STAT 412 Probability and Statistics Chapter 3

Module 02 – Homework Problem Set

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.1.2

For the following exercise, determine the range (possible values) of the random variable, 𝑋.

A batch of 500 machined parts contains 12 that do not conform to customer requirements. The random
variable is the number of parts in a sample of 6 parts that do not conform to customer requirements.

Choose the correct answer.

a) The range of 𝑋 is {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}.

b) The range of 𝑋 is {0,1,2,3,4}.
c) The range of 𝑋 is {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}.
d) The range of 𝑋 is {0,1,2,3,4,5}.
e) The range of 𝑋 is {0,1,2,3}.

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.1.3

A batch of 450 machined parts contains 10 that do not conform to customer requirements. Parts are
selected successively, without replacement, until a nonconforming part is obtained. The random variable is
the number of parts selected. Determine the range (possible values) of the random variable.

a) {0,1,2, … ,440}
b) {0,1,2, … ,441}
c) {0,1,2, … ,10}
d) {0,1,2, … ,450}
e) {0,1,2, … ,451}

450 − 10 + 1 = 441
∴ 𝑋 = {0,1,2, … ,441}

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.1.7

For the following exercise, determine the range (possible values) of the random variable 𝑋.

The number of mutations in a nucleotide sequence of length 70,000 in a DNA strand after exposure to
radiation. Each nucleotide may be mutated.

The range of 𝑋 is [0,70000]

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.1.9

The sample space of a random experiment is {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓}, and each outcome is equally likely. A random
variable is defined as follows:
outcome 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓

𝑥 0 0 3.5 3.5 6 10
Determine the probability mass function of 𝑋. Use the probability mass function to determine the following
probabilities:
[Give exact answers in form of fraction.]

1
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 3.5) =
3
1
(b) 𝑃(2.9 < 𝑋 < 9.6) =
2
(c) 𝑃(𝑋 > 10) = 0
2
(d) 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑋 < 6) =
3
1
(e) 𝑃(𝑋 = 0 or 𝑋 = 6) =
2
1
𝑃(𝑎) = 𝑃(𝑏) = 𝑃(𝑐) = 𝑃(𝑑) = 𝑃(𝑒) = 𝑃(𝑓) =
6
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 𝑃(𝑎 or 𝑏)
= 𝑃(𝑎) + 𝑃(𝑏) {Since both a and b are mutually exclusive}
1 1
= +
6 6
1
=
3
𝑃(𝑋 = 3.5) = 𝑃(𝑐 or 𝑑)
= 𝑃(𝑐) + 𝑃(𝑑) {Since both a and b are mutually exclusive}
1 1
= +
6 6
1
=
3
1
𝑃(𝑋 = 6) =
6
1
𝑃(𝑋 = 10) =
6
𝑥 0 3.5 6 10

1 1 1 1
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥)
3 3 6 6
1
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 3.5) =
3
1 1 1
(b) 𝑃(2.9 < 𝑋 < 9.6) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 3.5) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 6) = + =
3 6 2
(c) 𝑃(𝑋 > 10) = 0
1 1 2
(d) 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑋 < 6) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3.5) = + =
3 3 3
1 1 1
(e) 𝑃(𝑋 = 0 or 𝑋 = 6) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 6) = + =
3 6 2
Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.1.10
Verify that the following function is a probability mass function, and determine the requested probabilities.
𝑓(𝑥) = (8/7)(1/2)𝑥 , 𝑥 = {0,1,2,3}
Round your answers to four decimal places (e.g. 98.7654).
Is the function a probability mass function?
a) Yes
b) No

(a) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1) = 0.5714

(b) 𝑃(𝑋 > 1) = 0.4286
(c) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 7) = 0.1429
(d) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3 or 𝑋 > 3) = 1

(a) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)

8 1 (1)
= ( )( )
7 2
4
=
7
= 0.57142857142857
(b) 𝑃(𝑋 > 1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
8 1 (2) 8 1 (3)
= (( ) ( ) ) + (( ) ( ) )
7 2 7 2
2 1 3
=+ =
7 7 7
= 0.42857142857143
(c) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 7) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
8 1 (3)
= (( ) ( ) )
7 2
1
=
7
= 0.14285714285714
(d) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3 or 𝑋 > 3) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 > 3)
= (𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
8 1 (1) 8 1 (2) 8 1 (3)
= (( ) ( ) ) + (( ) ( ) ) + (( ) ( ) )
7 2 7 2 7 2
4 2 1
= + +
7 7 7
=1
Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.1.11
Verify that the following function is a probability mass function, and determine the requested probabilities.
4𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 = 0,1,2,3,4
45
Is the function a probability mass function?
c) Yes
d) No

Give exact answers in form of fraction.

