UNDERSTANDING THE SELF  Impressions – through

MIDTERMS senses/receives information

 Expressions – perception
I. PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT OF  Sensation – to receive senses
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF  Perception – interpretation of
senses
Philosophy – continuing search of truth 7. Ryle – “Behavior is the output of
- love of wisdom sensation and perception.”
 Philo – love  Behavior – product of a stimulus
 Sophia – wisdom (maybe a person, object or
weather) and response
 Self – who you are as a person 8. Kant – “There is a mind that organizes
- existence of human being the impressions. It is called the
 Existence – body/tangible apparatuses of mind.”
- Soul/behavior  Apparatuses of Mind – frame of reference
- beliefs
Philosophers: - habits
1. Socrates – “Self is composed of body - values
and soul.” - culture
 Body – imperfect - morality
 Soul – perfect and the life-giving
aspect of the body 9. Ponty – “Mind and body are intertwined.”
 Gestalt – the whole is more important than its
2. Plato – “Self is composed of body and part.
soul but has 3 parts.”
 Ratio – the mind, responsible for II. SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF UNDERSTANDING THE
thinking SELF
 Appetitive – desire, soul that
dictates Sociology – scientific state of human behavior
- soul that preserves the body based in the influence of others
 Spirited – emotion, feeling, moral  Socius – companion/associate
Logos – study
3. St. Augustine – “Man is bifurcated by
nature which is the body that is bound to
Branches:
die and soul that lives eternally.”
 Bifurcated – has 2 branch; body and
1. Macrosociology – study of human society
soul.
- Origin, structure, functions, and
 Dualistic – 2 opposite parts of idea
directions
or belief
 Origin
a. Primitive Society – hunting and
4. St. Thomas Aquinas – “Man is
gathering
composed of matter and form.”
b. Herding and Holticulture –
 Matter – stuffs/the body itself
pasteural
 Form – the essence/the soul that c. Agricultural Society – planting
animates the body and harvesting
d. Industrial Revolution/Society –
5. Rene Descartes – “Self is the the use of machines to reduce
combination of mind or cogito and human labor
extension of the mind which is the body e. Technological/Digital Society – in
or extenza.” terms of communications,
 Mental Operations: information, and transportation.
- affirms, understands, refuses, doubt,  Structure – hierarchy because of
reasoning, perceive, problem solving socio-economic status
 Functions – to provide basic needs
6. Hume – “Self is a bundle of impressions - labor/manpower
and expressions.”
  Direction – developing because of 3. Linguistic Anthropology – study of language
scientific breakthrough in terms of as a tool for communication
conditions
- to make people globally competitive Culture – provides established pattern of behavior
by K-12, participating in ASEAN summit – complex whole – complex because it is
and import liberalization composed of broad and variety of elements and
whole because it represents the union
2. Microsociology – behavior of people  Cultura – care or cultivation
 Factors Influencing Human Behavior
a. Family – respect, discipline ELEMENTS:
b. Spiritual Institution – different
practices 1. Knowledge – acquired information
- Body of information
Social Institutions: 2. Laws – acquired through knowledge and belief
- we can make laws that govern
- dynamic; based on influence of others individuals within a society
- self expressions 3. Arts – aesthetic, beauty
- peace and order, policies - Aesthetic ability of people by the
- to provide needs acquired knowledge and laws
- to gain knowledge 4. Moral – ability to detect which is right or wrong
5. Practices – folkways, norms
1. Family - Acquired through morals, arts, laws and
- first and oldest knowledge
- basic unit 6. Habits – repetitive actions
- foundation of society – acquisition of knowledge - Fixed tendencies, traits
- Functions: - Way of explaining self
a. Emotional Support – love, care and
affection Subculture – groups in within one culture
b. Financial Needs – in order to survive Culture Shock – conflict on your belief,
c. Socio-economic Status - confusion, anxiety, doubt caused by being in a
foreign place that is very different on what you
2. Education/Educational Institution used to do
- consciously controlled pattern because there Ethnocentrism – superiority of culture
are factors affecting learning: teachers/admin, - Judging other cultures based on your
materials/tools, subjects, assessments/evaluations culture
- active and effective social participation Xenocentrism – inferiority of culture
- training ground - Perspective from ideas or styles of other
- Functions: cultures
a. Liberating – free from poverty, ignorance, Culture Relativism – no one is best in culture
free from being dependent from other people - Respecting one another’s culture
b. Equalizing – fair to everyone
c. Socialization – enable students to interact Modes of Acquiring Culture
with other people 1. Imitation – observation
2. Formal Teaching – formal study of a
culture
III. ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASPECT OF 3. Conditioning – mandatory to do
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
IV. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT OF
Anthropology – study of human being UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
 Anthros – man, human being
 Logos – study Psychology – study of mind
 Psyche – soul/mind
Branches:  Logos – study
1. Cultural Anthropology – norms Soul – without the soul the body is considered to be dead
2. Social Anthropology – interaction of people
- Life-giving aspect of the body
Mind – it is the regulator or the central factor
Scientific – process, experiment and theories 4. A. Neurotic – mild
Human Behavior – depended upon reaction B. Psychotic – severe (masochist, maniac)

