Information & Communication Technology: Reading Book Grade

Information & Communication
Technology
Reading Book
Grade 7
Educational Publications Department
To obtain textbooks in electronic medium

www.edupub.gov.lk
i
First Print - 2018
Second Print - 2019
All Rights Reserved
ISBN 978-955-25-0114-2
Published by Educational Publications Department

Printed by Neo Graphics (Pvt) Ltd.
No. 44, Udahamulla Station Road, Gangodawila, Nugegoda.
ii
The National Anthem of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Matha

Apa Sri Lanka Namo Namo Namo Namo Matha
Sundara siri barinee, surendi athi sobamana Lanka
Dhanya dhanaya neka mal palaturu piri jaya bhoomiya ramya
Apa hata sepa siri setha sadana jeewanaye matha
Piliganu mena apa bhakthi pooja Namo Namo Matha
Oba we apa vidya
Obamaya apa sathya
Oba we apa shakthi
Apa hada thula bhakthi
Oba apa aloke
Apage anuprane
Oba apa jeevana we
Apa mukthiya oba we
Nava jeevana demine, nithina apa pubudukaran matha
Gnana veerya vadawamina regena yanu mana jaya bhoomi kara
Eka mavakage daru kela bevina
Yamu yamu vee nopama
Prema vada sema bheda durerada
Namo, Namo Matha
iii
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd
tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ
ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd
wdkkao iurfldaka
xU jha; kf;fs; ehkhNthk;

xd;Nw ehk; thOk; ,y;yk;
ed;Nw clypy; XLk;
xd;Nw ek; FUjp epwk;
mjdhy; rNfhjuu; ehkhNthk;

xd;wha; thOk; tsUk; ehk;
ed;wha; ,t; ,y;ypdpNy
eyNk tho;jy; Ntz;Lkd;Nwh
ahtUk; md;G fUizAld;

xw;Wik rpwf;f tho;e;jpLjy;
nghd;Dk; kzpAk; Kj;Jky;y - mJNt
ahd;W kopahr; nry;tkd;Nwh.
Mde;j rkuf;Nfhd;
ftpijapd; ngau;g;G.
iv
Being innovative, changing with right knowledge
Be a light to the country as well as to the world.
Message from the Hon. Minister of Education
The past two decades have been significant in the world history due to changes that took
place in technology. The present students face a lot of new challenges along with the rapid
development of Information Technology, communication and other related fields. The manner
of career opportunities are liable to change specifically in the near future. In such an
environment, with a new technological and intellectual society, thousands of innovative career
opportunities would be created. To win those challenges, it is the responsibility of the Sri Lankan
Government and myself, as the Minister of Education, to empower you all.
This book is a product of free education. Your aim must be to use this book properly and
acquire the necessary knowledge out of it. The government in turn is able to provide free
textbooks to you, as a result of the commitment and labour of your parents and elders.
Since we have understood that the education is crucial in deciding the future of a country,
the government has taken steps to change curriculum to suit the rapid changes of the
technological world. Hence, you have to dedicate yourselves to become productive citizens. I
believe that the knowledge this book provides will suffice your aim.
It is your duty to give a proper value to the money spent by the government on your
education. Also you should understand that education determines your future. Make sure that
you reach the optimum social stratum through education.
I congratulate you to enjoy the benefits of free education and bloom as an honoured
citizen who takes the name of Sri Lanka to the world.
Akila Viraj Kariyawasam