17
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) =
45
2
(b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1) =
15
22
(c) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 4) =
45
(d) 𝑃(𝑋 > −10) = 1

4(0) + 1 1
𝑓(0) = =
45 45
4(1) + 1 5 1
𝑓(1) = = =
45 45 9
4(2) + 1 9 1
𝑓(2) = = =
45 45 5
4(3) + 1 13
𝑓(3) = =
45 45
4(4) + 1 17
𝑓(4) = =
45 45
1 1 1 13 17
𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(4) = + + + + =1
45 9 5 45 45
17
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 𝑓(4) =
45
1 1 2
(b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1) = + =
45 9 15
1 13 22
(c) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 4) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3) = + =
5 45 45
(d) 𝑃(𝑋 > −10) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
= 𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(4)
1 1 1 13 17
= + + + +
45 9 5 45 45
=1

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.1.17

An assembly consists of three mechanical components. Suppose that the probabilities that the first, second,
and third components meet specifications are 0.94, 0.98, and 0.99. Assume that the components are
independent. Let X be the number of components that meet specifications. Determine the probability mass
function of X. Round your answers to five decimal places (e.g. 98.76543).
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 0.00001
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 0.00196
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 0.08604
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 0.91199

The probability of first component does not meet specification = 1 − 0.94 = 0.06
The probability of second component does not meet specification = 1 − 0.98 = 0.02
The probability of third component does not meet specification = 1 − 0.99 = 0.01
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = (0.06)(0.02)(0.01) = 0.000012
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = [(0.94)(0.02)(0.01)] + [(0.06)(0.98)(0.01)] + [(0.06)(0.02)(0.99)] = 0.001964
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = [(0.94)(0.98)(0.01)] + [(0.94)(0.002)(0.99)] + [(0.06)(0.98)(0.99)] = 0.086036
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = (0.94)(0.98)(0.99) = 0.911988

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.2.4

Evaluate the cumulative distribution function, 𝐹, for the given random variable, 𝑋, at specified values; also
determine the requested probabilities.
𝑓(𝑥) = (343/57)(1/7)𝑥 , 𝑥 = 1,2,3
Give exact answers in form of fraction.

49
𝐹(1) =
57
56
𝐹(2) =
57
𝐹(3) = 1
49
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1.5) =
57
(b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) = 1
1
(c) 𝑃(2 > 2) =
57
7
(d) 𝑃(1 < 𝑋 ≤ 2) =
57

343 1 (1) 49
𝐹(1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = ( )( ) =
57 7 57
343 1 (1) 343 1 (2) 49 7 56
𝐹(2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = (( ) ( ) ) + (( )( ) ) = + =
57 7 57 7 57 57 57
𝐹(3) = (𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
343 1 (1) 343 1 (2) 343 1 (3)
= (( ) ( ) ) + (( ) ( ) ) + (( )( ) )
57 7 57 7 57 7
49 7 1
= + +
57 57 7
 =1
49
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1.5) = 𝐹(1) =
57
(b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) = 𝐹(3) = 1
1
(c) 𝑃(𝑋 > 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) =
57
7
(d) 𝑃(1 < 𝑋 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) =
57

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.2.5

In a semiconductor manufacturing process, three wafers from a lot are tested. Each wafer is classified as
pass or fail. Assume that the probability that a wafer passes the test is 0.7 and that wafers are independent.
Determine the cumulative distribution function of the number of wafers from a lot that pass the test at
specified values. Round your answers to three decimal places (e.g. 98.765)

𝐹(0) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0) = 0.027

𝐹(1) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1) = 0.216
𝐹(2) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 0.657
𝐹(3) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) = 1

ℎ
( ) 𝑝 𝑥 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑥 ; 𝑥 = 0,1,2, … 𝑛
𝑝(𝑋 = 𝑥) { 𝑥
0 ;0 ∙ 𝜔
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = (0.3)(0.3)(0.3) = 0.027
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = ((0.7)(0.3)(0.3)) + ((0.3)(0.7)(0.3)) + ((0.3)(0.3)(0.7)) = 0.189
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = ((0.7)(0.7)(0.3)) + ((0.7)(0.3)(0.7)) + ((0.3)(0.7)(0.7)) = 0.441
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = (0.7)(0.7)(0.7) = 0.343
𝐹(0) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = (0.3)(0.3)(0.3) = 0.027
𝐹(1) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 0.027 + 0.189 = 0.216
𝐹(2) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 0.027 + 0.189 + 0.441 = 0.657
𝐹(3) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 0.027 + 0.189 + 0.441 + 0.343 = 1

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.3.C1

Determine the mean, variance, and standard deviation of X, the face value of the throw of a fair die.