Background: Intelligence – an attempt to measure or evaluate actual

and potential abilities
1. Traditional –
 Primitive – superstitions, animism Intelligence Quotient (IQ) – is a single score that
 Greek Philosophers – non-religious indicates the individual’s general intellectual level
speculation/reasoning
 Aristotle – remember + think = learning Binet Test
- Learning because of the bonds of 1. Individual Test – one on one interview
connection in the nervous system. 2. Group Test – written

2. Scientific IQ Range
 Windt – psychological lab 1. Custodial (idiot) – below 25
- To conduct test 2. Trainable (imbecile) – 25-50
3. Educable (moron) – 50-70
 Watson – behavior
4. Border Line Defective – 70-80
 Freud – treatment of mental illness
5. Low Average – 80-90
 Psychological test – measurement 6. Average or Normal – 90-110
7. High Average – 110-120
8. Superior – 120-130
Schools of Psychology 9. Very Superior – 130-140
1. Structuralism – study of conscious experience 10. Genius – 140 and up
2. Functionalism – study of man’s adjustment to his
environment
3. Behaviorism – study of behavior not consciousness V. LEARNING
- Study of overt behavior
4. Associationism – learning is the formation of bonds Learning – a process of involving both the whole
and connections in the nervous system thing of the child and the total situation. It
5. Psychoanalytic School – study of unconscious continues throughout an individual’s life.
experience  Adaptation – acquire, accept from environment
 Id – amoral, animalistic (PUPCET, passed and comply the requirements and
 Ego – pride, reality, within the standards of society select course)
 Adjustment – the way we practice or adaptation
 Superego – conscience, moral
or cope with the situation (cope with college
6. Gestalt School – overall experience is more
environment, less social life more time to study)
important than the elements which made it up
 Change in behavior – result, when there are
7. Purposivism – objects have definite purpose
learned things, there are changes
Types of Behavior:
Types of Learning
1. A. Overt – observable behavior
a. Rational Learning – abstract/basic to concrete
- Facial expressions, actions
to concept to knowledge
B. Covert – unobservable behavior
- Involves the process of abstraction by which
- emotions, feelings, thinking, hidden desires
concepts are formed
2. A. Conscious – aware - Math, English, Science
- Through sensation - Outcome is knowledge
B. Unconscious – unaware b. Motor Learning - begins with mind
- mannerisms (normal condition) - Observation, imitation, repetitive actions,
- drunk, high (abnormal condition) then acquisition of movement
- Accuracy of movement that begins with
3. A. Normal – actions with consideration of laws, mind
folkways - Outcome is skill
B. Abnormal – can be mental, physical (paranoia, - PE, arts
phobia, birthmarks) c. Associational Learning – ideas and
experiences are retained, recalled, recognized
 - Outcome is the retention and acquisition of b. Verbal Thinking
facts and information - With words
- Dates, numbers - Most formal education is concerned with the
d. Appreciational Learning – process of acquiring dual process of learning concepts and at the
ideas, attitude, knowledge, satisfaction, values same time attaching names to them
and judgment - Thinking is verbal matter which involves
- involves aesthetic development
words and concepts which words stand.
- It depends on the attitudes, ideal,
- Communicate words to describe and
satisfaction, judgment, and knowledge
concerning values as well as recognition of interpret
worth c. Creative Thinking
- PUP Logo Star (star means highest form of - Product of right hemisphere
learning) - Must be novel, unusual, or original and must
be useful of meaningful
d. Convergent
Laws of Learning - Leads to one intended answer
a. The Law of Readiness – maturation in terms of - Identification
age, physiological and psychological e. Divergent
b. The Law of Exercise – law of use (retention) - We think in different directions; various
and law of disuse (forgetting) answer
c. The Law of Effect – pleasant (use), unpleasant - Multiple choice
(disuse) it supplements the law of exercise - Matching type
- States that connections which are pleasant
to be repeated and strengthened

