Oscillation of a
jigsaw blade fixed
with plasticine
ball
4.2- Transformation of energy in a vibration system.

• The pendulum B ( driver pendulum) is pulled well aside
an released so that it oscillates in plane perpendicular.
• All the pendulums oscillate but with different amplitudes.
• The pendulum D whose length equals that of the driver
(pendulum B) has the greatest amplitude because its
natural frequency of oscillation is the same as the
frequency of the driving pendulum.
4.5- Examples of Resonance in Everyday Life
Example 1:
• A car or a washing machine may vibrate quite violently at
particular speeds. In each case ,resonance occurs when
the frequency of a rotating part ( motor, wheel, drum etc.)
is equal to a natural frequency of vibration of the body of
2
the machine. Resonance can build up a vibration to a has a magnetic field, so the protons act like small
large amplitude. magnets.
• These are normally aligned in random directions. Placing
Example 2: a patient in a strong magnetic fields keeps these mini
magnets almost in line. Their field axis just rotates , a bite
• The story is told of an opera singer who could shatter a like a spinning top. This is called precessing.
glass by singing a note at its natural frequency.
Example 3: 4.5.1- Damping
• The wind ,blowing in gusts, once caused a suspension • Damping is a word used to describe how movement and
bridge to sway with increasing amplitude until it reached vibrations are reduced or slowed down.
a point where the structure was over-stressed and the • Damping is a process whereby oscillations die down due
bridge collapsed. to a loss of energy to friction forces.
• When a system is damped , the amplitude of the of
Example 4: oscillation decreases slowly until the system stops
oscillating.
• Wind instruments such as flute, clarinet, trumpet etc. • Damping is usually caused by external frictional forces
depend on the idea of resonance. Longitudinal pressure such as air resistance . It can also be caused by
waves can be set up in the air inside the instrument. The internal forces , where energy is lost from the system in
column of air has its own natural frequencies at which it form of heat.
can vibrate.
• When we blow, we use the mouthpiece to start some
vibrations. Those which happen to match exactly the
natural frequencies of the instrument are picked out and
magnified.
Example 5 :
• The another example of useful resonance is the tuning

circuit on a radio set. Radio waves of all frequencies
strike the aerial and only the one which is required must
be picked out.
• This is done by having a capacitance-inductance
combination which resonates to the frequency of the
required wave . The capacitance is variable; by altering
its value other frequencies can be obtained.
Example 6 :
• Microwave ovens use resonance. The frequency of

microwaves almost equals the natural frequency of
vibration of a water molecule. This makes the water
molecules in food resonate .
• This means they take in energy from the microwaves • In daily use ,e.g. shock absorbers in cars cause
and so they get hotter. This heat conducts and cooks the oscillations to die down after a car has gone over a bump
food. in the road.
• For another example, damping is introduced intentionally
Example 7 : in measurement instruments such as galvanometer ,
spring balance etc. to overcome the problem of taking a
• The picture showing the insides of the body was reading from an oscillating needle.
produced using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our
bodies contain a lot of hydrogen , mostly in water. The
proton in a hydrogen spins . A spinning charged particle
3
TUTORIAL 1 4 A child on a swing makes 20 complete swings in 30
seconds. What is the frequency of the oscillation?
1 The figure shows a bob of a simple pendulum is swinging
between point A and point C. A 1 Hz B 1 Hz
3 2
C 2 Hz D 3 Hz
3 2
E 2 Hz
5
One oscillation is counted when it oscillating from
A A to B
B A to C
C A to C and back C to B
D A to C and back C to A
2 The figure shows a bob of a simple pendulum is swinging

between point P and point Q. It takes 13.8 s to swing Base on the figure above, which distance represents the
from P to Q and back to P twenty times amplitude?
6 The diagram shows how displacement varies with time.
What is the period of the pendulum?

A 0.69 s B 1.38 s
C 1.45 s D 27.6 s
E 276 s Which of the following is true?
3 The figure shows a pendulum is swinging. The time Amplitude/ m Period / s Frequency / Hz
taken from the rest position M to its maximum A 0 .1 0.50 2
displacement N is 2.0 s. B 0.2 0.50 1
C 0.1 0.25 4
D 0.2 0.50 2
7 The period of oscillations of a simple pendulum increases

when the ________________________ increases.
A length of the pendulum

B mass of the bob of the pendulum
C acceleration due to gravity
What is the period of the pendulum? D amplitude of the oscillations of the pendulum
A 2.0 s B 4.0 s
C 6.0 s D 8.0 s
E 10.0 s
4
8 The figure shows P,Q,R and S are four pendulums of
different lengths and masses of the bob.
Which pendulum swings the slowest?

A P B Q
C R D S
9 Pak Abu has a pendulum clock as shown in the diagram

below.
12 A spring is loaded with a weight of 40 g takes 0.6 s to
make a complete swing. What is the time of a complete
swing of the spring , when the spring is carried out to the
surface of the Moon?
( g earth = 1 g moon )
6
A 0.1 s B 0.6 s C 3.6 s
D 4.2 s E 10.0S
13 The vibration frequency of a piece of jigsaw blade with

plasticine ball at its end is not depends on
A the length of the jigsaw blade
B the stiffness of the jigsaw blade
Every day it was observed that the clock was slow
about 2 minutes. To correct the clock Pak Ali C the mass of the plasticine ball
A raised the position of the bob D the acceleration due to gravity
B lowest the position of the bob
C increased the mass of the bob 14 What energy changes take place when a load hang at the
end of a spring is displaced downwards and released to
D decreased the mass of the bob
make vertical vibrations?
10 The figure shows a simple pendulum.
A Gravitational Potential Energy → Kinetic energy
→ Elastic Potential Energy
B Kinetic energy→ Gravitational Potential Energy →
Elastic Potential Energy
C Gravitational Potential Energy → Kinetic energy →
Gravitational Potential Energy
Which of the following is true? D Elastic Potential Energy → Kinetic energy →
A The amplitude of oscillation is 20 cm Elastic Potential Energy
B The period of oscillation is the taken to move from
A to C 15 The figure shows a pendulum is swinging.
C The frequency of oscillation increases when the
length of pendulum decreases
11 Which of the following arrangements of springs produces

the highest frequency?
[ All the springs are identical ]
5
Which of the pendulums will oscillate with the highest
amplitude?
A Pendulum W B Pendulum X
C Pendulum Y D Pendulum Z
19 Which of the following physical quantities has a maximum

value when resonance occurs?
A frequency B period
C amplitude D acceleration
At which point does the bob of the pendulum have both of
kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy? 20 A spring vibrates at a natural frequency 50 Hz.
Resonance occurs when the frequency of forced
16 The figure shows a simple pendulum of length 40 cm. vibrations on the spring is
A metal rod R is clamped at R to make OR = 20 cm. A 0 Hz B 25 Hz
C 50 Hz D 100 Hz
21 The figure shows the arrangement of the apparatus to

show the phenomenon of resonance but the resonance
not occurs.
Which of the following is not true when the bob is

displaced and released ? To improve the experiment ,
A At point B ,the bob has the highest velocity A the pendulums are oscillated with a maximum
B The time taken to move from to A to B same as speed
from B to C. B the iron rod is replaced by a string
C The gravitational potential energy at A same as at C increase the mass of the bobs
B
D The gravitational potential energy at A same as the
kinetic energy at B 22 Which of the following phenomenon is not caused by
resonance ?
18 The figure shows five pendulums that are hung from th A The violent vibrations of a washing machine at
wire MN. The pendulum P is displaced and released. some spin speeds
B The tuning circuits in TV and radio sets work at the
frequency of the station you select
C The wind instruments produce sound by forcing the
air inside the tube
D The shock absorbers in cars cause oscillations to
die down after a car has gone over a bump in the
road
23 A system is oscillating at its natural frequency without

damping. What happens to the total energy of the
oscillating system?
A It remains constant
B It decreases
C It increases
6
24 As the amplitude decreases the ______________ Which of the following graph shows the vibrations the
decrease. spring while the water droplet drop from the hole?
A period B frequency
C energy D number of oscillations
25 The figure shows a mass hanging from a spring is

immersed in water.
27 Figure shows a simple pendulum which consists of a bob

of mass 40.0 g at the end of a light inelastic string of
Which of the following graph shows the vibrations the length 20.0 cm. The pendulum makes 20 complete
spring ? oscillations in 5.0 s.
(a) By using the letters A,B and C in the figure above

state the meaning of
(i) equilibrium position
.........................................................................
(ii) period
26 The figure shows a paper cone filled with water attached .........................................................................
to spring. The paper cone has a hole at its end.
(b) What is the frequency of the oscillations of the
pendulum ?
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(c) What is the frequency of the oscillations of the (b) What will happen to the nature frequency of the
pendulum when a bob of mass 50.0 g is used? both springs when
(i) the steel springs are replaced by the cooper

springs.
(d) What happens to the frequency of the oscillations ..........................................................................

of the pendulum when the length of the pendulum is (ii) the number of trolley is increased.
80.0 cm ?
.........................................................................
................................................................................. (iii) the experiment is conducted at the surface of
the Moon.
(e) After a while the pendulum stops to oscillate .
(i) Explain why? .........................................................................
................................................................................. (c) When the amplitude of the vibrations remain

constant, draw, using the same axes shown below,
................................................................................. two displacement- time graphs to compare the
vibrations of the springs with one trolley and then
................................................................................. with two trolleys are used.
(f) Plot a graph displacement – time to show why the
pendulum stops to oscillate.
(g) State the form of energy when the pendulum 29 A student carries out an experiment to find out the
(i) at B relationship between mass, m and the oscillation period,
T of a piece of jigsaw blade. The jigsaw blade is clamped
.................................................................................. at one end and a plasticine ball with mass, m is fixed at
(ii) between B and C the other end as shown in figure below.
..................................................................................
28
A trolley rests on a horizontal frictionless surface and is

The jigsaw blade is displaced horizontally to one side and
connected to two walls by two steel springs. The trolley
then released so that it oscillates. The time for 20
vibrates with its natural frequency when it is pulled aside
oscillations ,t is taken by a stop watch. The experiment is
and released.
repeated by using plasticine balls with different masses.
The results of the experiment are shown in the table
(a) What is meant by the natural frequency ?
below.
..................................................................................
8
Mass, Time for 20 Period (e) State one precaution that should be taken during
T2 / s2 this experiment.
m /k g oscillations, t / s T/s
0.1 28.0
0.2 40.0 ………………………………………………………….
0.3 50.0
0.4 56.0 ………………………………………………………….
0.5 64.0
30 Each figure below shows a boxer punches the punch-
0.6 70.0 ball with two different sizes. The big punch-ball vibrates
more slowly than the small punch-ball.
(a) Complete the table above.
(b) Base on the graph paper above plot a graph T2
Against m.
Observe the vibrations of each of the punch-ball.