Provide the answers for the variance and standard deviation to 4 decimal places.

Mean =3.5000
Variance =2.9167
Standard Deviation =1.7078

Sample space for X: 1,2,3,4,5,6

1
Probability =
6
 1 7
Mean = ∑ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) = = 3.5
6 2
1 91
= ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) (12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 62 ) = = 15.166666666667
6 6
2
2 91 7 2 35
Variance = (∑ 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)) − (∑ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)) = ( ) − ( ) = = 2.9166666666667
6 2 12
2
Standard Deviation = √(∑ 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥)) − (∑ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)) = √2.9167 = 1.7078251276599

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.3.3

The following function is probability mass function.

x -2 -1 0 1 2
f(x) 1/9 2/9 3/9 2/9 1/9

Determine the mean, 𝜇, and variance, 𝜎 2 , of the random variable. Enter the exact answers (as fractions if
necessary).

𝜇=0
4
𝜎2 =
3
1 2 3 2 1
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥𝑃(𝑥) = −2 ( ) − 1 ( ) + 0 ( ) + 1 ( ) + 2 ( )
9 9 9 9 9
2 2 2 2
=− − +0+ +
9 9 9 9
−2 − 2 + 0 + 2 + 2
=
9
0
=
9
=0
𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥) − 𝜇 2
1 2 3 2 1
= (−2)2 ( ) + (−1)2 ( ) + (0)2 ( ) + (1)2 ( ) + (2)2 ( ) − (0)2
9 9 9 9 9
4 2 2 4
= + +0+ + −0
9 9 9 9
4
=
3

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.3.4

Determine the mean and variance of the random variable with the following probability mass function.
𝑓(𝑥) = (729/91)(1/9)𝑥 , 𝑥 = 1,2,3
Round your answers to three decimal places (e.g. 98.765).

Mean =1.121
Variance =0.128

729 1 (1) 81
𝑓(1) = ( )( ) = = 0.89010989010989
91 9 91
729 1 (2) 9
𝑓(2) = ( )( ) = = 0.098901098901099
91 9 91
729 1 (3) 1
𝑓(3) = ( )( ) = = 0.010989010989011
91 9 91
81 9 1 102
Mean = ∑ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) = (1) ( ) + (2) ( ) + (3) ( ) = = 1.1208791208791
91 91 91 91
81 9 1 18
= ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) = (1)2 ( ) + (2)2 ( ) + (3)2 ( ) = = 1.3846153846154
91 91 91 13
2 18 102 2 1062
Variance = (∑ 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥)) − (∑ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)) = ( ) − ( ) = = 0.12824538099263
13 91 8281

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.3.7

The range of 𝑋 is the set {0,1,2,3, 𝑥}, where x is unknown. If each value is equally likely and the mean of 𝑋
is 6, determine 𝑥.

𝑥 = 24
1
Since there are 5 points in the range set the probability of each value = 5
1 2 3 𝑥
𝐸(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑥𝑃(𝑥) = + + + = 6
5 5 5 5
𝑥
𝑥 6 24
= 6− =
5 5 5
𝑥 = 24

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.4.1

Assume that the wavelengths of photosynthetically active radiations (PAR) are uniformly distributed at
integer nanometers in the red spectrum from 625 to 655 nm. What is the mean and variance of the
wavelength distribution for this radiation?

Round your answers to one decimal place (e.g. 98.7).

Mean =640
Variance =80

𝑎 + 𝑏 625 + 655 1280

Mean = = = = 640
2 2 2
 (𝑏 − 𝑎 + 1)2 − 1 (655 − 625 + 1)2 − 1 960
Variance = = = = 80
12 12 12

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.4.3

Suppose that 𝑋 has a discrete uniform distribution on the integers 0 through 9. Determine the mean,
variance, and standard deviation of the random variable 𝑌 = 4𝑋.