Factors Affecting Learning f. Problem Solving

1. Maturation or readiness – through guidance or - Highest form of thinking because it has
training process or stages
2. Intelligence of Learner –native capacity of an - There are stages:
individual  Preparation – collect facts and
3. Opportunities for Learning – economic conditions material that seem to be relevant to
4. Environmental Conditions – school facilities the problem
5. Health of the Learner – physical defects  Incubation – after failure is solving
6. Emotional Factor – personal problem
the problem, the thinker temporarily
gives up
VI. THINKING - utilize the materials
 Illumination – production of novel
Thinking - is a process of symbolic mediation. solution
 Symbolic – thinking is done under symbols, - AHA moment
inner interpretation, and representation  Evaluation – determines that idea
 Mediation – thinking fills the gap between a will work
stimuli and response - trial of the ideas and adjustments
 Human Behavior – battle field - Factors Affecting:
 Memory is a term used to label the way facts and  Intelligence –
past experiences are impressed, retained and later  Motivation – directness to thought
recalled.  Set – the way people used to do
things
Classifications of Thinking  Functional Fixedness – tendency to
a. Conceptual Thinking think of objects in the way they usually
- Involves where in people engage in thinking function
which concepts are mediating process.
- Symbolic construction represents feature or g. Reasoning
attribute objects - Why and how
- Example: Ballpen, color or brand - Follows logical order
 h. Imagery - Autonomy – drive for independence; the need to
- Photographic memory resist influence of others
creating imaginary situations in mind - Defensiveness drive – desire to depend oneself
from blame, criticism
VII. MOTIVATION
VIII. EMOTIONS
Motivation – from the word motives which means Emotions – integrated reaction of total organism
inner state that energizes, activates or moves behavior  movare, emovare means to stir up, agitated,
towards goal. upset or move
 Motive – something that incites the organism to integrated; internal (increase of pulse rate) and
function external (trembling, excessive sweating)
 Need – lack of something that needed to satisfy total organism – an experience of total organism
 Drive – physiological/psychological variations
- Impels the organism to become active  basic – innate (love, fear, anger)
 Goal – something that satisfy a need  derived – interaction (manifestations of fear,
love and anger like happiness, sadness,
Classifications of Motives nervousness etc.)
a. Physiological/Survival Motives – normal body
functions  mild – puppy love, crush, infatuation
- Hunger – rhythmic construction of empty  intense – obsessions, possession, jealousy
stomach
- Thirst – when deprived from water for over  positive – pleasant
period of hours
 negative – unpleasant
- Recovery for Fatigue – desire to rest and get
some sleep
 constructive – love
- Maintenance of Temperature Nomulcy – 98.6
 destructive – too much love will kill you
degree Fahrenheit
- Avoidance of Pain – not wanting to be hurt
Aspects of Emotion
a. Physiological – internal bodily changes
- Circulatory system (change of heart beat),
b. Psychological/Social Motives – arises from the
respiratory system (gasping for breath)
interaction of other people
b. Emotional behavior – observable reactions of
- Affectional drive – love and affection
your behavior
- Need for security and safety – strong desire to - amygdala – part of brain that plays the role of
be secured emotion
- Sex urge – involves another person - Gestures, facial and vocal expressions
- The need for affiliation – associate oneself with c. Emotional experience – experience of emotions
others - Because of feelings
- Gregariousness – wants to be in the presence - Personal, subjective, varied
of others
