LAB # 8:

Use of active and reactive energy induction meter

Objectives
 To demonstrate the measurement of active energy (kWh) consumption

Required Hardware
 1 IT 6004 Resistive load
 1 IT 6005 Inductive load
 1 IT 6017 Three-phase power supply unit
 1 IT 6050 Three-phase kWh/kVArh meter
 1 IT 6051 Three phase Power Meter
 1 IT 6035 Moving-iron ammeter (2.5A)
 1 IT 6038 Moving-iron voltmeter (500V)
 1 IT Clock Electronic stop clock
Methodology
Task 1
 Assemble the circuit according with the foregoing topographic diagram.
 The resistive load is connected in star connection as three-phase balanced load.
 The used meter is analog, with the disk system.
 To obtain more precise values, measure the time taken at least for 30 second.
 Beginning from the R1 value change (increase) the resistive load in steps till R7 value and for
each step measure the following quantities:
 Total active power PT, current I and voltage U, time t taken i-e 30 second.
Task 2
 Assemble the circuit according with the foregoing topographic diagram.
 The inductive load is connected in star connection as three-phase balanced load.
 To obtain more precise values, measure the time taken at least for t = 30 second..
 Beginning from the L1 change (increase) reduce the inductive load in steps till L8 value
and for each step measure the following quantities:
 Total active power PT, current I and voltage U, time t taken for the stated ie 30 second.
Conclusion
Through this lab I learned that the measurement of active energy (kWh) consumption The type
of load depends on how the wave for the voltage and the wave for the current line up. In resistive loads,
such as light bulbs, the voltage and current waves match, or the two are in phase. In inductive loads,
such as an electric motor, the voltage wave is ahead of the current wave
Result

Rotations r =02
R PT (W) I (A) U (V) t (s) kWh
R1 0.1 1.2 212 90 0.001
R2 0.18 1.3 213 85 0.001
R3 0.2 1.4 213 83 0.002
0.3 2.1 214.2 60 0.01
R4
0.4
R5 2.24 214.3 50.1 0.02
0.4
R6 0.4
2.4 214 45 0.01
R7 0.4 2.5 215 40.1 0.01
2.5 216 40 0.01
R8

Rotations r = 2
R QT (var) I (A) U (V) t (s) kVArh
L1 0.266 1.3 214 4.4 0.02
L2 0.266 1.3 214 4.4 0.02
L3 0.266 1.3 214 4.4 0.02
0.266 1.3 214 4.4 0.02
L4 0.266 1.3 214 4.4 0.02
L5 0.266 1.3 214 4.4 0.02
L6 0.266 1.3 214 4.4 0.02
L7 0.266 1.3 214 4.4 0.02
L8
 LAB # 9
Effect of isolated neutral point system in case of earth fault
Objectives
 To investigate the performance of a transmission line with isolated neutral point connection in
the case of a fault to earth.
Required Hardware
 1 IT-6017 Three-Phase Power Supply Unit
 1 IT-6019 Power Circuit Breaker
 1 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 1 IT-6002 Overhead Line Model
 1 IT-6035 Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 IT-6037 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (600 V)
Methodology
 Assemble the circuit according with the foregoing topographic diagram shown in figure 9.2.
 Set the primary side of three-phase transformer in delta connection 380 V and using bridging
plugs set the secondary-side to star UN – 15%.
 Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to overhead line model. Set the supply
voltage to UN = 380 V.
 Measure the earth-fault current Ie as well as the voltages on both healthy phases L2 and L3 with
respect to earth :
 IE = 0.5(A) U2 = 490(V) U3 =460(V)

 Compare the earth-fault current measured to the value which would be expected according to the
theory:
IE = 3 wCE U

where U is the voltage present at the fault location during normal operation.