Minister of Education
v
Foreword
The educational objectives of the contemporary world are becoming more complex
along with the economic, social, cultural and technological development. The learning
and teaching process too is changing in relation to human experiences, technological
differences, research and new indices. Therefore, it is required to produce the textbook
by including subject related information according to the objectives in the syllabus
in order to maintain the teaching process by organizing learning experiences that suit
to the learner needs. The textbook is not merely a learning tool for the learner. It is
a blessing that contributes to obtain a higher education along with a development of
conduct and attitudes, to develop values and to obtain learning experiences.
The government in its realization of the concept of free education has offered you
all the textbooks from grades 1-11. I would like to remind you that you should make
the maximum use of these textbooks and protect them well. I sincerely hope that this
textbook would assist you to obtain the expertise to become a virtuous citizen with
a complete personality who would be a valuable asset to the country.
I would like to bestow my sincere thanks on the members of the editorial and writer
boards as well as on the staff of the Educational Publications Department who have
strived to offer this textbook to you.
W. M. Jayantha Wickramanayaka,
Commissioner General of Educational Publications,
Educational Publications Department,
Isurupaya,
Battaramulla.
2019.04.10
vi
Monitoring and Supervision
W.M. Jayantha Wickramanayaka - Commissioner General of Educational Publications
Direction
W.A. Nirmala Piyaseeli - Commissioner of Educational Publications (Development)
Co-ordination
H.A.I.P. Upathissa - Assistant Commissioner
Board of Editors
Dr. Prasad Wimalarathna - Head,
Faculty of Communication & Media Technology
University of Colombo School of Computing
Dr. V.G.N. Vidanagama - Senior Lecturer,
University of Wayamba
Dr. Senaka Amarakeerthi - Senior Lecturer,
University of Sri Jayawardenapura
W.W.M.D.C.B. Piyasiri - Instructor,
Technical College, Hasalaka
Dr. K. Thabotharan - Senior Lecturer,
Faculty of Communication & Media Technology
Faculty of Jaffna
E.N. Boralugoda - Assistant Commissioner
Educational Publications Department -
Board of Writers
Oshani Rodrigo - Teacher,
Chi/ Madagama Abhaya Maha Vidyalaya
Panirendawa
A. Sunil Samaraweera - Center Manager
Zonal Computer Resource Center
Kegalle
L.G.I. Priyadarshani - Teacher
CP/ Hoorikaduwa Balika Vidyalaya
Kandy
V.A. Kodithuwakku - Teacher
Zonal Education Office
Gampaha
vii
S.M.D.T. Sinhabahu - Teacher
CH/St. Sebesthiyan M.M. Vidyalaya
Katuneriya
J.A.A. Chinthaka Jayakodi - Teacher
Ke/ Mawa/ Parakrama Maha Vidyalaya
Rambukkana
N. Vagisamurthi - Director of Education
(Retired)
T. Mathiwadanan - In Service Advicer
Zonal Education Office
Piliyandala
M.T. Mohammad Ilham - Teacher
Sahira Collage
Colombo
H.L. Surjudeen - Deputy Principal
Ameena Girl's College
Matale
M.F.M. Jarjoon - Assistant Director of Education
Ministry of Education
D.R.N.K Gamage - Assistant Commissioner
Department of Examinations
Language Editing
W.I. Darshika - Assistant Commissioner
Illustrations
Lalith Gunathilake - Teacher
WP/Jaya/ Vidyakara Balika Vidyalaya
Maharagama
Cover Page
Chaminda Hapuarachchi - Computer Assistant
Technical Assistance
B.T. Chathurani Perera - Computer Assistant
viii
Index
1 Central Processing Unit 1
2 Operating System 8
3 Security of Computer System 21
4 Word Processing 33
Programme Development 46
5
Presentation Software 69
6
Using Internet for Information and
87
7 Communication
ix
x
01 Central Processing Unit
Have you seen the

Central Processing
Unit?
Yes, I have.
What is the Central

Processing Unit?
Where is it located? CPU can't be
observed from
the outside.
• Computer is like a kitchen in a hotel, and the Central Processing Unit is like a
chef in that kitchen.
• As a chef prepares food, the Central Processing Unit processes data in the
computer and converts them into information.
• As the food preparation speed depends on the speed of the chef, the speed of the
computer depends on the speed of the Central Processing Unit.
• A dual-core processor is like having a kitchen with two chefs preparing two
meals, so two things can be prepared at the same time.
For free distribution 1

1.1 Let’s identify the Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit – (CPU) can be identified as a digital circuit that
processes data according to given instructions. Whatever task performed by the
computer, in all such instances, the Central Processing Unit runs in the background.
The main function of the processor is to execute instructions stored in a computer
programme. That is, it gets data and processes them according to given instructions.
Figure 1.1 - Central Processing Unit
While the Central Processing Unit can’t be observed from the outside, it is positioned
(fixed) on the motherboard, inside the system unit.
Central Processing Unit