- Tension, relaxation, excitement
- Dependency – depending for supports from
Emotional Responses
parents 1. Fear – common response to environmental
- Social Approval – to be approved by the group stimuli
- Distress, grief
c. Personal Motives/Ego-Integrative Motives – 2. Anger – often express before we have thought
built around “self” about it
- Recognition – prestige and status drive - Annoyance, disgust, disappointment, wrath,
- Achievement drive – feeling of having done scorn, hatred, frustration
something worthwhile or important 3. Love – pleasant experience has their roots in
- Power drive – need to control or influence other emotional response of love
people - Joy, laughter, excitement, thrill, affection,
happiness
Ways of Controlling Emotions
1. Outward manifestations – overt behaviors
(gritting our teeth, clenching)
2. Emotional situations – we try to avoid situation
that triggers our emotional responses
3. Temperament – hold your temper
4. Emotional suppressions – been beneficial and
negative effects
5. Teaching emotional control – learn to face
reality, emotional problem needs a solution
6. Expecting emotional situations – learns to
develop emotional responses that are
sanctioned by society
 FINALS GERM CELLS
I. PHYSICAL SELF AND SEXUAL SELF  Produces ovaries (egg cell, left and right,
internal)
HEREDITY – transfer of traits from parents to o Egg Cell – one ripened egg, circle or
offspring possible because of genes from round and visible
fertilization  Produces testes (sperm cell, left and right,
 TRAITS external)
o Physical – hair color o Sperm Cell – millions of cell, tail and
o Mental – mathematical/literary skills head, microscopic
 begin to form until the eight week of
- mental retardation
embryonic development
o Health – heart illnesses
- allergies, asthma MULTIPLE BIRTHS
GENES – traits or characteristics to be inherited  Identical Twins – single zygote
by an offspring from the parents through the - monozygonic twins
union of sperm and egg cell - same physical appearance
- “unit of DNA201D  Fraternal Twins – dizygotic twins
- two eggs at the fallopian tube
- different physical characteristics because
CHROMOSOMES – 23 from mother, 23 from they come from 2 cells
father  Quadruplets – 1 egg and 1 sperm split into 4
 Autosome – 22 pairs  Triplets - 1 egg and 1 sperm split into 3
1. Physical Traits – hair color, nose shape  Siamese - conjoined twins
2. Mental Traits – mathematical ability,
mental defects GENETIC DISORDER
 Gonosome – 1 pair  Turner’s Syndrome – problem in the 23rd part
- “gono” from “gonad” means “sex-linked of the chromosome
chromosomes” - absence of egg cell
o Estrogen – female hormone - cannot carry a child
o Progesterone – female hormone, active  Kunefeller’s Syndrome – problem in the 23rd
during pregnancy up to giving birth part of the chromosome
o Testosterone – male hormone - small testicle
 X + X female, X + Y male - supermale syndrome = super aggressive
– 23 pairs individuals, easily to commit crime
 Down’s Syndrome – problem in the 21st pair
of chromosome
FERTILIZATION – union of sperm cell and egg - physical or mental manifestation
cell - slow learner and same physical features
- formation of zygote (a cell that is formed when  PKU Syndrome – slow learner, boarder line
egg and sperm is combined) defective
 STAGES - phenylketonuria (lack of phenylaline)
1. Germinal Stage – zygote is an ordinary
cell division WHY 21ST PAIR OF CHROMOSOME FAIL?
- multiplication of cells and one multiplied  early pregnancy
it becomes complete set of cells  late pregnancy
 4th degree of consanguinity:
2. Embryonic Stage – miniature critical 1st degree – mother to son
- first three months of pregnancy - father to daughter
- petal sac (inunan) 2nd degree – siblings to siblings
- umbilical cord (tube nutrients) 3rd degree – uncles to nieces
- amiutic fluid 4th degree – 1st cousins
3. Fetal Stage – fetus