The mean is 18
The variance is 132
The standard deviation is 11.49

4(0 + 9) 36
The mean is = = = 18
2 2
2
(9 − 0 + 1)2 − 1
The variance is = 4 ( ) = 132
12
The standard deviation is = √132 = 11.489125293076

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.4.C2

Use the formulas provided below to obtain the same results you determined in Concept Question 3.3.C1
(Determine the mean, variance, and standard deviation of X, the face value of the throw of a fair die.).

Suppose that X is a discrete uniform random variable on the consecutive integers 𝑎, 𝑎 + 1, 𝑎 + 2, . . . , 𝑏, for
𝑎 ≤ 𝑏. The mean of X is
𝑏+𝑎
𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) =
2
The variance of X is
2
(𝑏 − 𝑎 + 1)2 − 1
𝜎 =
12
Provide the answers for the variance and standard deviation to 4 decimal places.

Mean =3.5000
Variance =2.9167
Standard Deviation =1.7078

Sample space for X: 1,2,3,4,5,6 therefore 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 6

1
Probability =
6
𝑏+𝑎 6+1 7
Mean = 𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = = = = 3.5
2 2 2
2
(𝑏 − 𝑎 + 1) − 1 (6 − 1 + 1)2 − 1 35
Variance = 𝜎 2 = = = = 2.9166666666667
12 12 12
Standard Deviation = √𝜎 2 = √2.9167 = 1.7078251276599
Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.5.2
Let 𝑋 be a binomial random variable with 𝑝 = 0.7 and 𝑛 = 10. Calculate the following probabilities from
the binomial probability mass function. Round your answers to four decimal places (e.g. 98.7654).

𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 0.0016
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 0.0368
𝑃(𝑋 > 8) = 0.1493
𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) = 0.0458
𝑛=10
𝑛
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = ∑ ( ) (𝑝)𝑥 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑥
𝑥
𝑥=2
10 (0.7)0 (1 10
= (( ) − 0.7)10−0 ) + (( ) (0.7)1 (1 − 0.7)10−1 )
0 1
10 (0.7)2 (1
+ (( ) − 0.7)10−2 )
2
= ((1)(1)(0.0000059049)) + ((10)(0.7)(0.000019683)) + ((45)(0.49)(0.00006561))
= 0.0000059049 + 0.000137781 + 0.0014467005 = 0.0015903864
𝑛=10
10 (0.7)𝑥 (1
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = ∑ ( ) − 0.7)𝑛−𝑥
𝑥
𝑥=9
10 (0.7)4 (1
= (( ) − 0.7)10−4 )
4
= ((210)(0.7)4 (0.3)6 ) = 0.036756909
𝑃(𝑋 > 8) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 9) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 10)
𝑛=10 𝑛=10
10 10
= ∑ ( ) (0.7)𝑥 (1 − 0.7)𝑛−𝑥 + ∑ ( ) (0.7)𝑥 (1 − 0.7)𝑛−𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥=9 𝑥=10
10 10
= (( ) (0.7)9 (1 − 0.7)10−9 ) + (( ) (0.7)10 (1 − 0.7)10−10 )
9 10
9 (0.3)1 10 (0.3)0
= ((10)(0.7) ) + ((1)(0.7) )
= 0.121060821 + 0.0282475249 = 0.1493083359
𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
𝑛=10 𝑛=10
10 10
= ∑ ( ) (0.7)𝑥 (1 − 0.7)𝑛−𝑥 + ∑ ( ) (0.7)𝑥 (1 − 0.7)𝑛−𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥=3 𝑥=4
10 (0.7)3 (1 10
= (( ) − 0.7)10−3 ) + (( ) (0.7)4 (1 − 0.7)10−4 )
3 4
3 (0.3)7
= ((120)(0.7) ) + ((210)(0.7)4 (0.3)6 )
= 0.009014 + 0.036756909 = 0.045770949
Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.5.3
The random variable 𝑋 has a binomial distribution with 𝑛 = 10 and 𝑝 = 0.04. Determine the following
probabilities.

Round your answers to six decimal places (e.g. 98.765432).