Motherboard
System Unit
Figure 1.2 - Location of the Central Processing Unit
2 For free distribution

1.2 Let’s identify the Components of the Central
Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit consists of three main components.
ALU Arithmetic & Logical Unit

CU Control Unit
Memory Register Memory Registers
Figure 1.3 - Main components of the Central Processing Unit
1.2.1 Arithmetic and Logical Unit

Mathematical and logical functions are performed in the Arithmetic and Logical
Unit. The functions of this unit can be further divided into two main sub-functions.
Mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division.
Mathematical Functions
Eg : 2 + 3 = 5
Logical operations such as comparison of two numbers.

Logical Functions
Eg : 3 > 2
1.2.2 Control Unit

The Control Unit communicates between manipulates and controls the hardware
connected to the computer. It also performs tasks such as controlling input and
output data, ensuring that data is sent to right place at the right time and being alert
whether relevant signals are successfully received.

1.2.3 Memory Registers
It temporarily stores data and instructions that are being used by the Central
Processing Unit. The storage capacity of the memory registers is very low when
compared with other memory devices like hard disk. However its data access speed
is very high.
Activity 1 - see Workbook 1.1
1.3 Let’s learn about the evolution of Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit of a computer system can be divided into four
generations based on the electronic technology used to manufacture it.
1. First Generation (vacuum tubes) 2. Second Generation (transistor)
3. Third Generation (integrated circuit) 4. Fourth Generation (microprocessor)
While the above classification of the Central Processing Unit is a simple classification
only for your understanding in grade 7, in many cases, the evolution of the Central
Processing Unit has been shown in different generations in diverse ways too.
Electronic technology used: Vacuum tube

First Power consumption: A large amount of vacuum tubes (about 18000) were
Generation used and they emitted a lot of heat was required. A cooling system to
Duration control the heat. So, it led to a heavy power consumption.
(time period)
1940-1956
Size of the computer : As large as a room
Execution speed: Measured in millsecond
Cost : It cost a lot for production and maintenance
e.g.: ENIAC, UNIVAC, EDVAC
Figure 1.4 - Some vaccume tubes Figure 1.5 - A computer of the first generation

Electronic Technology used: Transistor
Second Power consumption: Less power consumption when compared with the
Generation first generation computers.
Duration Size of the computer : Smaller size when compared with the first generation
(time period)
1956 – 1963 Execution speed: Measured in micro second
Cost : It costs a lot for purchasing
e.g.: IBM 7030, CDC 1604
Figure 1.6 - Some transistors Figure 1.7 - A computer of the second generation
Electronic Technology used: Integrated circuit

Power consumption: Less power consumption when compared with the
Third
second generation
Generation
Duration
Size of the computer : Smaller size when compared with the second
(time period) generation
1964 – 1971 Execution speed: measured in Nano second
Cost : It cost less for purchasing when compared with the second generation
e.g.: IBM 360, CDC 6600
Figure 1.8 - An intergrated circuit Figure 1.9 - A computer of the third generation
Electronic Technology used: Microprocessor

Fourth Power consumption: Less power consumption when compared with the
Generation third generation
Duration
(time period) from Size of the computer : Smaller size when compared with the third
1971 to date generation
Execution speed: MIPS – Million of Instructions Per Second and
picosecond.
Cost : It costs less for purchasing when compared with the third generation
e.g.: Modern computers that are in use.
Figure 1.10 - A microprocessor Figure 1.3 - Some computers of the fourth generation

mille second 1 = 0.001 second
micro second 1 = 0.000001 second
nano second 1 = 0.000000001 second
pico second 1 = 0.000000000001 second
Speed of the Central Processing Unit