Fetal Sac – for water

Umbilical Cord – for foods, nutrients, air
DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH  Reflexes - nerves receive commands from
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM brain and send them to the muscles; spinal
 Sexually transmitted disease - infections that cord serves as a great transmission cable.
are passed through sexual intercourse.
 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - vaginal Natural and Artificial Methods of
infections that are left untreated that spreads Contraception
to female reproductive tract  Natural Method
 Orchiditis - inflammation of testes 1. Abstinence – saying no to sex
 Tumors - common reproductive cancers such 2. Calendar Method – withholding from coitus
as tumors in breast and cervix during the days that a woman is fertile
 Menopause - 3 to 4 days before and 3 to 4 days after
 Epididymitis ovulation for safe sex to prevent
contraception
EROGENOUS ZONE – refer to the parts of the 3. Basal Body Temperature – woman’s
body that are primarily receptive and increase temperature at rest
sexual arousal when touched in sexual manner.  Artificial Method
- mouth, breast, genitals and anus 1. Oral Contraceptives – pill that limits sperm’s
access to ovaries
TYPES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2. Hormonal Injections – changes in the
 Solitary Behavior – involving one individual endometrium and cervical mucus and can
- self-gratification help prevent ovulation
- begins at or before puberty 3. Male Condoms – a rubber sheath that is
- common to unmarried placed on the erects male reproductive organ
 Sociosexual – one or more to traps sperms
- motivated by curiosity
SEXUAL PROBLEMS
-“coitus”
1. Physiological Problem
1. Heterosexual – male with female
- least among them
2. Homosexual – male with male or female with
- abnormal development of genitalia or the
female
ones that control sexual response
2. Psychological Problem
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR FACTORS
- largest category
 Inherited sexual response – to ensure
- caused by socially induced inhibitors,
human behavior
sexual myths by society
 Degree of Restraint or another type of
a. Premature emission of semen
Influence b. Ejaculatory response – inability to
o Mahinhin/Maginoo ejaculate in coitus
o Sanctity of marriage c. Vaginismus – strong spasm of the
o Adultery – babae nangaliwa pelvic; penetration is painful
o Concubinage – lalaki nangaliwa

PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL

RESPONSE
 Excitement Phase – increase of pulse and
blood pressure
 Plateau Phase – brief duration
- orgasm usually occurs
 Sexual Climax – intense pleasure
 Resolution Phase – return to normal and
physiological state

NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS

 Autonomic System – involved in controlling
the involuntary responses
 Hypothalamus and Limbic System – are parts
of the brain believed to be responsible for
regulating the sexual response
II. MATERIAL SELF III. SPIRITUAL SELF – if everyone fails, there is
one “unknown” that will help
 Belk 1988 – we regard our possessions as
parts of ourselves. We are what we have and
what we possess.  RELIGION – “religare” or to bind
 James 1890 – a man’s self is the sum of all - set of cultural beliefs and practices that
what he can call his. When the owner placed includes some or all of the following
a high value on things, it becomes their characteristics:
symbol. 1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural –
 William James – understanding the self can human form
be examined through its different 2. A focus on sacred supernatural – with
COMPONENTS OF MATERIAL SELF: respect
1. Its constituents 3. Presence of supernatural power and energy
o Material Self - – bible, cross, church
o Spiritual Self – there will always be 4. Performance of ritual activities
one “unknown” that will help 5. Articulation of worldview and moral codes –
o Social Self – because of dependency
scriptures as the guide
- acceptance and approval
6. Provides creation and maintenance of social
- to get love and affection to other
bonds within a community
people
o Pure Ego
RELIGIONS:
2. Feelings and emotions they arouse (Self- 1. Buddhism
feeling) - there are suffering, pain, and frustration
3. The actions to which they prompt (Self- - reactive cycle of wanting & hating, like and
preservation) dislike
 Samatha – practiced as mindfulness of
MATERIAL SELF INVESTMENT DIAGRAM breathing and developing of loving-kindnes
1. Body - we are directly attached to this  Vipassana – practices aim at developing
commodity, investing in our body, that we insight into reality
cannot live about  Dharma – their reading where one can
- we strive hard to make sure that this body acquire knowledge
functions well and good.
2. Clothes - the fabric and style of the clothes Three Universal Truth
we wear affect our attitudes and behaviors o Annica – Everything is impermanent and
- clothing is a form of self-expression changing. 
3. Immediate Family o Dukkha – Impermanence leads to suffering,
- what they do or become affects us making life imperfect.
- we place huge investment on them when o Anatto – The self is not personal and
we see them as the nearest replica of our
unchanging.
self.
4. Home
- it is where our heart is; earliest nest of our Four Noble Truth
selfhood o Dukkha - the truth of suffering
- our experiences inside the home were - all life involves suffering
recorded and marked on a parts and things o Samudaya - The truth of the origin of
on our home suffering
- it is an extension of self because in it, we - suffering is caused by desire and
can directly connect our self attachment
o Nirodha - The truth of the cessation of
Having investment of self to things, made us suffering
attached to those things. We tend to collect and - desire and attachment can be overcome
possess properties. o Magga - The truth of the path to the
cessation of suffering
- the way to overcome is the Eightfold Path
 Noble Eightfold Path 3. Symbolic in relation to its reference
o Right View – know the truth
o Right Mindfulness – control thoughts 3 MAJOR LOGOTHERAPHY ASSUMPTIONS
o Right Concentration - meditation 1. Life has meaning under all
o Right Effort – resist evil circumstances.
o Right Livelihood – respected life 2. Main motivation for living is our will to find
o Right Action – work for other’s good meaning in life.
o Right Speech – avoid hurting people 3. We all have freedom to find meaning.
o Right Intention – free your mind from
evil FRANKL’S SOURCES OF MEANING
1. Purposive Work
2. Christianity 2. courage in the Face of difficulty
- believes in Trinitarian God 3. Love
- God the Father (creator), God the Son, (savior)
and God the Holy Spirit (sustainer).
 Sacrament of Baptism and Communion
 Christmas and Resurrection (Easter)
celebrations

3. Hinduism – existence is a cycle of birth, death

and rebirth governed by karma
- reincarnated life will depend on how the past life
was spent
 Navrati – festival of nine nights, celebrates the
triumph of good over evil
 Vedas – sacred scriptures
 Diwali – festival of lights

4. Islam – Allah is their “One God”

- believes in unity and universality
- islam means “willing submission to God”

FIVE PILLARS
 Salat – prayer that is done five times a day
 Shahadah – statement of faith
 Zakat – monetary offering; 2.5% of Muslim’s
assets
 Hajj – yearly pilgrimage to Mecca
 Sawm – fasting

5. Judaism
- believes in God of Abraham
- believes in the coming of Messiah
 Rosh Hashanah – New Year
 Yom Kippur – the day of atonement
 Pesach – pass over
 Shavuot – Pentecost
 Sukkot – tabernacles