(a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) = 0.000021

(b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 0.993786
(c) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 9) = 0.000000
(d) 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) = 0.006192

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥] =𝑛 𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥

10 (0.04)5 (1
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) = 𝐶5 − 0.04)10−5
= 10 𝐶5 (0.04)5 (0.96)5
= 0.000021

(b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)

10 10 10
= [( ) (0.04)0 (1 − 0.04)10−0 ] + [( ) (0.04)1 (1 − 0.04)10−1 ] + [( ) (0.04)2 (1 − 0.04)10−2 ]
0 1 2
= 0.993786

(c) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 9) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 9) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 10)

10 10
= [( ) (0.04)9 (1 − 0.04)10−9 ] + [( ) (0.04)10 (1 − 0.04)10−10 ]
9 10
= 0.000000

(d) 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)

10 10
= [( ) (0.04)3 (1 − 0.04)10−3 ] + [( ) (0.04)4 (1 − 0.04)10−4 ]
3 4
= 0.006192

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.5.6

An electronic product contains 35 integrated circuits. The probability that any integrated circuit is defective
is 0.03, and the integrated circuits are independent. The product operates only if there are no defective
integrated circuits. What is the probability that the product operates? Round your answer to four decimal
places (e.g. 98.7654).

The probability is 0.3444

35 (0.03)0 (1
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = ( ) − 0.03)35−0 = (1 − 0.03)35 = 0.34435841430422
0

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.5.10

Heart failure is due to either natural occurrences (87%) or outside factors (13%). Outside factors are related
to induced substances or foreign objects. Natural occurrences are caused by arterial blockage, disease, and
infection. Suppose that 15 patients will visit an emergency room with heart failure. Assume that causes of
heart failure between individuals are independent.

Round your answers to three decimal places (e.g. 98.765).

(a) What is the probability that 3 individuals have conditions caused by outside factors?

Probability =0.188

(b) What is the probability that 3 or more individuals have conditions caused by outside factors?

Probability =0.308

c) What is the mean and standard deviation of the number of individuals with conditions caused by outside
factors?

Mean =1.95 Calculator input

(a) binomPdf(15,0.13,3)
Standard deviation =1.302 (b) 1-binomCpf(15,0.13,2)

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑃[𝑋 = 𝑥] =𝑛 𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥

(a) 15 (0.13)3 (0.87)15−3
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = ( )
3
15!
=( ) (0.13)3 (0.87)12
(3! (15 − 3!))
= (455)(0.002197)(0.14224175713617)
= 0.1879630506375
15

(b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3) = ∑ 15𝐶𝑥 (𝑝)𝑥 (𝑞)15−𝑥

𝑥=3
15

= ∑ 15𝐶𝑥 (0.13)𝑥 (0.87)15−𝑥

𝑥=3
2

= 1 − ∑ 15𝐶𝑥 (0.13)𝑥 (0.87)15−𝑥

𝑥=0
= 0.30836814078828
(c) Mean (𝜇) = (𝑛)(𝑝) = (15)(0.13) = 1.95
Standard deviation (𝜎) = √𝑛𝑝𝑞 = √(15)(0.13)(0.87) = 1.302497007655

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.5.13

Because not all airline passengers show up for their reserved seat, an airline sells 120 tickets for a flight
that holds only 115 passengers. The probability that a passenger does not show up is 0.05, and the
passengers behave independently. Round your answers to four decimal places (e.g. 98.7654).

(a) What is the probability that every passenger who shows up can take the flight?
0.7218

(b) What is the probability that the flight departs with at least one empty seat?
0.5585

The binomial distribution is the discrete probability distribution and its probability mass function is defined
as,
𝑛
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = ( ) 𝑝 𝑥 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑥 ; 𝑥 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛
𝑥
0≤𝑝≤1
𝑛 𝑛!
( )=
𝑥 𝑥! (𝑛 − 𝑥)!
Where n is the number of trials and p is the probability of success for each trial.
The probabilities under different conditions can be obtained by using the formulas given below:
𝑥

Formula for finding the value of 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑥) = ∑ 𝑃(𝑥)

𝑋=0
Formula for finding the value of 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 𝑥) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑥)
𝑛

Formula for finding the value of 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 𝑥) = ∑ 𝑃(𝑥)

𝑋=𝑥
115

(a) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 115) = ∑ 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥)

𝑥=0
115
120 (0.95)𝑥 (1
= ∑( ) − 0.95)120−𝑥
𝑥
𝑥=0
= 0.721809
114

(b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 114) = ∑ 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥)

𝑥=0
114
120 (0.95)𝑥 (1
= ∑( ) − 0.95)120−𝑥
𝑥
𝑥=0
= 0.55845

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.6.1

Suppose the random variable 𝑋 has a geometric distribution with 𝑝 = 0.8. Determine the following
probabilities:

(a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 0.16

(b) 𝑃(𝑋 = 7) = 0.0001
(c) 𝑃(𝑋 = 8) = 0.0000
(d) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 0.96
(e) 𝑃(𝑋 > 2) = 0.04
 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑝(1 − 𝑝)𝑥−1
= (0.8)(1 − 0.8)𝑥−1
= (0.8)(0.2)𝑥−1
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = (0.8)(0.2)(2)−1 = 0.16
(b) 𝑃(𝑋 = 7) = (0.8)(0.2)(7)−1 = 0.0000512
(c) 𝑃(𝑋 = 8) = (0.8)(0.2)(8)−1 = 0.00001024
(d) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = ((0.8)(0.2)(1)−1 ) + (0.16) = 0.8 + 0.16 = 0.96
(e) 𝑃(𝑋 > 2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 1 − 0.96 = 0.04

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.6.2

Suppose that 𝑋 is a negative binomial random variable with 𝑝 = 0.3 and 𝑟 = 4. Determine the following.

Round your answers to four decimal places (e.g. 98.7654).

(𝑎) 𝐸(𝑋) = 13.3333

(𝑏) 𝑃(𝑋 = 20) = 0.0261
(𝑐) 𝑃(𝑋 = 19) = 0.0314
(𝑑) 𝑃(𝑋 = 21) = 0.0215

𝑥 − 1 (1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = ( ) − 𝑝)𝑥−𝑟 (𝑝)𝑟
𝑟−1
𝑟 4
(𝑎) 𝐸(𝑋) = = = 13.333333333333
𝑝 0.3
20 − 1 (1 19 19!
(𝑏) 𝑃(𝑋 = 20) = ( ) − 0.3)20−4 (0.3)4 = ( ) (0.7)16 (0.3)4 = ( ) (0.7)16 (0.3)4
4−1 3 3! (19 − 3)!
= (969)(0.7)16 (0.3)4 = 0.026084194874774
19 − 1 (1 18 18!
(𝑐) 𝑃(𝑋 = 19) = ( ) − 0.3)19−4 (0.3)4 = ( ) (0.7)15 (0.3)4 = ( ) (0.7)15 (0.3)4
4−1 3 3! (18 − 3)!
= (816)(0.7)15 (0.3)4 = 0.031379482556119
20!
(𝑑)𝑃(𝑋 = 21) = (21 − 1) (1 − 0.3)21−4 (0.3)4 = (20) (0.7)17 (0.3)4 = ( ) (0.7)17 (0.3)4
4−1 3 3! (20 − 3)!
= (1140)(0.7)17 (0.3)4 = 0.021481101661579

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.6.4

In a clinical study, volunteers are tested for a gene that has been found to increase the risk for a disease.
The probability that a person carries the gene is 0.2.

(a) What is the probability that 4 or more people will have to be tested until 2 of them with the gene are
detected? Round your answer to three decimal places (e.g. 0.987).

(b) How many people are expected to be tested until 2 of them with the gene are detected?

𝑎) 0.896
(𝑏) 10

𝑎) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 4) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3)
= 1 − ∑ 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥)
𝑥=2,3
2 − 1 (1 3 − 1 (1
= 1 − [(( ) − 0.2)2−2 (0.2)2 ) + (( ) − 0.2)3−2 (0.2)2 )]
1 1
1 2
= 1 − [(( ) (0.8)0 (0.2)2 ) + (( ) (0.8)1 (0.2)2 )]
1 1
1! 2!
= 1 − [(( ) (0.8)0 (0.2)2 ) + (( ) (0.8)1 (0.2)2 )]
(1
1! − 1)! (2
1! − 1)!
0 (0.2)2 1 (0.2)2
= 1 − [((1)(0.8) ) + ((2)(0.8) )]
= 1 − [0.04 + 0.064]
= 0.896
𝑟 2
(𝑏) 𝐸(𝑋) = = = 10
𝑝 0.2

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.7.1

Suppose 𝑋 has a hypergeometric distribution with 𝑁 = 100, 𝑛 = 4, and 𝐾 = 20. Determine the following:
Round your answers to four decimal places (e.g. 98.7654).

𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 0.4191
𝑃(𝑋 = 7) = −0.0000
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 0.0012
Mean of 𝑋 = 0.8
Variance of 𝑋 = 0.6206

𝐾 𝑁−𝐾
( )( )
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑥 = 0,1,2,3,4
𝑁
( )
𝑛
20 100 − 20 20 80 20! 80!
( )( ) ( ) ( ) (1! (20 − 1)!) (3! (80 − 3)!) (20)(82160)
= 1 4−1 = 1 3 = =
100 100 100! (3921225)
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4! (100 − 4)!
65728
= = 0.41905271949455
156849
20 100 − 20 20 80 20! 80!
( )( ) ( ) ( ) (7! (20 − 7)!) (−3! (80 − (−3))!)
𝑃(𝑋 = 7) = 7 4−7 = 7 −3 =
100 100 100!
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4! (100 − 4)!
1
(77520) (− ) −1
= 3307716 = = −0.0000000000015419845375667
(3921225) 648514933605
 20 100 − 20 20 80 20! 80!
( )( ) ( ) ( ) (4! (20 − 4)!) (0! (80 − 0)!) (4845)(1)
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 4 4−4 = 4 0 = =
100 100 100! (3921225)
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4! (100 − 4)!
323
= = 0.0012355832679839
261415
𝐾 20 4
Mean of 𝑋 = 𝐸(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝 = 𝑛 ( ) = 4 ( ) = = 0.8
𝑁 100 5
𝑁 − 𝑛 20 20 100 − 4
Variance of 𝑋 = 𝜎 2 = 𝑉(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝) ( ) = (4) ( ) (1 − ( )) ( )
𝑁−1 100 100 100 − 1
20 20 100 − 4 512
= (4) ( ) (1 − ( )) ( )= = 0.62060606060606
100 100 100 − 1 825

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.7.3

A research study uses 50 men under the age of 55. Suppose that 30% carry a marker on the male
chromosome that indicates an increased risk for high blood pressure. Use the hypergeometric distribution
to find the following probabilities.

Round your answers to three decimal places (e.g. 98.765).

(a) If 5 men in the study are tested for the marker in this chromosome, what is the probability that exactly 1
man has the marker?

Probability =0.371

(b) If 5 men in the study are tested for the marker in this chromosome, what is the probability that more
than 1 has the marker?

Probability =0.476

Population size (𝑁) = 50

Sample size (𝑛) = 5
Number of successes (𝑀) = 50(0.30) = 15
Number of successes chosen (𝑥) = 1
𝑀 𝑁−𝑀
( )( )
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛−𝑥 𝑥 ∈ {0, 𝑛 + 𝑀, … 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑛, 𝑀)}
𝑁
( )
𝑛
15 50 − 15
( )( )
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 1 5−1
50
( )
5
2805
=
7567
= 0.37068851592441
 (b) 𝑃(𝑋 > 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1)
= 1 − (𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1))
15 50 − 15 15 50 − 15
( )( ) ( )( )
=1− ( 0 5−0 )+( 1 5−1 )
50 50
( ) ( )
( 5 5 )
5797 2805
=1−( + )
37835 7567
18013
=
37835
= 0.47609356416017

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.7.4

Printed circuit cards are placed in a functional test after being populated with semiconductor chips. A lot
contains 190 cards, and 20 are selected without replacement for functional testing.

(a) If 20 cards are defective, what is the probability that at least 1 defective card is in the sample?

(b) If 5 cards are defective, what is the probability that at least 1 defective card appears in the sample?
Round your answers to four decimal places (e.g. 98.7654).

(a) The probability is 0.9048

(b) The probability is 0.4302

𝐾 𝑁−𝐾
( )( )
(𝑎) 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 𝐾 = 20, 𝑁 = 190, 𝑛 = 20, 𝑥 = 0
𝑁
( )
𝑛
∴ 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
20 190 − 20 20 170 20! 170!
( )( ) ( )( ) (0! (20 − 0)!) (20! (170 − 20)!)
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 0 20 − 0 = 0 20 =
190 190 190!
( ) ( ) ( )
20 20 20! (190 − 20)!
105667444049047395164
= = 0.095231526269503
1109584695198633381285
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 1 − 0.095231526269503 = 0.9047684737305
𝐾 𝑁−𝐾
( )( )
(𝑏) 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 𝐾 = 5, 𝑁 = 190, 𝑛 = 20, 𝑥 = 0
𝑁
( )
𝑛
∴ 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
5 190 − 20 5 170 5! 170!
( )( ) ( )( ) (0! (5 − 0)!) (20! (170 − 20)!)
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 0 20 − 0 = 0 20 =
190 190 190!
( ) ( ) ( )
20 20 20! (190 − 20)!
 4685018
= = 0.56982521332483
8221851
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 1 − 0.56982521332483 = 0.43017478667517

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.8.1

Suppose X has a Poisson distribution with a mean of 5. Determine the following probabilities.

Round your answers to four decimal places (e.g. 98.7654).