Based on the observations:
(a) State one suitable inference that can be made.

(b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
investigation.
(c) With the use of apparatus such as spring, slotted
mass and other apparatus , describe an
experimental framework to test your hypothesis.
In your description , state clearly the following:
(c) Based on your graph state the relationship between
(i) Aim of the experiment
T and m.
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
...................................................................................
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment which
(d) Determine the value of
include the method of controlling the
(i) m when T = 2.2 s
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable.
(vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data
(ii) T when m = 0.72 kg.
9
Lesson 2 : Understanding Waves
A- INTRODUCTION C- LONGITUDINAL WAVES
• Definition : Oscillations can produce waves / Energy • Waves in which the direction of vibration of the particles is
Transport. parallel to the direction of wave propagation called a
longitudinal wave.
• Waves transfer energy from one place to another without
permanently displacing the medium through which they
travel.
• When we drop a stone into a pond, the kinetic energy of

the stone makes the water surface move up and down
near where the stone lands; ripples spread out outwards
and if an floating object on the water some distance away
will start to bob up and down. It is becaused the original
energy of the moving stone has been transferred to the
object by the wave motion on the water surface.
• When we are at the seaside, we can see large as well as • An example of transerve waves is sound waves..
small waves reaching the shore. These waves arise
because of the strong winds in the middle of the sea.The D- WAVE TERMINOLOGY
energy of the winds is carried by the waves to the shore.
The water from the middle of the sea does not reach the D-1 – Amplitude, A:
shore. The maximum displacement of the medium
particles from the equilibrium position.
• The wave motion is regular and repetitive (i.e. periodic
motion). D-2 - Period, T:
The time for one complete oscillations of each
• There are two main types – mechanical waves such as particle in the wave.
sound waves and electromagnetic waves.
D-3 - Frequency, f :
B- TRANSVERSE WAVES The number of oscillations of each particle in the
wave in one second.
• Waves in which the direction of vibration of the partticles is
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation called a 1
transverse wave. f =
T
D-4 - Wavelength , λ
• The distance between two consecutive points
which are vibrating in phase.
Or
• The distance from one wave crest to the next.
Or
• The distance from one wave trough to the next.
• The examples of transerve waves are water waves and

electromagnetic waves (radio waves ,microwaves , infra-
red (IR) light waves , infra-red , ultra-violet ( UV), X-rays
and gamma rays ) Or
10
D-9 - Compression
• Region along a longitudinal wave where the pressure
and density of particles are higher than when no
wave is passing.
D-5 - Wavespeed , v D-10 - Rarefaction

• The distance moved by a wave in one second. • Region along a longitudinal wave where the pressure
• The wavespeed depends only the medium the waves and density of particles are lower than when no wave
are traveling through. is passing
D-6 - Wavefront D-11 - The wave equation

• The locus of points which vibrates in phase.
Wavespeed = frequency x
wavelength
v = fλ
Example 1
• For water waves there are two types of wavefront i.e A student moves the end of a long spring from side to side 4
circular wavefront and plane wavefront. times persecond. The wavelength of the wave on the spring is
0.6 m. With what speed do the waves moves along the spring?
Solution
Example 2
Radio waves travel at a speed 3 x 108 ms-1. What is the
wavelength of FM radio waves received at 200 MHz on your
Circular Wavefront radio dial?
Solution
Example 3
Plane Wavefront A long rope is stretched out on the floor. One end of the rope is
then shaken. The graph shows the rope at a particular moment
D-7 - Crest in time. The rope vibrated at a frequency 8 Hz.
• The point where a wave causes maximum positive
displacement of the medium.
D-8 - Trough
• The point where a wave causes maximum negative
displacement of the medium
Determine
(a) the amplitude
11
(b) the wavelength
(c) the speed
Solution
(a)-
(b)-
(c)-
Example 4
The figure shows the sound waves produced by a tuning fork.
(a) Base on the figure determine,

(i) the amplitude
(ii) the wave length
(b) What is the frequency of the sound if the speed of sound is
330 ms-1.
Solution
• When a continuous stream of waves is used , it is
(a)- sometimes easier to see by using a mechanical
stroboscope to freeze the wave pattern. When the
frequency of the waves same as the frequency of the
(b) stroboscope the pattern will appear stationary.
• Stroboscope frequency = rotation frequency of

stroboscope x number of slits
Waves on water- Ripple tank or
• In laboratory , to produce water wave we use a ripple tank. f = np
• A shallow tray of clear plastic holds the water, and a light
above the water surface projects the wave patterns on a
sheet of white paper on the bench below the tank. Example 5
A mechanical stroboscope has 8 slits and rotates at a frequency
• The bright and dark bands of the wave pattern formed on
5 Hz. The stroboscope is used to observe water waves. The
the screen because the surface of water acts as lenses.
observer notes there are 6 successive bright bands at a
• The crest of water waves similar with convex lens and the
distance 12 cm. Calculate the speed of the water waves.
trough of water waves similar with concave lens.
• Plane waves are produced by a straight bar which hangs Solution
by two elastic bands from supports near one end of the
tank.
• Circular waves are produced by using dippers fixed to the
bar.
TUTORIAL 2 - Understanding Waves
12
1 Which of the following is the transverse wave different with the spring
from the longitudinal wave? vibration
A speed A Longitudinal Parallel
B period B Longitudinal Perpendicular
C amplitude C Transverse Parallel
D direction of vibration of the particles and direction of D Transverse Perpendicular
wave propagation
4 In which of the following pairs is the first wave motion
2 The figure shows a cork floating in a water tank. transverse and the second wave motion longitudinal?
Transverse Longitudinal
A Light Radio
B Infra-red Ultra-violet
C X-ray Sound
D Micro Ripples
5 The figure shows a cross-section of a water wave.
Which figure shows the movement of the cork when the Which points are one wavelength apart?
wave passes? A P and R B Q and S
C Q and T D P and T
6 The figure shows a model of a wave produce by a slinky

spring.
What is the wavelength ?

A 15 cm B 30 cm
C 45 cm D 60 cm
3 The figure shows a slinky spring is moved backwards and E 75 cm
downwards to produce a model of a wave.
7
Based on the figure above , which of the following is true?
Which of the following is true? Amplitude Wavelength

A 6 cm 8 cm
B 6 cm 11 cm
C 3 cm 8 cm
D 3 cm 11 cm
8 The figure shows a wavefront pattern produced by a

Type of wave Direction of the wave dipper vibrating at a frequency of 12 Hz in a ripple tank.
propagation compare
13
traveling on water. The waves travel at distance 45.0 cm in
3.0 s.
What is the speed of the waves? What is the frequency of the water waves?
A 2 cm s-1 A 8 cm s-1 A 30 Hz B 15 Hz
C 12 cm s-1 D 18 cm s-1 C 7.5 Hz D 2.5 Hz
E 36 cm s-1 E 0.5 Hz
9 The speed of a sound wave is 300 m s -1 vibrates with a 14 A mechanical stroboscope has 12 slits and rotates at a
frequency 0.6 kHz . What is the wavelength of the sound? frequency 5 Hz. The stroboscope is used to observe water
A 0.5 m B 2.0 m waves. The observer notes there are 6 successive bright
C 80 m D 5000 m bands at a distance 20 cm. Calculate the speed of the
E 180000 m water waves.
A 60 cms-1 B 100 cms-1
10 A dolphin emits an ultrasonic wave with a wavelength of C 120 cms -1 D 180 cms-1
0.01 m. The speed of ultrasonic wave in water is E 240 cms -1
1 500 ms-1. What is the frequency of the ultrasound?

15 Which graph shows the relationship between frequency,f
A 6.7x 10-6 Hz B 1.5 x 101 Hz and wavelength,λ of a wave?
C 3.0 x 101 Hz D 1.5 x 105 Hz
E 3.0 x 105 Hz
11 The figure shows a transverse wave is produced a long

rope by a student. The student’s hand make The makes
10 complete up and down movements in 1.0 s.
What is the speed of the wave?

A 0.5 ms-1 B 2.0 ms-1
C 4.0 ms-1 D 10 ms-1
-1 16 A dipper moving up and down makes waves in a ripple
E 20 ms
tank. What will happen when the dipper frequency is
decreased?
12 11 successive bright bands at a distance 20 cm is formed
A The waves will be far apart each other
on the screen in an experiment by using a ripple tank. The
B The waves will be closer together
vibrator vibrates at 8 vibrations per secondis 8 Hz.
C The wave peaks will be higher and the troughs lower
What is the velocity of the water wave in the ripple tank?
D The wave peaks will be lower and the troughs higher
A 40 cms-1 B 20 cms-1
C 16 cms -1 D 8 cms-1
E 4 cms -1
13 The figure shows the straight lines represent the positions,

17 A vibrator produces a water wave vibrates 20 vibrations
at one instant, of successive crests of plane waves
per second. When the frequency of the vibrator is
14
increased by 2 times , what happen to the wavelength of
the water wave?
A ¼ of its initial wavelength
B ½ of its initial wavelength
C same as its initial wavelength
D 2 times of its initial wavelength
E 4 times of its initial wavelength
18 A water wave of wavelength 6 cm travels with a speed

12 cm s-1 from deep water to shallow water. At the
shallow water the speed of the wave is 20 cm s-1. What is
the wavelength of the wave at shallow water?
A 8 cm B 10 cm Figure 1
C 12 cm D 16 cm
E 40 cm
19 The figure shows a loudspeaker produces a sound with a

frequency 300 Hz
Which of the following is true?