 RITUAL - performance of ceremonial acts

prescribed by a tradition or a sacred law
CHARACTERISTICS OF RITUAL
1. A feeling of respect, awe, fascination, or
dread in relation to sacred
2. Dependence on belief system expressed in
myth language
IV. THE POLITICAL SELF AND BEING A Social Identity – is the level of self whereby the
FILIPINO individual is identified by his or her group
membership
VALUES AND TRAITS:
INFLUENCE OF INTERNET IN TERMS OF
1. Filipino Hospitality SEXUALITY AND GENDER
2. Respect for Elders  Sex – biological state
3. Close Family ties  Gender – social understanding of how
4. Cheerful personality sex should be experience and manifests
5. Self-sacrifice in behavior, personality, preferences,
6. Bayanihan capabilities, and so forth.
7. “Bahala Na” Attitude - how do you want to exercise your sex
8. Colonial Mentality - feminine or masculine
9. “Mañana” Habit  Sexuality – sexual preference
10. Ningas Kugon - is an individual expression and
11. Pride understanding of desire (homosexual or
12. Crab Mentality heterosexual)
13. Filipino Time - who you’re attracted to sexually and
romantically. 
FILIPINO MARKERS
1. Proverbs/Salawikain VI. LEARNING TO BE A BETTER LEARNER
2. Superstitions
3. Myths and Legends LEARNING
4. Heroes and Icons - the process of gaining knowledge and expertise
- results to permanent change (retention of
HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO: knowledge)
1. Be an active Filipino Citizen
2. Study the Philippine History LEARNING CONDITIONS
3. Support local products  Awareness – students must recognize that
4. Speak the Filipino language there is something they need to learn
5. Do not spread fake news and be  Interest-Powered – teachers must help
democratic in engaging with dissent. students understand why the information
they’re sharing is meaningful to them
personally
V. DIGITAL SELF
 Motivation – involves professional standards
Tim Berners-Lee – made WWW available to the and expectations they need to meet someday
public  Relevance – students learn more effectively if
they understand the relevance of a topic in
“Anything posted online is considered public.” their lives
- through screenshots
 Engagement – students are immersing
themselves in the subject matter
Persona – is the partial identity we create that
represents ourselves in a specifics situation  Repetition
- depends upon the situation  Support – making sure the students have all
the tools they need to succeed in the course
Self-presentation – is the process of controlling  Food - that will supplement on their learning
how one is perceived by other people  Healthy lifestyle
- the key to relationship inception and
development

Online Identity – is the sum of all our

characteristics and our interactions online
Personal Identity – the self which differentiated
the individual unique from others
- emotional disposition, how we stand
LEARNING TECHNIQUES
 Self-explanation
 Summarization 4 TYPES OF METACOGNITIVE LEARNERS
 Highlighting 1. Tacit Learners – unaware of their
 Keywords Mnemonic metacognitive processes although they know
 Imagery for Text the extent of their knowledge
 Practice Testing 2. Aware Learners – know some of their
metacognitive strategies but they do not plan
METACOGNITION on how to use these techniques
- “Thinking about thinking.” – possible 3. Strategic Learners – strategize and plan their
interpretation of idea from past experiences, course of action toward a learning
possible connection of present to future. experience
- awareness of the scope and limitations of your 4. Reflective Learners – reflect on their thinking
current knowledge and skills while they’re using the strategies and adapt
- enables the person to adapt their existing metacognitive skills depending on their
knowledge and skills to approach a learning situation.
task, seeking for the optimum result of the
learning experience VII. SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCES
- not limited to the thinking process, includes
keeping one’s motivations and emotions while SUCCESS – accomplishment of aim or purpose
learning – fulfilment of your purpose