(𝑎) 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 0.0067

(𝑏) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 0.1247
(𝑐) 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 0.1755
(𝑑) 𝑃(𝑋 = 8) = 0.0653

𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆𝑥
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑥 = 01,2, … . 𝜆 = 5
𝑥!
𝑒 −5 (5)(0)
(𝑎) 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = = 𝑒 −5 = 0.0067379469990855
(0)!
𝑒 −5 (5)(0) 𝑒 −5 (5)(1) 𝑒 −5 (5)(2)
(𝑏) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = ( )+( )+( )
(0)! (1)! (2)!
= 0.12465201948308
𝑒 −5 (5)(4)
(𝑐) 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = = 0.17546736976785
(4)!
𝑒 −5 (5)(8)
(𝑑) 𝑃(𝑋 = 8) = = 0.06527803934816
(8)!

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.8.5

Astronomers treat the number of stars in a given volume of space as a Poisson random variable. The
density in the Milky Way Galaxy in the vicinity of our solar system is 1 star per 16 cubic light years.

(a) What is the probability of 3 or more stars in 16 cubic light years?

Probability = 0.080. [Round your answer to three decimal places (e.g. 98.765).]

(b) How many cubic light years of space must be studied so that the probability of 1 or more stars exceeds
0.93?

43 cubic light years of space. [Round your answer to the nearest integer.]

Number of stars (𝑡) = 16 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

parameter (𝜆) = 1
The probability function for the Poisson random variable
 𝑒 −1 (1)𝑥
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = { 𝑥! , 𝑥 = 0,1,2,3 … . .
0 , 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 3)
= 1 − (𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2))
𝑒 −1 (1)0 𝑒 −1 (1)1 𝑒 −1 (1)2
=1−( + + )
0! 1! 2!
= 1 − (0.36787944117144 + 0.36787944117144 + 0.18393972058572)
= 0.0803013970714
(b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) > 0.93
1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 1) > 0.93
𝑃(𝑋 < 1) < 1 − 0.93
𝑃(𝑋 < 1) < 0.07
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) < 0.07
𝑒 −𝜆 (𝜆)0
< 0.07
0!
𝑒 −𝜆 < 0.07
−𝜆 < ln(0.07)
−𝜆 < −2.6592600369328
𝜆 < 2.6592600369328
𝜆 ≈ 2.66
𝜆(𝑡) = 2.66(16)
= 42.548160590925
= 43

Chapter 3 Homework Problem 3.8.9

The number of surface flaws in plastic panels used in the interior of automobiles has a Poisson distribution
with a mean of 0.02 flaws per square foot of plastic panel. Assume an automobile interior contains 10
square feet of plastic panel.

(a) What is the probability that there are no surface flaws in an auto's interior?

(b) If 10 cars are sold to a rental company, what is the probability that none of the 10 cars has any surface
flaws?
(c) If 10 cars are sold to a rental company, what is the probability that at most 1 car has any surface flaws?

Round your answers to four decimal places (e.g. 98.7654).

(a) The probability is 0.8187

(b) The probability is 0.1353
(c) The probability is 0.4350

𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆𝑥
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑥 = 01,2, … . 𝜆 = 10(0.02) = 0.2
𝑥!
 𝑒 −0.2 (0.2)(0)
(𝑎) 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = = 0.81873075307798
(0)!
𝑒 −0.2×10 (0.2 × 10)(0)
(𝑏) 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = = 0.13533528323661
(0)!
(𝑐) 𝑃(any surface flaw) = 1 − 𝑃(no surface flaw)
= 1 − 0.81873075307798 = 0.18126924692202
𝑛 = 10, 𝑝 = 0.18126924692202
𝑛
𝑃(𝑊 = 𝑤) = ( ) (𝑝)𝑤 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑤 , 𝑤 = 0,1,2, … ,10
𝑤
10
= ( ) (0.18126924692202)𝑤 (1 − 0.18126924692202)10−𝑤
𝑤
𝑃(𝑊 ≤ 1) = 𝑃(𝑊 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑊 = 1)
10
( ) (0.18126924692202)0 (1 − 0.18126924692202)10−0
={ 0 }
10
+ ( ) (0.18126924692202)1 (1 − 0.18126924692202)10−1
1
10!
( ) (0.18126924692202)0 (1 − 0.18126924692202)10
0! (10 − 0)!
=
10!
+( ) (0.18126924692202)1 (1 − 0.18126924692202)9
{ 1! (10 − 1)! }
= 0.13533528323661 + 0.29963604984973
= 0.43497133308634