Figure 2
A The longitudinal wave is
B X is a rarefaction region
Figure 1 shows a spring of load before and after the load
C The wavelength is 1.2 m
is displaced and released to vibrate on the surface of
D The speed of the sound is 250 ms-1
water.
Figure 2 shows a candle flame is placed in front of a
20 The figure shows a graph displacement- time of water
loudspeaker before and after the audio-frequency
waves.
generator is switched on to prodeuce a sound.
Observe Figure 1 and Figure 2,
(a) (i) Compare the condition of the water surface and

candle flame when the load vibrate and the
audio-frequency generator is switched on.
………………………………………………………
Which of the following is true? ………………………………………………………
A The period of the water wave to vibrating is 25 s ………………………………………………………
B The amplitude of the water wave is 0.4 m
C The frequency of the water wave is 0.05 Hz (ii) Relate the observations in (a)(i) and the
D The wavelength of the water wave is 20 transfer of enegy to deduce a concept in
physics with regard to the wave motion
………………………………………………………
21 ………………………………………………………
(b) (i) Compare the direction of vibration of the
15
particles and the direction of wave propagation. -down movement in 2. 5 s, and in each up-and-down
movement the hand moves through a height of 0.4 m.
……………………………………………………… P , Q, R, S and T are the points marked on the cord.
………………………………………………………
(ii) Based on your answer in b(i) name the type of

wave in
Figure 1 ……………………………………………
Figure 2 ……………………………………………
22 The figure shows a graph displacement-distance for a

transverse wave.
(a) What type of wave is produced by the cord?
…………………………………………………………….
(b) State two points that out of phase.
…………………………………………………………….
(a) Mark on the graph
(i) the direction of vibration of the particles and the (c) Determine
direction of wave propagation . (i) the amplitude
(ii) two points vibrate in phase.
(b) Give one example of the transverse wave . (ii) the frequency
......................................................................................
(c) Determine (iii) the speed of the wave

(i) the amplitude
(ii) the wavelength (d) What happens to distance of PR when frequency of

the waves increase?
……………………………………………………………
(d) What is the speed of the wave when the frequency is
25 Hz. ……………………………………………………………
(f) Give one example of the natural phenomenon to

show that a wave transfer energy.
.................................................................................
.................................................................................. 24 The figure shows a ripple tank is set up to produce a water

23 The figure shows a student setting up waves on a long wave.
lastic cord . The studen’s hand makes 5 complete up-and
16
(a) Explain why
(i) the depth of water in ripple tank be uniform

throughout?
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
(ii) the inner surface of the ripple tank is lined with

a layer of sponge?
………………………………………………………
(b) Draw a ray diagram in the and indicate the positions

of the bright and dark bands in the figure above.
(c) A mechanical stroboscope has 4 slits and rotates at

a frequency 5 Hz. The stroboscope is used to
observe the water waves. The observer notes there
are 6 successive bright bands at a distance 12 cm.
Calculate the speed of the water waves.
END OF MODULE
17
LESSON 3 The experiment to investigate the relationship between the
Analysing reflection of waves angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of a water
wave.
A- REFLECTION OF WAVES Hypothesis:

The angle of reflection increases as the angle of incidence
 Reflection of a wave occurs when a wave strikes an increases.
obstacle such as barrier, plane reflector , mirror and wall.
 The reflection of waves obeys the law of reflection : Aim of the experiment :
(a) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence
reflection (io = ro) and the angle of reflection.
(b) The incident wave, the reflected wave and the
normal lie in the same plane. Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence
 When the reflection of a wave happened , the wavelength Responding variable: Angle of reflection
,λ, the frequency, f and the speed , v do not change but Fixed variable: depth of water in ripple tank
the direction of propagation of the wave changes.
List of apparatus and materials:
B- REFLECTION OF WATER WAVES Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply white
paper , protractor ,plane reflector and mechanical stroboscope.
 To investigate the reflection of water waves a metallic
plane reflector is placed at the centre of a ripple tank. Arrangement of the apparatus:
 The motor with a wooden bar attached is switched on to
produce plane waves which propagate towards the
reflector. The reflector repositioned to produce different
angles of incidence.
 The following figure shows two examples pattern of the
reflection of the water waves.
(a)
The procedure of the experiment which include the

method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
method of measuring the responding variable.
(b)  The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves

which propagate towards the reflector.
 The incident waves and the reflected waves are freeze by
a mechanical stroboscope.
 The waves are sketched on the screen.
 By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured
= io and the angle of reflection = ro
 The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of
incidence.
18
Tabulate the data: Arrangement of the apparatus
i
r
Analysis the data:

Plot the graph r against i
C- REFLECTION OF LIGHT WAVES
 When rays of light strike any surface the rays are

reflected, unless the surface is black, when they are
absorbed. The procedure of the experiment which include the
 The reflection depend on how smooth the surfaces are. method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
Good mirrors reflect well over 90% of the light that method of measuring the responding variable.
reaches them, with only a small amount being absorbed.
 A plane mirror is a flat smooth surface which reflects  A normal line ,ON is drawn on the white paper.
regularly most of the light falling on it.  A ray of light from the ray box is directed to the plane
 The phenomenon of reflection of light obeys the law of mirror.
reflection.  By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured
(a) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of = i and the angle of reflection = r
reflection.  The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of
(b) The incident wave, the reflected wave and the incidence.
normal lie in the same plane.
 It also can be seen that Tabulate the data:
(a) The size of the image = the size of the object i
(b) The distance of the image = the distance of the r
object
Analysis the data:
The Experiment To Investigate The Relationship Between Plot the graph r against i
The Angle Of Incidence And The Angle Of Reflection Of A
Light Wave.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hypothesis:
The angle of reflection increases as the angle of incidence D- REFLECTION OF SOUND WAVES
increases.
 The sound waves is reflected by walls and ceilings of
Aim of the experiment : buildings, unborn baby or sea bed.
To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence  Echo is a phenomenon when a sound wave has been
and the angle of reflection. reflected off a surface , and is heard after the original
sound.
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence The experiment to investigate the relationship between the
Responding variable: Angle of reflection angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of a sound
Fixed variable: position of the plane mirror wave.
Hypothesis:
Ray box, plane mirror, plasticine, protractor and white paper
The angle of reflection increases as the angle of incidence
increases.
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence
and the angle of reflection.
19
Variables in the experiment: TUTORIAL 3 – REFLECTION OF WAVE
Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence
Responding variable: Angle of reflection 1 The figure shows a set of a plane waves arriving at a
Fixed variable: the position of stopwatch from the smooth wall. plane reflector placed in a ripple tank.

Cardboard tube, soft wood , stopwatch, protractor and smooth
wall.
Arrangement of the apparatus:
Which figure shows correctly the reflected waves?

 By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured 2 Which diagram shows how water waves would be
=i reflected by a plane barrier?
 The stopwatch is started.
 The cardboard tube B is moved around until the watch can
be heard most clearly.
 By using the protractor , the angle of reflection is
measured = r
 The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of
incidence.
Tabulate the data:

i
r
Analysis the data:

20
3 Which figure shows the correct pattern of reflected water 6 The diagram shows a mirror is titled at an angle of 50o to
waves? the bench. A ray of light is directed so that it hits the
mirror at an angle of 20o to the surface of the mirror.
What is the angle of reflection?

A 20o B 40o C 50o
D 70 0 E 100o
7 The figure shows two mirrors X and Y inclined to each

other at 900 . A ray of light falls upon miror X.
4 The figure shows a set of a plane waves arriving at a

plane reflector placed in a ripple tank.
What is the value of the angle of the incidence upon

mirror Y ?
A 15o B 30o C 45o
Which of the following will change? D 600 E 90o
A wavelength B speed of wave
C wave direction D frequency of wave 8 The figure shows a light ray being incident to the surface
of plane mirror PQ. The mirror is then rotated anticlock
5 The diagram shows a single ray of light being directed at wise through an angle 15o.
a plane mirror.
What are the angles of incidence and reflection?
Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection What is the new angle of reflection of the light ray?
-------------- -------------- A 00 B 150
A 35o 55o C 30 0 D 600
B 55o 35o
C 35o 35o 9 The figure shows two plane mirrors JK and
D 55o 55o LM which have been placed at a right angles to each
other.
21
12 The figure shows a sound wave is reflected from a brick
wall.
Compared with the incident wave, the reflected wave has

Which of the ray diagram is true to show the path of ray until A a greater amplitude B a shorter wavelength
it emerges from the both the mirrors. C the same speed D the same velocity
13 The figure shows plane water waves is produced by a

vibrating wooden bar vibrates at a rate 15 waves per
second.
10 The figure shows the apparatus is used to investigate the

reflection of sound waves. At what position of the
cardboard tube is adjusted until a loud ticking sound of (a) From the figure above
the stopwatch is heard? (i) Mark the direction of the propagation of the
water waves.
(ii) Determine the wavelength of the waves.
…………………………………………………
(iii) Calculate the speed of the water waves.
(b) A plane reflector is placed at different inclined angle

in front of the water waves as shown in the
following figure. Draw the pattern of the reflected
wave in the figure.
(i)
11 Echo is a phenomenon caused by
A the refraction of sound waves

B the reflection of sound waves
C the diffraction of sound waves
D the polarization of sound waves
(ii)
22
14 Determine by way of ray diagrams, the cars that can be
seen by the driver through reflection of rays by the rear
view mirror.
23
(b)
LESSON 4 - Analysing Refraction Of
Waves
A- REFRACTION OF WAVES
 Refraction of a wave is a phenomenon when wave travel

from one medium to another medium and change it’s
speed and direction.
(c)
 The refraction occur when a water wave moves from
deeper water to shallower water, a light wave moves from
air to water , and a sound moves from air to carbon
dioxide gas.
 When the refraction of a wave happened , the frequency, f

does not change but the wavelength ,λ, the speed , v and
 the direction of propagation of the wave change.
(d)
B- REFRACTION OF WATER WAVES
 The refraction of water waves occur when the water

waves move into different depth of water.

CHARACTERISTICS DEEP SHALLOW
Velocity, v High Low
Frequency, f Unchange
Wavelength, λ High Low
Amplitude, A Low High
Direction Unchange (e)
Angle Unchange
 If the waves meet the boundary between deep and

shallow water at an angle , then the direction of the waves
changes.
 The plane wavefronts will change to the curved
wavefronts if the waves move into the curved boundary.
 To investigate the refraction of water waves a perspex
plat is placed on the bottom of a ripple tank to make a
shallow region of the water on the perspex plat.
 The following figure shows two examples pattern of the (f)
refraction of the water waves.
(a)
24
The experiment to investigate the relationship between the Analysis the data:
depth of water and the wavelength of a water wave.
Plot the graph λ against d
Hypothesis:
The depth of water increases as the wavelength of water
waves increases.
Refraction of water wave of the sea water
To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and
the wavelength of water waves.