Conclusion
In this lab I learned that In three-phase power systems, the neutral point can be earthed in various
ways. A distinction is drawn between systems with an isolated neutral system (i.e. unconnected),
systems with earthed- neutral system.
 LAB # 10
Use of Peterson suppression coil method for equipment grounding
Objective
 To determine the inductance of an earth-fault neutralizer for the overhead line model and
compare the fault current value with that determined during earth fault with isolated neutral
point connection.
Required Equipment
 1 IT-6017 Three-Phase Power Supply Unit
 1 IT-6019 Power Circuit Breaker
 1 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 1 IT-6022 Petersen Coil
 1 IT-6002 Overhead Line Model
 1 IT-6035 Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 IT-6037 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (600 V)
Methodology
 Assemble the circuit according with the foregoing topographic diagram of figure 10.2.
 Set the primary side of three-phase transformer in delta connection 380 V and using bridging
plugs set the secondary-side to star UN – 15%.
 Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to overhead line model. Set the supply
voltage to UN = 380 V.
 In order to determine the required inductance for the compensation coil, the earth-fault residual
current as a function of the inductance used has to be measured for the following values listed in
the table (To achieve more precise measurement results it is recommended that you use a
sensitive ammeter with mA-measurement range).

Conclusion
In this lab I learned about that If a supply inductor with a specific value XE is connected into the fault circuit,
then the fault-to-earth current is neutralized or “extinguished”; i.e. practically disappears. The inductor is called an
earth-fault neutralizer or Petersen suppression coil after its inventor and is placed in the network.

Results

L (mH) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1250 1100 740

IE (A) 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.25
 LAB # 11
Double bus bar system with load
Objectives
 Busbar transfer with interruption of the power supply to the consumer.
 Switching sequence for disconnectors and power circuit breakers.

Required Hardware
 1 IT-6017 Three-Phase Power Supply
 3 IT-6019 Power Circuit Breaker
 1 IT-6020/2 Double Busbar with 2 Disconnectors
 1 IT-6004 Resistive Load
 1 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 1 IT-6002 Overhead Line Model
 3 IT-6035 Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5A)
 2 IT-6037 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (600V)

Methodology
 Assemble the circuit according with the foregoing topographic diagram of figure 11.2. Special
care must be taken to ensure that the individual phases are connected correctly in order to avoid
later short-circuits.

 In order to fully utilize the possibilities of the double busbar system, the busbars should be
supplied from two different voltages: the voltage at the beginning of the overhead line model
(busbar 1) and the voltage at the end of the line model (busbar 2).
 Set primary-side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380V and set the secondary-
side to star UN-15%.
 Insert all plugs connecting the capacitances to the line model.
 Connect the three-phase balanced ohmic load to outgoing power circuit breaker and set the load
resistance value to R5: the load must be supplied alternatively from busbar 1 or from busbar 2
as desired.
 Initially switch on the main switch in order to supply the three-phase transformer and the line
model.
 First of all a connection is to be established between busbar 1 and the load.
 Measure the busbar voltages:

 U1 = .......... (V) U2 =.....................(V)

 Measure the circuit currents:

 I1 = ............ (A) I2 = ...........(A) I =...............(A)

  It must result I1 = I and I2 = 0: busbar 1 feeds the load.
 Now carry out a bus transfer so that the supply of the load is performed from busbar 2.

 The switching sequence in order to transfer the load from the busbar 1 to busbar 2 is:
 Initially switch off the power circuit breaker K3.
 The load is isolated: this phenomenon normally does not occur in practice with regard to network
operation.
 Then switch off the disconnector Q3.
 Now switch on the disconnector Q4.
 Finally switch on again the power circuit breaker K3.
 Measure the voltage at both busbars:

 U1 = 320(V) U2 =320(V)

 Measure the circuit currents:

 I1 = 0.8(A) I2 = 0(A) I =0.8(A)

 It must result I1 =0 and I2 = I: now busbar 2 feeds the load.

Conclusion
In this lab I learned that The most important components of a switching station are the bus bars,
disconnectors, power circuit breakers, voltage and current transformers and the surge voltage
protectors. The busbar is the heart of a switching station. It is normally designed in the form of a
short overhead line; in the case of very high currents it can also be designed as a tubular conductor.
 LAB # 12
Connection and realization of Induction Heating phenomenon using
non-linear load
Objectives
 To understand the connection and operation of induction heater as a non-linear load.

Required Hardware
 1 IT 6017 Three-phase power supply unit.
 1 IT 6050 Three-phase kWh/kVArh meter.
 1 IT-6035 Moving coil ammeter.
 1 Single-phase Induction heater.