2 ASPECTS OF METACOGNITION SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY BY ALBERT

 Self-Appraisal – personal reflection on your BANDURA
knowledge and capabilities - viewed people as agents of experience
 Self-Management – process of planning to - people are more than reactive organisms;
learn shaped by the environment
- modeling is important part of learning
ELEMENTS OF METACOGNITION
1. Metacognitive Knowledge – what you HUMAN AGENCY
know about how you think Variables – the human capability to influence over one’s
that affects how you assess yourself: functioning and the course of event by one’s
a. Personal Variable – your evaluation actions
of your strengths and weaknesses in
learning SELF EFFICACY
b. Task Variable – what you think about – they can successfully perform behaviors that
the nature of the tasks and the will produce desirable outcome
strategies required - confidence
c. Strategy Variable – what
strategies/skills you already have in COLLECTIVE EFFICACY
dealing a task - group’s shared belief in its ability to organize
and carry out actions that will lead to the
fulfillment of group goals.
2. Metacognition Regulation – how you
adjust your thinking processes to help
1. OUTCOME EXPECTANCY – a person’s
you learn better.
estimate that given behavior will lead to
SKILLS THAT CAN HELP YOU IN certain outcomes
EXERCISING METACOGNITION - behavior will lead to outcome
1. Knowing your limits 2. EFFICACY EXPECTATION – the conviction
2. Modifying your approach that one can successfully execute the
3. Skimming – reading or browsing behavior required to produce the outcomes
keywords to get the overview of the - outcome will lead to required behavior
whole material High Assurance in their Capabilities
4. Rehearsing – trying to make a personal 1. approach hard tasks as challenges
interpretation 2. set strong commitment to challenging goals
5. Self-test 3. sustain efforts in the face of failures
4. attribute failure to insufficient effort
 Who Doubt Their Capabilities  Stress – is any uncomfortable emotional
1. shy away from tasks they view as personal experience accompanied by predictable
threats biochemical, physiological, and behavioral
2. have weak commitment to their goals changes.
3. dwells on personal deficiencies  Eustress – stress in daily life that has positive
4. gives up quickly connotations
5. slow to recover  Distress – negative connotations
6. fall easy victim to stress and depression
3 COMPONENTS OF STESS SYNDROME
Four Main Sources of Influence 1. Alarm Stage – mobilization of the body’s
1. performance accomplishments or mastery defensive forces
experiences – most effective way - Preparing for fight or flight
2. vicarious experiences – determines the 2. Stage of Resistance – the body became
strength adaptive to the challenge
3. verbal or social persuasion – make people 3. Exhaustion Stage – the body dies because it
believe that they have what it takes has used up its resources of adaptation
4. psychological states – how stress is energy
perceived and interpreted
TECHNICS TO COUNTER CHRONIC STRESS
FIXED AND GROWTH MINDSET THEORY BY 1. Relaxation response.
CAROL S. DWECK 2. Physical activity
 Fixed Mindset – people who believe that 3. Social support
success is based on their innate abilities
- dread failure because it is a negative SELF CARE THERAPY
statement of their abilities 1. Stop, breathe and tell yourself that you
will get through this.
 Growth Mindset – people who believe that 2. Acknowledge to yourself what you are
success is based on hardwork, learning, feeling.
training and perseverance 3. Find someone who listens and is
- do not mind or fear failure because actions accepting.
can be improved and learning comes from 4. Maintain your normal routine if possible.
failure 5. Allow plenty time for your task.
- allow a person to live a less stressful and 6. Take good care of yourself.
more successful life
SELF-COMPASSION THERAPY
GOAL SETTING THEORY BY EDWIN LOCKE - entails being war, and understanding
 Final Causality towards ourself when we suffer
- action caused by a purpose rather than self-criticism.
 Goal Attributes
- Internal: ideas or desired end SELF-COMPASSION PHRASES
- guides action to attain the object 1. This is a moment of suffering.
External: content, object, or condition 2. Suffering is part of life.
sought, a job 3. May I be kind to myself.
4. May I give myself the compassion I
3 principles: need.
1. Specific goals increase performance
2. Difficult goals when accepted result to
higher performance
3. Feedback leads to higher performance

Task Support – seek help from people, tools

Psychological Support – knowledge

VIII. STRESS MANAGEMENT