Manipulated variable: depth of water
Responding variable: wavelength
Fixed variable: frequency

Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply white
paper , protractor ,plane reflector , perspex plate , metre rule
and mechanical stroboscope.  When the water waves propagated from the sea to the
beach, the water waves follow the shape of the beach.
Arrangement of the apparatus:  It is because the water waves propagate from the deep
water to the shallow water.
 The speed and wavelength decrease as the waves
approach the beach and hence the water wave is
refracted towards the normal.
 The water in the bay stationary compared to the water at
the cape.
 It is because the depth of water varies across the area of
the bay and the energy of the water wave spreads to a
wider area compared to the region near the cape.
 The amplitude of the water wave near the bay is low and
hence the water at the bay is comparatively still.
C- REFRACTION OF LIGHT WAVES

The procedure of the experiment which include the  Refraction of light waves is a phenomenon where the
method of controlling the manipulated variable and the direction and speed of light are changed ( change in
method of measuring the responding variable. velocity) when it crosses the boundary between two
materials of different optical densities
 The depth of water on a perspex is measured by using a  When a light waves travels from optically less dense
metre rule = d medium to optically denser medium , the ray is bent
 The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves towards the normal.
which propagate onto the perspex plate .  After entering the denser medium the speed of light
 The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope. decreases.
 The waves are sketched on the screen.
 The distance between 11 successive bright bands is
measured by the metre rule = x
 The wavelength is calculated i.e. λ = x
o 10
 The experiment is repeated 5 by increasing the number of
perspex plate to change the depth the water.
Tabulate the data:  When a light wave travels from optically denser
d medium to optically less dense medium , the ray is bent
λ away from the normal.
25
 After entering the less dense medium the speed of light  By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured
increases. =i
 The glass block is replaced again on its outline on the
paper.
 A ray of light from the ray box is directed along incidence
line.
 The ray emerging from the side CD is drawn as line PQ.
 The glass block is removed again.
 The point O and P is joined and is drawn as line OP.
 The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of
incidence.
Experiment to investigate the relationship between the
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. Tabulate the data:
i
Hypothesis:
r
The angle of refraction increases as the angle of incidence
increases.
Analysis the data:
To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence
and the angle of refraction.

Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence D- REFLECTION OF SOUND WAVES
Responding variable: Angle of refraction
Fixed variable: Refractive index  Refraction of sound waves occurs when the sound passes
through layers of air at different densities or temperatures.
List of apparatus and materials:  Sound waves can be refracted by a balloon filled with
Glass block, ray box, white paper , protractor, power supply . carbon dioxide.
 When the stopwatch is started , the listener can detects at

a point only beyond the balloon where the sound wave is
strongest.
 It is because a balloon of carbon dioxide( denser than air)
The procudere of the experiment which include the acts like a convex lens ,focusing the sound wave.
 The glass block is placed on a white paper.
 The outline of the sides of the glass block are traced on
the white paper and labeled as ABCD.
 The glass block is removed.
 The normal ON is drawn.
26
D-1 : Effects Of Refraction Of A Sound Wave At Night TUTORIAL 4 : REFRACTION OF WAVES
1 Which figure shows water waves travelling on the

surface of the water in a ripple tank?
 Distant sounds often appear louder and clearer at night.
 At night the air near the ground is often cooler than the air
higher up, because it is close to the cold ground.
 The sound waves travel faster through the warmer , less

dense layers of air , and this refracts the sound wave back
toward the ground.
2 When water waves pass from deep water into shallow

water, how do the speed, wavelength and frequency
change?
Speed Wavelength Frequency

A Increases Decreases No change
B Decreases Increases Decreases
C Increases Increases No change
D Decreases Decreases No change
27
3 The figure shows a water waves in a ripple tank 7 The figure shows a stone is thrown by a boy in a pond
with a sloping base. with a sloping base.
Which of the following physical quantity increases?

A speed Which of the following figure shows the pattern of
B amplitude water waves after the stone is thrown?
C frequency
4 The figure shows a plane water waves pass from deep

water into shallow water.

A The direction of the wave propagation unchanged
B The frequency of the waves unchanged
C The wavelength of the waves increases
D The speed of the waves increases
5 The figure shows water waves travel from region P to 8 The figure shows the arrangement of apparatus to shows
region Q. a wave phenomenon.
Which of the following phenomenon involved?

A reflection B refraction
C diffraction D interference
A The density of water in P greater than in Q 9 A set straight water ripples in a ripple tank travels over a
B The depth of water in P greater than in Q thick, triangular perspex sheet.
C The speed of water waves in Q greater than in P Which figure shows the wave pattern?
D The amplitude of water waves in Q greater than in
P
28
12 A ray of light passes from water to air.
Which labeled arrow shows the direction of the ray in air?
10 The figure shows water waves pass from deep water into
shallow water. The distance PQ = 5 cm , RS = 3 cm and
13 An observer cannot see the coin in an empty glass as
the speed of the water waves in deep water is 4 cm s-1 .
shown in Figure(a). However , he can see the coin when
the glass is filled with water as shown in Figure(b).
Figure (a) Figure (b)
The observer can see the coin in Figure (b) due to

A the total internal reflection of light
A The wavelength in deep water is B the refraction of llight
5 cm C the reflection of light
3 D the diffraction of light
B The frequency of the water waves in shallow water
is 8 Hz 14 A light ray travels from medium P to medium Q.
5 Which of the following diagrams correctly shows the path
C The speed of the water waves in shallow water is of the light ?
8 cm s-1 [ Medium P denser medium and Medium Q less dense ]
3
D The period of the water waves in deep water is
5 s
2
11 When the water waves propagated from the sea to the

beach , the water waves follow the shape of the beach.
The phenomenon involved is
A reflection B refraction
C diffraction D interference
29
15 The sound of a moving train at a distant is clearer at night C A pilot wears noise- canceling earphones to
than that in the day time. reduce the noise effects.
This is due to the effects of the ________________ of D At night sound can be heard over considerably
sound waves. longer distances
A Reflection B Refraction 19 The figure shows successive wavefronts of waves

C Interference D Diffraction travelling on the surface of water a ripple tank.
A perspex plat is placed on the bottom of a ripple tank .
16 Which of the following figure shows the refraction of the
sound waves at night?
(a) By drawing a straight line on the figure above mark the

boundary of the perspex plat.
(b) (i) Determine the wavelength of the waves before

travels over the perspex plat.
(ii) Calculate the frequency of the waves before

travels over the perspex plat when the velocity is
17 The figure shows a phenomenon shows by sound waves. 40 cms-1.
(iii) Determine the velocity of the waves travels over

the perspex plat.
(c) Explain why the water waves propagated from the sea
to the beach , the water waves follow the shape of the
beach.
What is phenomenon involved?
…………………………………………………………………
A Diffraction B Interference
C Refraction D Reflection
…………………………………………………………………
18 Which one of the following is true regarding the
…………………………………………………………………
refraction of the sound waves?
…………………………………………………………………
A When watching a hockey game , we often hear the
stick hitting the ball after we actually see the hit
B Clicking sound is heard clearly when two rocks is
clicked together under water
30
20 Figure 1 shows a water waves in a ripple tank travels 21 The figure below shows water waves propagated from
over a perspex plat. the sea towards the shore.
Figure 2 shows a water waves propagated from the sea
to the beach.
Observed the wave pattern and the sea-bed.

Based on the observations:
(a) State one suitable inference that can be
Figure 1 Figure 2 made.
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
(a) Based on Figure 1 and Figure 2 investigation.
(i) state the change in wavelength of the (c) With the use of apparatus such as ripple tank and
water waves from A to B. other apparatus, describe an experimental
………………………………………………… framework to test your hypothesis.
In your description, state clearly the following:
………………………………………………… (i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(ii) compare the depth of water between A (iii) List of apparatus and materials
and B. (iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment which include
………………………………………………… the method of controlling the manipulated
variable and the method of measuring the
………………………………………………… responding variable
(iii) name a physical quantity is unchanged . (vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data
……………………………………………………..
Answer :
(b) Relate your answer in (a)(i) and (a)(ii) to

deduce a wave phenomenon.
……………………………………………………..
(c) Name the phenomenon in (b)
…………………………………………………......
(e) The water waves with a wavelength of 1.5 m

travels with velocity 2.0 ms-1 from the sea to
the beach. The velocity of the waves when
reach near the beach is 1.2 ms-1 .
Calculate ,
(i) the frequency of the waves
]
(ii) the wavelength of the waves near the
beach
31
(d) Small obstacle
LESSON 5 Analysing Diffraction Of
Waves
DIFFRACTION OF WAVES
• The spreading or bending of waves as they pass through

an aperture or round the edge of a barrier.
• The amount the wave bends depends on the size of the The experiment to investigate the relationship between the
aperture or barrier. The smaller the aperture by size of aperture and the angle of bent
comparison , the more wave bends.
• When the diffraction of a wave happened , the Hypothesis:
wavelength ,λ, The angle of bent increases as the size of aperture
• the frequency, f and the speed , v do not change but the decreases
amplitude of the waves decrease.
• The direction of propagation and the pattern of the wave Aim of the experiment :
change. To investigate the relationship between the angle of bent and
the size of aperture
DIFFRACTION OF WATER WAVES
• To investigate the diffraction of water waves an obstacle Manipulated variable: size of aperture
is placed at the centre of a ripple tank.. Responding variable: angle of bent
• The following figure shows two examples pattern of the Fixed variable: frequency of vibrator
diffraction of the water waves.
(a) Size of aperture > λ Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply white
paper , two pieces metal bar ,metre rule protractor and
mechanical stroboscope.
(b) Size of aperture ≤ λ

• By using a metre rule , the width of the slit is measured =

a
• The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves
which propagate towards the aperture.
32
• The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope. Responding variable : the wide of the middle bright fringe
• The waves are sketched on the screen. Fixed variable : the monochromatic light (one
• By using a protractor , the angle of bent = θ wavelength only).
• The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different
widths of slit. List of apparatus and materials:
Monochromatic light source, single slit plate, metre rule
Tabulate the data:
a
θ
Analysis the data:

Plot the graph θ against a
DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT WAVES
• The diffraction of light waves occur when the light waves

pass through a small slit or small pin hole.
• Diffraction occurs at all edges where waves can spread
round into the shadow region. Thus a narrow object like a
fine wire or a human hair can show the diffraction fringes The procedure of the experiment which include the
at its edges similar to those produced by a small single method of controlling the manipulated variable and the
slit. method of measuring the responding variable.
• The diagram shows the diffraction fringes.
• The width of the slit is recorded = a
• The light beam from the source is directed towards the
slit..
• By using a metre rule , measure the wide of the middle
bright fringe = x
widths of slit.
• The wider middle bright fringe shows that the light waves Tabulate the data:
diffracted after pass through a small slit.
a
x
The experiment to investigate the relationship between the
size of slit and the wide of the middle bright fringe Analysis the data:
Plot the graph x against a
Hypothesis:
• The wide of the middle bright fringe increases as the size
of slit decreases