Methodology
 Assemble the circuit according with the foregoing . Special care must be taken to ensure that the
individual phases are connected correctly in order to avoid later short-circuits.
 Adjust the temperature and power setting of the induction heater to minimum scale in order to
avoid the flow of overcurrent in the circuit elements.
 Now start the induction heater and adjust its setting of power to the desired range.

 Also observe the presence of voltage and current harmonics on the energy meter to verify the
presence of non linear load.
 When the desired power will be achieved on the induction heater, the heater will trip and switch
its power value back and forth between maximum and minimum values.
 The heater will also indicate error and may trip in case of overheating of the heating element.
 Now reset the induction heater and adjust its temperature and timer setting to the required value
and again take the following measurements from energy meter.
 FA17-BEE-008
Abdul Basit Khan

 When the desired temperature will be achieved on the induction heater, the heater will
trip and switch its power value back and forth between maximum and minimum values.
Note down these values.

 Pmax = 0.985 Pmin = 0.007 I=5.5

 The heater will also indicate error and may trip in case of overheating of the heating element.

Conclusion
In this lab I learned that This heating process makes use of the currents induced by the
electro-magnetic action in the charge to be heated. In fact, induction heating is based on the
principle of transformer working. The primary winding which is supplied from an a.c. source
is magnetically coupled to the charge which acts as a short circuited secondary of single turn.
When an a.c. voltage is applied to the primary, it induces voltage in the secondary i.e. charge.
 FA17-BEE-008
Abdul Basit Khan

LAB # 13
Study of different light sources (Incandescent lamps, Fluorescent
Light, Compact fluorescent light and LED lights)
Objectives
 To understand the operation of different types of lamps and compare the difference in
output luminescence of these lamps.

Required Hardware
 Incandescent lamp
 Fluorescent light/ Compact fluorescent light (CFL)
 LED bulb
 LUX meter

Methodology
 We connected jumper wires with power supply
 Connected power supply with three different bulbs
 Noted down the Lux of each bulb.

RESULTS
INCANDESCENT = 1200X10
FLOUROSCENT = 950X10
LED = 929X10
Conclusion
An electric lamp is a conventional light emitting component used in different circuits, mainly for
lighting and indicating purposes. The construction of lamp is quite simple, it has one filament
surrounding which, a transparent glass made spherical cover is provided. The filament of the
lamp is mainly made of tungsten as it has high melting point temperature.
 FA17-BEE-008
Abdul Basit Khan

LAB # 14
Parts of power cables and general wiring electrical cables
Objectives
 To differentiate different types of power cables and wiring cables in terms of their
characteristics and applications.

Required Hardware
 Different samples of power cables and electrical wiring cables

Methodology
 We studied about parts of cables.
Parts of Cables

1. Core
All cables either have a central core (conductor) or a number of cores made of strands of
Copper or Aluminum conductors having highest conductivity. Conductors are stranded in
order to reduce the skin effect.

2. Insulation
It is provided to insulate the conductors from each other and from the outside periphery. The
common insulating materials are Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polyethylene.

3. Metallic Sheath
Metallic Sheath protects the cable against the entry of moisture. It is made of lead, some alloy
of lead or Aluminum.

4. Bedding
In order to protect the metallic sheath from injury, bedding is wound over it. It consists of
paper tape compounded with a fibrous material.

5. Armoring
It consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wires or two layers of steel tape, to avoid
the mechanical injury. Armoring provides mechanical strength to the cable.

6. Serving
A layer of fibrous material, used to protect the armoring.
 FA17-BEE-008
Abdul Basit Khan

 Studied about types of cables.

Types of electric conductors for cables

1. Bare wire conductor: single wire in solid state, not flexible and without coating.
2. Aluminum electrical conductors: in some cases, aluminum conductors are also used,
despite the fact that this metal is 60% worse conductor than copper.
3. Copper electrical conductors: the most commonly used material.
4. Flexible copper wire conductor: it is a set of fine wires covered by an insulating
material. They are flexible and malleable.
5. Single-core cable: a cable with a single conductor.
6. Multi-core cable: a cable that has several conductors.

 And studied about characteristics of cables.

Conclusion
In this lab I learned that cable is an assembly of conductors and insulators used for the transfer of
power in densely populated urban areas. Cables are mostly laid under the ground in order not to
disturb the land beauty and to avoid using the land for power transmission purposes.