• To investigate the relationship the wide of the middle
bright fringe increases and the size of slit decreases

Manipulated variable : size of slit
33
DIFFRACTION OF SOUND WAVES TUTORIAL 5
• Sound diffracts very readily. This is why we can hear 1 Which of the following figure is true to show the diffraction
sound round a corner , or behind an obstacle. The reason of a water wave?
is the sound waves have long wavelengths in air, ranging
from a few centimetres up to several metres. As we have
already seen, long wavelength waves diffract more
readily than those with short wavelengths.
• To investigate the diffraction of sound waves the

following experiment can be done:
2 How do the frequency and wavelength change when

• A listener is requested to stand on the other side of the waves in a ripple tank pass through a narrow gap in a
corner of the wall so that the radio is beyond his vision. barrier?
Frequency Wavelength
A increase increase
• The listener is able to hear the sound of the radio
B decrease decrease
although it is behind the wall.
C unchanged unchanged
• It is because the sound of the radio spreads around the
3 The figure shows plane water waves approaching a slit
corner of the wall due to diffraction of sound.
between two obstacles.
The angle of θ increases when________________
A the size of slit increases

B the frequency of the wave increases
C the wavelength of the wave increases
4 A driver is able to hear the sound of another car although

the car beyond his vision . The phenomenon involved is
A Refraction B Interference
C Diffraction D Reflection
34
5 The figure show a listener a student is requested to stand
the other side of the corner of the wall of high building.
The student is able to hear the sound of the radio.

6 The figure shows an observation that occur when a 9 Which of the following diagram shows the patterns of
razor blade illuminated by a point source of diffraction of light waves when a monochoromatic light
monochromatic light. source is passed through a small pin hole.

7 The effect of diffraction of a light waves passes through

a slit is very obvious when 10 Sound waves are more easily diffracted in comparison to
the light waves because
A the distance between the source of light and the slit A the amplitude of sound wave is much bigger than
is increased the amplitude of light wave
B the distance between the source of light and the slit B the frequency of sound wave is much higher than
is decreased the frequency of light waves
C the size of slit is increased C the wavelength of sound wave is much bigger than
D the size of slit is decreased the wavelength of light waves
8 The figure shows the pattern of formed on a screen when 11 Figure 1 shows a plane water waves of passing through
a monochromatic light is passed through a slit. a small slit.
Figure 2 shows a plane water waves passing through a
small obstacle.
Which of the following diagram occurs when the size of

the slit is decreased?
Figure 1 Figure 2
35
(a) Observe Figure 1 and Figure 2 and state two 12 The figure shows the bright and dark bands of the wave
similarities of the wave patterns. patterns formed on the screen when plane waves pass
through narrow and wide slits.
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………...
(b) Relate your answers in (a) to deduce a relevant
physics concept and name the concept.
(c) The figure shows the cross-sectional of the water

waves in Figure 1.
Observe the figure. Compare the wave patterns and the
wavelengths of the waves before and after they pass
through the slits.
Relate the size of slits, the wave patterns and the
wavelengths to deduce a relevant physics concept.
Name the wave phenomenon shown in the figure.
i. Complete the figure to shows the wave pattern after pass

through the slit.
ii. Explain your answer in (c)(i).
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
36
LESSON 6 : ANALYSING
INTERFERENCE OF WAVE
A- INTERFERENCE OF WAVES (b) Superposition of two troughs
• When two or more travel in the same or different

directions in a given space, variations in the size of the
resulting disturbance occur at points where the meet or
overlap.
• Interference is the superposition of two waves originating

from two coherent sources.
• Two waves are in coherent if they are of the same

frequency, same amplitude and in phase (same phase) ……………………….. interference
• There are two types of interference : .................................. is a point at which
(a) Constructive interference occurs when the crests or ………………………...interference occurs.

troughs of both waves coincide to produce a wave
with maximum amplitude. (c) Superposition of a crest and a trough
(b) Destructive interference occurs when the crests of
one wave coincide with the trough of the other waves
to produce a wave with zero amplitude.
• Interference of the waves is a result or obeys the

principle of superposition.
B- PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
• Principle of superposition state that “ When two waves

move simultaneously and coincide at a point the sum of
the displacements at that point is equal to the sum of the
displacements of the individual waves by vector method.
……………………….. interference
(a) Superposition of two crests
.................................. is a point at which
………………………...interference occurs
C- INTERFERENCE OF WATER WAVES
• To produce the interference pattern of the water waves in

a ripple tank we can use:
(a) Two dippers operated from the same motor,
……………………….. interference
.................................. is a point at which
………………………...interference occurs.
37
Or 3. Mark with a circle (○) in the figure the points where a
crest coincide with a trough.
(b) A plane water waves passing through two slits.
The points (○) is called as _____________.
_______________ is a point where the total
displacement is ______________.
At the points ______________ interference occurs.
C-1 : Analysing Interference Pattern Of Water Waves 4. Connect the points (x) and (*) to produce several lines
that we call as _____________________ lines
5. Connect the points (○) to produce several lines that we
call as _____________________ lines
6. Draw a straight line parallel to sources. We can the line
as ____________________line
7. Measure the distance between the two sources, a =
................................ cm
8. Measure the distance between the sources and the
detector line,D =................................cm.
9. Measure the distance between two successive node
lines, x =................................
10. Calculate the value of a x = .........................cm
D
11. Measure the wavelength of the water waves, λ
=..............................
12. Compare the value of λ with a x
D
Hence
Where , λ =
a=
x=
D=
• The figure shows the interference pattern produced by
two sources of water P and Q.
• To analyse the interference pattern of water waves,
please follow this instructions:
1. Mark with a cross (x) in the figure the points where

the crests coincide crests .
2. Mark with a star (*) in the figure the points where
the troughs coincide troughs .
• The points (x) and (*) is called as _____________.
_______________ is a point where the total
displacement is ______________or ______________.
At the points ______________interference occurs.

38
C-2 : How To Change The Pattern Of Interference Of C-3 : The Experiment To Investigate The Relationship
Waves? Between The Distance Between To Coherent
Sources And The Distance Between Two
• The pattern of interference depends on the distances Consecutive Node Lines
between two consecutive nodes or antinode lines , x. -------------------------------------------------------------------------
• How to change x ? Hypothesis:
• The distance between two consecutive node lines
ax increases as the distance between to coherent sources
• From the formula λ = decreases
D
λD • To investigate the relationship between the distance
Hence x =
a between to coherent sources and the distance between
two consecutive node lines.
Conclusion : As λ increases , x increases
As D increases , x increases Variables in the experiment:
As a increases , x decreases Manipulated variable : the distance between to coherent
sources
Responding variable : the distance between two
consecutive node lines
Fixed variable : frequency of vibrator or the
wavelength.

Ripple tank, lamp, motor ,wooden bar , power supply ,white
paper , spherical dippers ,metre rule and mechanical
stroboscope.

As λ increases , x increases
The Procedure Of The Experiment Which Include The

Method Of Controlling The Manipulated Variable And The
As a increases , x decreases Method Of Measuring The Responding Variable.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• By using a metre rule , the distance between two dippers
is measured = a
• The power supply is switched on to produce two circular
waves from the dippers
• The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope.
• The waves are sketched on the screen.
• By using the metre rule , the distance between two
consecutive node lines is measured = x
distances between two dippers
39
Tabulate the data: • The formula for interference of light waves is,
a ax
x λ=
D
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph x against a Where,
λ = wavelength of light waves
a = slit separation
x = distance between two successive bright or dark
fringes
Example 1 D = distance between double slit and screen.
In an experiment to investigate the pattern interference of a Example 2

water waves, the distance between two spherical dippers is 2.5 In a double-slit interference experiment with blue light the
cm and the distance between two consecutive antinode lines distance between the screen and double slit is 1.2 m and slit
is 5.0 cm. What is the wavelength of the water waves if when separation is 2 x 10-4 m . Six successive bright fringes at a
the distance from two dippers to the point of measurement is distance 1.2 x 10 -2 m is formed on the screen. Calculate the
10 cm. wavelength of the blue light.
Solution Solution
Interference of light waves

The Experiment To Investigate The Relationship Between
• When light from the same source passes through two The Wavelength Of The Light Waves Distance And The
narrow slits which are close together the effect known as Distance Between Two Consecutive Bright Fringes
interference can be seen as the bright and dark fringes. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hypothesis:
• The bright fringes to be formed by constructive The distance between two consecutive bright fringes
interference and the dark fringes to be formed by increases as the wavelength of light waves increases.
destructive interference.
To investigate the relationship between the wavelength of the
light waves distance and the distance between two
consecutive bright fringes

Manipulated variable : The wavelength of the light waves
(colour of light).
Responding variable : the distance between two consecutive
bright fringes
• Interference fringes produce by using Double-slit Fixed variable : slit separation and the distance
interference Young’s experiment. between double slit and screen.
• For all practical purposes, monochromatic light is used. List of apparatus and materials:
• Monochromatic light which is light of only one colour or Source of light,colour filter, screen, single slit, double slit and
one wavelength. metre rule.
40
Arrangement of the apparatus: Interference of sound waves
• Like other types of waves ,sound waves can also give

interference effects. Interference of sound waves produce
regions of louder sound by constructive interference and
regions quiet by destructive interference.
• When two similar loudspeakers are connected to the same

audio-frequency generator they will produce interference
effects.
• The formula for interference of sound waves is,
ax
The Procedure Of The Experiment Which Include The λ=
Method Of Controlling The Manipulated Variable And The D
Method Of Measuring The Responding Variable.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• A green filter is placed between the light source and the Where,
slits. λ = wavelength of sound waves
a = distance between two loudspeakers
• The source of light is switched on.
x = distance between two successive loud regions or
• The interference pattern formed on the screen is
quiet region.
observed and drawn.
D = distance between the listener from the loudspeaker.
• By using a metre rule the distance across 6 consecutive
bright fringes is measured. Example 3
• The distance between two consecutive bright fringes is
calculated , x =
L In an experiment on the interference of sound wave a listener
5 at distance 5.0 from the loudspeaker. The distance between
• The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different two loudspeakers is 2.0 m. The loudspeakers are connected to
colour filters an audio-frequency generator to produce sound waves at a
frequency of 0.8 kHz.
Tabulate the data: Calculate
λ (a) the wavelength of sound waves when the speed of sound
x is 320 ms-1
(b) the distance between two successive loud regions
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph x against λ Solution:
(a)-
The arrangement of colour of light in order of wavelength (b)-
41
The Experiment To Investigate The Relationship Between Tabulate the data:
Distance Of The Listener From The Loudspeaker And D
The Distance Between Two Successive Loud Regions x
Hypothesis:
the distance between two successive loud regions increases Analysis the data:
as distance between the listener from the loudspeaker Plot the graph x against D
increases .

To investigate the relationship between distance between the
listener from the loudspeaker and the distance between two
successive loud regions
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variables in the experiment: ---
TUTORIAL 6 : INTERFERENCE OF
Manipulated variable: distance between the listener from the
loudspeaker WAVE
Responding variable: the distance between two successive
loud regions . 1 The figure shows two impulse waves traveling towards
Fixed variable : the wavelength of sound waves , each other along the length of a rope.
distance between two loudspeakers Which of the following figure shows the pattern of the
impulse waves after passed through point O.

Two loudspeakers, audio-frequency generator ,connection
wires and metre rule.
Arrangement of the apparatus: Which of the following figure shows the pattern of the
impulse waves after passed through point O.
2 Figure shows two impulse waves travelling towards each

other.
The Procedure Of The Experiment Which Include The

Method Of Controlling The Manipulated Variable And The
Method Of Measuring The Responding Variable.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• By using a metre rule the distance between the listener
from the loudspeaker is measured= D Which of the following figure shows when both waves
• The audio-frequency generator is switched on. meet at the point P?
• The listener is requested to walk in a straight path and
the distance between two successive loud regions is
measured by a metre rule = x
distances between the listener from the loudspeaker.
42
Which of the positions A,B,C or D, does the amplitude of
the water waves is zero.
5 The figure shows the wave pattern formed by waves from

two coherent sources.
3 The figure shows two impulse waves travelling towards Antinode points are
each other with a speed 2 cms-1 respectively. A W and X B X and Z
C Y and Z D W and Y
6 The figure shows plane water waves approaching two

slits between three obstacles.
Which of the following shows the pattern of the impulse

waves after 1 s?
The phenomena involved are
A refraction and reflection
B reflection and diffraction
C refraction and interference
D diffraction and interference
7 Monochromatic light which is light of only one ________

A phase B colour
C amplitude D intensity
8 The figure shows a monochromatic light is passed

through a double slit.
4 The figure shows an interference pattern of two coherent

water waves of sources, P and Q.
Which of the following formed on the screen?

A two bright bands
B a spectrum of light
C a pattern of alternating bright and dark regions
43
9 The figure shows the fringe pattern obtained in a double 13 The figure shows are the patterns of interference by
slit experiment when a monochromatic light is used. The using red filter, green filter and blue filter which are not
slits are 3 x 10-4 m apart and the screen is 3.0 m away arranged in order.
from the slits.
What is the length of the monochromatic light ?

A 1x 10-7 m B 5x10-7 m
C 2.5 x10 m -6 D 7.5x10-6 m
E 5 x 10 m- 8
10 In an experiment of light interference using green light of

wavelength 5 x 10 - 7 m , two consecutive bright fringes
formed on the screen are 0.4 mm apart.
When the experiment is repeated using monochromatic
light , L , two consecutive bright fringes formed 0.48 mm
are apart.
What is the wavelength of light L ? Which of the following is the correct filter for respective
A 2.4 x 10 - 7 m B 4.2 x 10 - 7 m patterns of interference?
C 5.0 x 10 m - 7 D 6.0 x 10 - 7 m
E 4.0 x 10 m - 7 P Q R
11 In an experiment of light interference , the distance two A red blue green

successive bright or dark fringes depends on B blue red green
A width of slit C green blue red
B colour of light is used D green red blue
C intensity of the source of light is used
14 In an experiment of light interference the distance
12 The figure shows the arrangement of apparatus in between two consecutive bright fringes ,x varies with
Young’s double slit experiment. distance between double slit and screen, D.
Which of the following graphs shows the correct
relationship between x and D?
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes

increases when
A slit separation increases
B the width of slit increases
C the distance between the screen and the double-slit
plat decreases
D the green filter is replaced by a red filter.
44
15 In experiment of the interference of waves, two D The amplitude of the sound waves is zero at point
loudspeakers are placed at a distance of 1.5 m from X, Y and Z.
each other. The distance between two consecutive soft
sounds is 6.0 m and the listener at a distance 4.5 m from 18 The figure shows a plane water waves approaches two
the loudspeakers. small slits .
What is the wavelength of the sound waves is used?
A 1.25 m B 1.50 m
C 2.00 m D 3.00 m
E 4.50 m
16 The figure shows the arrangement of apparatus the

interference of sound waves experiment.
(a) Mark a point where constructive interference occurs

and a point where destructive interference occurs.
(b) What is another phenomenon involved?
The distance between two consecutive loud sounds ……………………………………………………………

increases as
A the diameter of the loudspeaker increases (c) When the frequency of the vibrator MN is 12 Hz,
B the frequency of the audio-frequency generator what is the speed of the water waves
increases
C the distance between two loudspeakers increases
D the distance between the loudspeaker and the line
XY increases
18 The figure shows the arrangement of apparatus to
17 The figure shows the arrangement of apparatus the investigate the phenomena of light waves. The sodium-
interference of sound waves experiment vapour lamp is adjusted until the position of the lamp is
at the focus point of the lense.

A Point Z is an antinode point
B Loud sound is produced at point X
C Constructive interference occur at point Y
45
(a) Why is The sodium-vapour lamp is adjusted until
the position of the lamp is at the focus point of the
lense?
…………………………………………………….......
………………………………………………………..
(b) (i) In the box below ,draw and label the pattern
of image is formed on the screen.
(ii) Name the light phenomenon involved. (a) What happen to the wave of lights when passed
through the slits.
……………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………
(c) The single slit is replaced by a double slit of slit
separation is 5 x 10-4 m. (b) Explain briefly how the fringes are formed?
(i) In the box below ,draw and label the pattern of
image is formed on the screen. ………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
(ii) Name the light phenomenon involved. ………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………….. (d) The monochoromatic light is used is blue light.

What happen to the distance two consecutive bright
(iii) The light emits from the sodium-vapour lamp fringes when
with a wavelength of 6.0 x 10-7m.Calculate the
distance two consecutive bright fringes. (i) the distance between the screen and the
double slit is increased.
……………………………………………….........
(ii) the slit separation is decreased
(d) When the experiment is carried out in the water, ……………………………………………….........

what happen to
(iii) the blue light is replaced by a red light
(i) the wavelength of the light waves?
……………………………………………….........
……………………………………………………..
(ii) the distance two consecutive bright fringes. (e) If D = 3.0 m , a= 5.2 x 10 –3 m , determine the
wavelength of the wave of the lights.
…………………………………………………….
19 The figure shows the arrangement of apparatus in

Young’s double slit experiment and the pattern of the
fringes formed o the screen.
46
21 The figure shows the pattern of the fringe formed on 22 The figure shows the arrangement of apparatus in the
the screen from Young’s double slit experiment. interference wave of sounds experiment. Two similar
The experiment used and a red filter and then is loudspeakers are placed 2.0 m apart. A source of sound
repeated by using a blue filter to produce a is switched on to produce a sound of frequency 2.4 kHz
monochromatic light. A girl walks slowly along OP parallel to the two
loudspeakers at a distance 5.0 m in front of the
loudspeakers. She hears loud sound at point A ,C and E
and alternately weak sound at point B,C and D.
(a) What s meant by a monochromatic light?
………………………………… ………………….
(b) Using the pattern of the fringes in the figure

above , state two observations about the
distances between consecutive fringes for the
red light and the blue light.
(a) Name the source of the sound waves is used.
1……………………………………………………
................................................................................
…………………………………………………......
(b) Two loudspeakers is used to produce a coherent
2…………………………………………………… wave. What is meant by a coherent wave?
…………………………………………………….. ................................................................................
(c) Compare the wavelengths of red light to blue (c) Name the wave phenomenon involved.
light.
…………………………………………………… (d) What happen to the sound wave at point

(i) A,C and E
(d) Relate the wavelengths of red light to blue
light with the distances between consecutive ................................................................................
fringes in(b).
(ii) B,D and F
……………………………………………………..
................................................................................
……………………………………………………..
(e) When the speed of sound waves is 360 ms-1,
…………………………………………………….. determine
(i) the wavelength of the sound waves.
(e) Name the wave phenomenon which forms the
pattern of the fringes in the figure above.
…………………………………………………….. (ii) the distance AF
47
(f) When the frequency of the sound waves is
decreased , state two observations will occur.
Explain your answer.
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
(g) State on precaution that should be taken during this

experiment.
................................................................................
…………………………………………………………..
48
LESSON 7- ANALYSING SOUND
compression is produced where the air pressure is
WAVES higher.
A- PRODUCING SOUNDS • In between the compressions are rarefactions where the

number of molecules is reduced and air pressure is
• Sound waves are longitudinal waves that are transmitted lower.
through almost any substance i.e solid , liquid or gas.
• Thus we may describe a progressive wave sound in air
• The waves are produced by any mechanism which as a travelling pressure wave in which regions of
produces compressional vibrations of the surrounding increased air pressure travel along where the air
medium. Some examples are the vibrating string of a molecules are compressed together separated by regions
guitar, exploding gas in firecracker and the vibrating of reduced air pressure at the rarefactions.
diaphragm of a loudspeaker.
D- SPEED OF SOUND
B- VIBRATIONS IN A VACUUM
• Sounds travels quickly, but not nearly as fast as light. The
• Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because in a speed of sound waves depends on the medium. Sound
vacuum there is no material to transmit the travels fastest in solids, and slowest in gases.
compressions.
• A common demonstration of this to show that is a ringing • Sound travels more quickly through medium in which the
bell cannot be heard if the bell is in a vacuum chamber. atoms are strongly bound together.
• The bell is vibrating , but there is no surrounding material • If you imagine that in a solid all the atoms are joined
to carry the vibration to our ears. together by springs then the stronger the springs the
faster the sound travels.
• Similarly we cannot hear the nuclear explosions on the
sun because there is no medium in space. • The strong binding between atoms in solids means that
sound will travel much more quickly through solids than
• Astronauts cannot speak to each other on the moon through gases.
without using radio waves, because there is no air on the
moon through which sound waves can travel. • The speed of sound waves in gases increase when the
density of the gases decrease. When the density of the
C- SOUND WAVES IN AIR gases decrease ,the frequency of the vibrations increase
,so the speed of the sounds increase ( v = fλ).
• The speed of the sound waves also increase as the

temperature the gases increase. It is because when the
temperature of the gases increase the density of the
gases decrease.
• The speed of sound waves in a gas not affected by

changes of pressure.
• Sound waves are longitudinal waves. The sound waves

from a loudspeaker produce compressions and
rarefactions of the air molecules.
• When molecules pushed forwards (to the right) meet • Typical values for speed of sound are given in the
molecules bouncing backwards(to the left) , after following table.
collisions with other molecules in front, a region of
49
Medium Speed of sound waves/ ms-1
Air (0 C)
o 331
Oxygen (0oC) 316
Helium (0oC) 965
Hydrogen (0oC) 1284
Water (0oC) 1402
Water (20oC) 1482
Water (50oC) 1543
Aluminium (0oC) 5100
Copper (0oC) 3560
Iron (0oC) 5130
E- THE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF SOUND WAVES

G- QUALITY OR TIMBRE OF SOUND
• If a signal generator is connected to a loudspeaker , not
all the frequencies of the sound wave is produced ca be • The quality of sound depends on the wave form.
heard by the human hear. • Different musical instruments of the same pitch are
• The human hear is capable of hearing sounds with distinguished from each other by their quality.
frequencies in the range of 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz.
• The following figure shows the frequency spectrum of
sound waves:
• Below about 20 Hz the vibrations are felt rather than

heard e.g. earth quakes and are called subsonic.
• We are able to hear sounds with frequencies from around
20 Hz to almost 20 000Hz.
H- SOUND AND NOISE
• Sounds above the upper hearing limit are called
ultrasound.
• Our ear can also tell the difference between musical
• Dogs, bats and dolphins are all known to be able to hear
sounds and noises. The waveforms produced by musical
sounds whose frequency is well above the limits of
instruments are regular, whilst those produced by noises
human hearing.
are jagged and irregular.
F- LOUDNESS AND PITCH OF SOUND
• The loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude

of vibrations. As the amplitude of vibrations increase , the
loudness of a sound increases.
• The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency of

vibrations. As the frequency of vibrations increase , the I- APPLICATION OF SOUND WAVES
pitch of a sound increases.
I-1 : Medicine
50
(1) Ultrasonic scanning in medicine involves sending between the sound and the echoes. From this, the
ultrasound waves into the patient’s body and depth of the rock layers can be measured.
detecting the echoes which come back. This can be
used , for example, to see the position of an unborn Example 1
baby inside its mother’s womb. The whole process A Sonar signal sent vertically downwards from a ship is
is completely painless and much safer than using X- reflected from the ocean floor and detected by a microphone
rays. on the keel 0.8 s after transmission . If speed of sound in
(2) Sound waves of high energy are directed to the water is 1 500 ms-1, what is the depth of the ocean?
kidney stones to destroy them in the cavity of the
kidney. The disintegrated particles are removed Solution
during urination by the patient.
(3) Dentist use ultrasonic waves to remove plaque
from the teeth.
(4) Ultrasound spectacles help blind persons to
estimate the distance away of something in front of
them.
Example 2
I-2 : Industry A man stands in front of a fairly large flat wall at a distance
50 m. He claps his hands and the time for 20 intervals
(1) Ultrasonic scanning is used to detect cracks in between claps is 12 s. What is the speed of the sound ?
metal structures . This is how aircrafts parts are
checked for hidden cracks which might prove Solution
dangerous later.
(2) A goldsmith uses high frequency sound waves to
dislodge dirt particles adhering to jewellery and
precious stones.
(3) Ships use echo-sounding equipment to find how
deep the water is. The time interval is measured
between a pulse of sound and its echo from the sea
bed.
If the echo-sounders measures an interval of time,t ,
and the speed of sound wave in water is v, the depth
, d can be calculated as follows;
Distanced travelled by pulsed = speed x time

2d= v x t
vt
d=
2
(4) In modern fishing trawlers, echo –sounding

Produces SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging)
is used to detect shoals of fish. The equipment can
detect the reflected pulse from the shoal, and work
out its position and depth.
(5) Geologists also use echo – sounding methods to

locate boundaries between rock layers far below the
surface. This is useful, for example in finding places
where it might worth drilling for oil. A small TUTORIAL 7 – ANALYSING SOUND
explosion on the surface sends a sound wave WAVES
downwards into the Earth , and some of the sound
is reflected from the boundaries between rock 1 Which of the following is not true about the sound
layers. The detector measures the time interval waves ?
A Is a longitudinal waves
51
B Is a mechanical waves D Water Steel Air
C Can travel through a vacuum
D Produce from the compressions and rarefactions of 8 The table shows how the speed of sound varies with
the air molecules substances of different densities.
2 Astronauts are in a space-ship orbiting the moon. They Substance Speed of sound Density of
see an explosion on the surface of the Moon. waves/ ms-1 substance / kg m-3
Why can the not hear the explosion? Air 330 1.29
A Explosions cannot occur in space Oxygen 320 1.43
B Sound cannot travel through a vacuum Aluminium 5 100 2 710
C Sound is reflected from the space-ship Iron 5 000 7 870
D Sound travel too quickly through space to affect the Lead 1 200 11 300
ear drum
Which conclusion about the speed of sound can be
3 A place where sound waves cannot travel would be drawn from this information?
A through a balloon filled with helium
B from one spaceship to another one nearby A The speed increases as the density of the
C from a surface ship to a submarine substances increases
D along a railway line B The speed is greater in less dense substances
C The speed is greater in metals than in gases
4 Which of the following medium gives the highest speeds D The speed is greatest in the densest metal
of sound waves?
A Vacuum B Water 9 On what do the pitch and the loudness of a sound wave
C Steel D Air depend?
Pitch Loudness
5 Why putting your ear to a steel railroad track allows you A Amplitude Frequency
to hear the approach of a train long before you can hear it B Frequency Amplitude
in the air? C Frequency Speed
A The speed of sound waves travel in air greater than D Speed Amplitude
in the steel
B The speed of sound waves travel in steel greater 10 Two notes are played on a guitar. The second is louder
than in air and has a higher pitch. The second note is
C Sound cannot travel through air
D Sound cannot travel through steel A higher in amplitude and lower in frequency
B higher in both amplitude in frequency
6 A timekeeper for a sprint event starts the stopwatch as he C lower in amplitude and higher in frequency
sees the smoke from the pistol instead of hearing the D lower in both amplitude and frequency
shot. This action is taken because
11 What would a drummer do to make the sound of a drum
A sound produces echoes give a note of lower pitch?
B light travels in a straight line
C light travels faster than sound A Hit the drum skin with a larger force
D surrounding temperature affects the speed of sound B Hit the drum skin with a smaller force
C Hit the drum skin nearer the edge
D Loosen the drum skin
12 Which of the following corresponds to the highest pitch of
sound?
7 The speeds of sound in air, in steel and in water are
different.
Which of the following gives the speeds in increasing
order?
Slowest Fastest
A Air Water Steel
B Steel Water Air
C Water Air Steel
52
0.1 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 10 0000
A
B
C
D
16 Ahmad shouts in front of a high wall. He hears the echo

of his voice 1.2 seconds later.
The velocity of sound in air is 340 m s-1.
What is the distance between Ahmad and the wall?
A 204 m
B 283 m
C 340 m
D 408 m
E 816 m
17 The figure shows an ultrasonic waves transmitted from a

boat to the seabed to determine the depth,D., of the sea.
The speed of the ultrasonic waves in water is 1 500 m s-1.
The echo of the waves is received 2.0 s after the
transmission.
13 The figure shows two notes of sound waves P and Q .
Which of the following is true? What is the value of D?

A The quality of the note Q is better than note P A 375 m
B Note Q is played on a guitar and note P is B 750 m
played on a violin C 1 500 m
C The loudness of note Q is higher than note P D 3 000 m
D The pitch of note Q is higher than note P E 6 000 m
18 During a thunderstorm, an observer sees a lightning flash

14 What is the approximate range of audible frequencies for 6 seconds later he hears the thunder. The speed of
a young person? sound is 330 m s-1.
A 1 Hz - 20 Hz B 20 Hz - 20 kHz
C 20 kHz - 200 kHz D 1 000 kHz – 20 000 kHz
How far away is the observer from the lightening?

15 Which line on the figure best represents the range of A 330 m
frequencies of sound that can be heard by a healthy B 660 m
human car? C 990 m
Frequency / Hz D 1 980 m
53
E 3 960 m …………………………………………………………..
19 A boy stands at point P between two high walls P and Q. (b) Explain how the waves is used to scan the baby?
The distance between P and T is 100 m and the distance
From T and Q is 500 m. He shouts in front of the high …………………………………………………………...
walls. He hears the echo of his voice from the high wall P
and 2.5 seconds later he hears the echo of his voice from …………………………………………………………..
the high wall Q.
…………………………………………………………..
(c) Why using this method to scan an unborn baby is

safer than using X-rays?
…………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
(d) Ultrasound used in medicine has a frequency which

is about 100 times higher than the maximum
(a) What is meant by echo? frequency that can be heard by humans.
If the speed of ultrasound in the human body is
………………………………………………………… 1 500 ms-1, determine
(i) the frequency that might be used for
(b) Determine the speed of the sound waves. ultrasound in medicine.
(c) When the distance between two high walls are

increased what happen to (ii) the wavelength of the ultrasound in the human
(i) the speed of the sound waves. body.
……………………………………………………..
(ii) the time taken to hear the echo
……………………………………………………..
20 The figure shows ultrasound being used to study an

unborn baby.
(a) What is meant by ultrasound?
54
LESSON 8 - ANALYSING
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES C- THE COMMON PROPERTIES OF THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
A- INTRODUCTION
1. They all transfer energy from one place to another.
• Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, consisting 2. They all transverse, electromagnetic waves
of oscillating electric fields and magnetic fields . 3. They all can travel through a vacuum
• Energy resulting from the acceleration of electric charge 4. They all travel at a speed of approximately
and the associated electric fields and magnetic fields. 3 x 108 m s-1
• The energy can be regarded through space involving 5. They all show the wave properties :
oscillating electric fields and magnetic fields at right angle reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference
to each other to the direction of propagation. 6. The all obey the wave equation v = fλ
• In a vacuum the waves travel with a constant speed i.e. 7. They all carry no charge
speed of light , 3 x 108 m s-1. 8. They all can be emitted and absorbed by matter.
D- DETECTING AND USING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC

SPECTRUM
(1) Gamma rays
Sources : Nuclei of radioactive atoms and

cosmic rays
Detector : photographic film, Geiger-Muller

Tube
Special
B- THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Properties : very penetrating
very dangerous causes cancer and
• The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous spectrum , mutation
with no gaps in it and no frequencies anywhere in the Uses : to kill cancerous growth
range which do not exist. to find flaws in metal castings
• Like the spectrum of light , the different kinds of radiation to sterilise equipment
gradually change from one to another as their properties to control pest in agriculture
gradually change.
• So there is no sharp boundary between one type of (2) X-ray
radiation and the next. There is often a large overlap at
the boundaries. Sources : X-ray tubes
• The following diagram shows all the members of the
electromagnetic family of waves. Detector : photographic film, Fluorescent screen
Special
Properties : very penetrating
very dangerous , damage to cells
Uses : to take X-ray picture;
Radiography
to treat skin disorders
to study crystal structures
to scan baggage
to scan cracks in building structures
to detect art forgeries
55
(3) Ultra-violet (UV) photocopiers(thermal)
cooking
Sources : the sun, very hot objects , arcs heating
and sparks mercury vapour lamps, remote control for TV / VCR
discharge tube photography through haze and fog
computer and hand phone to connect
Detector : photographic film, photo cells,
fluorescent chemicals (6) Microwave
Special
Properties : absorbed by glass , Sources : microwave transmitter ,
cause many chemical reactions, microwave ovens
damages and kills living cells,
causes sun burn, Detector : wave guide tube
causes blindness
Uses : treatment of skin complaints, Special
killing bacteria, Properties : spread round hills and building
fluorescent lighting by diffraction
burglar alarms internal heating of body tissues
automatic counting in industry Uses : cooking
washing powders radar system to detect objects
to identify counterfeit notes (size ,form and position)
satellite transmissions
(4) Visible light (7) Radio waves
Sources : the sun, hot objects , Sources : electrical oscillating circuit

lamps, lasers , lightening, flames
Detector : aerials connected to TV or radio
Detector : photographic film, eye , photo cells
Special Special
Properties : refracted by glass and focused Properties : harm body cells, prevalence of
by the eye migraine, headache disorders.
increased rates of premature skin aging
and skin cancer
Uses : observation of visible world, Uses : telecommunications (telephone)
essential for photosynthesis and plant broadcasting (TV and radio)
growth communication in aircrafts,ships and
laser and optical fibres missiles
flame test to identify elements in used in radio astronomy
chemistry
flash in camera
(5) Infra-red light (IR)
Sources : the sun, warm and hot objects

such as fires and people,
Detector : special photographic film, thermopile ,

photo transistor eye , photo cells
Special
Properties : causes heating when
absorbed, makes skin feel warm, skin
burns
Uses : night vision
thermal imaging and physiotherapy
56
TUTORIAL 8 – ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES 7 Which of the following is true regarding the
X-rays and the red light?
1 Which of the following is not an electromagnetic
waves? X-ray Red light
A Microwave A Longitudinal Transverse wave
B Sound wave wave
C Radio wave B High speed Low speed
D Light wave C Short wavelength Long wavelength
D Can travels Cannot travels
2 Which of the following cannot travels in vacuum? through vacuum through vacuum
A X-ray
B Infra-red radiation 9 Which of the following ray moves with the speed of light?
C Radio wave A Gamma ray gamma
D Ultrasonic wave B Beta ray
C Alpha ray
3 Which of the following has the lowest speed ?
A White light 10 The figure shows different regions of the electromagnetic
B Ultra-violet radiation
C Radio wave
D Sub-sonic wave
4 Which of the following is the common properties of the

electromagnetic waves?
A They all have the same wavelength spectrum.
B They all have the same frequency What region does P represent?
C They all have the same speed in vacuum A Microwaves B Sound waves
C Ultra-violet radiation D X-ray
5 Which of the following has a wavelength shorter than the
wavelength of light wave ?? 11 X and Y are different wave motions. In air, X travels much
A Ultra-violet radiation faster than Y but has a much shorter wavelength.
B Infra –red rafiation Which types of wave motion could X and Y be?
C Radio wave
D Microwave X Y
6 The letter I,U,R,X and V represents the electromagnetic A Microwave Red light
waves . B Radio wave Infra-red
C Red light Sound
Letter Electromagnetic wave D Sound Ultra-violet
I Infra-red radiation 2 One of the following devices does not make use of
U Ultra-violet radiation electromagnetic waves in its operation.
R Radio wave Which one is it?
X X-ray
V Light wave A A loudspeaker
B A television set
Which of the following arrangement of the C A camera
electromagnetic waves in ascending order of frequency? D A hand phone
A X,V,R,U,I B R,U,I,X,V
C V,R,I,U,X D R,I,V,U,X 13 Which of the following equipment does not use heating
element to operate?
A Bulb
B Toaster
C Hair drier
D Microwave oven
57
14 At an airport, a passenger’s bag is placed in the baggage C Light wave
scanner. D Sound wave
18 Which of the following figure is not relevant to

electromagnetic waves?
The contents in the bag are examined by using
A X-ray
B gamma rays
C ultraviolet rays
D infrared rays 19 The figure shows the electromagnetic spectrum.
15 The figure shows a signal is transmitted to determine the

position of an aeroplane .
(a) Name the waves mark by
(i) P ………………………………………
(ii) Q
………………………………………
What type of wave is used? (iii) R
……………………………………..
A Radio wave (b) What is the speed of the electromagnetic waves in

B Microwave vacuum?
C Light wave
D Sound wave …………………………………………………
(c) Name an apparatus to detect gamma rays.
16 Which waves pass through fog and low cloud most
easily? …………………………………………………
(d) Name a source to produce Q.
A Infra-red
B Light …………………………………………………
C Radio (e) Name a wave can cause skin burns
D Ultra-violet
…………………………………………………
17 The figure shows a TV remote control . (f) Complete the following table.
Uses Electromagnetic wave

satellite
What type of wave is used? transmissions
to identify
A Radio wave counterfeit
B Microwave notes
58
21 The diagram represents the electromagnetic
spectrum.
(a) Name the type of electromagnetic radiation that is

used
(i) to sterelise surgical instruments.
20 The figure shows an airport radar transmitting microwave
signals. Microwaves are transmitted to determine the
…………………………………………..
position of aeroplanes.
(ii) to send a signal to a TV from a remote control.
…………………………………………..
(b) Valuable item can be security marked
using special ink . The ink can only be seen in
ultraviolet radiation
(a) Microwaves are a type of

_______________________waves. Explain what happen to make this ink visible?
(b) The radar transmits a signal at a velocity of 3.0 x ……………………………………………………….

108 ms-1 towards the aeroplane and detects the
reflected signal 4.0 x 10-4 s later. ……………………………………………………….
Calculate the distance of P from the radar
transmitter at that time. ……………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………….
(c) Explain why skin cells need to be protected from

ultraviolet radiation?
(c) The radar detects the same signal after reflection by …………………………………………………
another aeroplane, Q. The signals from Q arrives
later than the signal from P. …………………………………………………
(i) Compare the distances of P and Q from the …………………………………………………

radar.
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………..
(d) The following information is from an oven that
………………………………………….. combines a microwave and a grill.
(ii) State how the difference of the distance of P

and Q from the radar is determined at any
time.
…………………………………………..
………………………………………….. (i) Name two types of electromagnetic

59
Waves radiation that the oven can use to cook
food
……………………………………and
…………………………………………
(ii) A joint of meat is cooked using both the

microwave and the grill. Both are switched on
at full power for half and hour.
Use the following equation to calculate the
energy transferred , in kilowatt-hours ,by the
oven. Show clearly how you obtain your
answer.
Energy transferred = power x time
60

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LESSON 1 : Vibrations and Waves

2- Common terminology of vibrations

A periodic motion where the system performs a

2.2- Equilibrium position:

The position of the object where is no resultant Example 1

The maximum displacement of the objects from their

4.1- Factors affecting the natural frequency of the

Vibration system Factors affecting Formula

A phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of forced

4.2- Transformation of energy in a vibration system.

4.5- Examples of Resonance in Everyday Life

Example 3: 4.5.1- Damping

• The another example of useful resonance is the tuning

• Microwave ovens use resonance. The frequency of

2 The figure shows a bob of a simple pendulum is swinging

6 The diagram shows how displacement varies with time.

What is the period of the pendulum?

7 The period of oscillations of a simple pendulum increases

A length of the pendulum

Which pendulum swings the slowest?

9 Pak Abu has a pendulum clock as shown in the diagram

13 The vibration frequency of a piece of jigsaw blade with

11 Which of the following arrangements of springs produces

19 Which of the following physical quantities has a maximum

21 The figure shows the arrangement of the apparatus to

Which of the following is not true when the bob is

23 A system is oscillating at its natural frequency without

25 The figure shows a mass hanging from a spring is

27 Figure shows a simple pendulum which consists of a bob

(a) By using the letters A,B and C in the figure above

(i) equilibrium position

(i) the steel springs are replaced by the cooper

(d) What happens to the frequency of the oscillations ..........................................................................

................................................................................. (c) When the amplitude of the vibrations remain

A trolley rests on a horizontal frictionless surface and is

Observe the vibrations of each of the punch-ball.

(a) State one suitable inference that can be made.

• When we drop a stone into a pond, the kinetic energy of

• The examples of transerve waves are water waves and

D-5 - Wavespeed , v D-10 - Rarefaction

D-6 - Wavefront D-11 - The wave equation

(a) Base on the figure determine,

• Stroboscope frequency = rotation frequency of

TUTORIAL 2 - Understanding Waves

5 The figure shows a cross-section of a water wave.

6 The figure shows a model of a wave produce by a slinky

What is the wavelength ?

Based on the figure above , which of the following is true?

Which of the following is true? Amplitude Wavelength

8 The figure shows a wavefront pattern produced by a

1 500 ms-1. What is the frequency of the ultrasound?

11 The figure shows a transverse wave is produced a long

What is the speed of the wave?

13 The figure shows the straight lines represent the positions,

18 A water wave of wavelength 6 cm travels with a speed

19 The figure shows a loudspeaker produces a sound with a

Which of the following is true?

Observe Figure 1 and Figure 2,

(a) (i) Compare the condition of the water surface and

(ii) Based on your answer in b(i) name the type of