Speed of the Central Processing Unit also known as clock speed is the
number of instructions executed in a second. The unit used to measure
the speed of the Central Processing Unit is hertz (Hz).
In modern computers, the unit megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) is
used to measure the speed of the Central Processing Unit.
Kilo hertz 1 Kz = 1000 Hz
Mega hertz 1 Mz = 1000 000 Hz
Giga hertz 1 Gz = 1000 000 000 Hz

Summary
³ (CPU) can be considered as the brain of the computer.
³ There are two main components of the Central Processing Unit.
• Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
• Control Unit (CU)
Additionally, memory registers too belong to the Central Processing Unit.
CPU
Central Processing Unit
CU Memory
ALU Registers
Controls all the devices
Performs all mathematical
of a computer system / Functions as a
and logical functions
(Controls all the temporary memory
(operations) of the
operations of a store
computer
computer system)
Ex (- ^«" -¡ " ¬ " − " < >
³ Speed of the Central Processing Unit increased gradually with the evolution of
the computer.
³ Computer can be divided into four generations based on the electronic
technology used in the Central Processing Unit.
1. First Generation (vacuum tubes) 2. Second Generation (transistors)
3. Third Generation (integrated circuits) 4. Fourth Generation (microprocessors)

02 Operating System
How do you work

with the computer?
Ah... That's why an

operating system is
there as a mediator.
Operating system...?
What is that?
2.1 Let's learn about the Operating System

The operating system is a software. This software is necessary to fulfil the tasks
using a computer. Many tasks are such as controlling hardware and software and
providing a user interface are performed by it.
Provides a user interface to work easily with the computer.
Tasks performed by
the operating system Controls the functions of the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Manages the computer memory efficiently.
Controls the activities related to storage devices.
Performs the tasks related to processing files and folders

correctly.
Helps to protect the computer through usernames and passwords.
Manages the hardware.

2.2 Different Types of Operating Systems
Some examples for operating systems used in computers.
Microsoft DOS
(MS DOS)
Microsoft Windows
Apple Macintosh or Mac OS
Operating systems produced using Linux
Ubuntu
Fedora
Some examples for operating systems used in mobile phones.

Android
Used in smart mobile phones
iOS or iPhone OS
Used in Apple mobile phones such as iPhone,
iPad, iPod
Blackberry OS
Used in Blackberry mobile phones
Windows Mobile OS
Used in mobile phones like Lumia, HTC

2.3 Computer Storage Devices

I should record
my song and listen to
it later.
I need to keep
this drawing
I should video and essay to
my dance and use later.
watch it later.
All these can be

stored in computer
storage devices.
Data and information are in different forms such as doucments, photos, videos,
animations, voices and sounds.
That data and information can be stored in computer storage devices. Similarly,
computer programmes which give instructions to the computer can be stored too.
voice & sounds

video & animations
documents
word processing operating systems

photos
software
Figure 2.1 - Examples for data, information and programmes that can be
stored in storage devices
Earlier, stone inscriptions and
ola leaves were used to
permanently store information.
Now, we use papers
Then, how to store

In computers, storage
information in a
devices are used to store
computer?
information.
Computer Storage Devices
Devices which are used to store data, information and programmes

that belong to computer are known as computer storage devices.
Computer storage devices can be divided into several parts, according to their
manufacturing technology.
1. Magnetic Media Devices. Eg: Hard Disk
2. Optical Media Devices Eg: Compact Disk
3. Solid State Media Devices Eg: Pen Drive
Functions and technology of each of the above media devices are different.
2.3.1 Magnetic Media Devices
Magnetic tapes" floppy disks and hard disks are known as magnetic media devices.
They consist of a magnetic surface or a magnetic tape.
• Hard Disk
The hard disk consists of a magnetised platter and a moving
metal head. There are two different types of hard disks,
internal hard disks and external hard disks.
Magnetised platter and

metal head

A large amount of data can be stored permenently in the
internal hard disk. It is a magnetic media device which
is in the system unit. The external hard disk is a portable hard disk
storage device. It can be chosen in various capacities
such as 500 GB, 1 TB, 2 TB.
portable external hard disk
• Magnetic Tapes
A magnetic tape is a thin plastic tape covered with a magnetic

substance. It is used for recording sounds, images or computer
data etc. The magnatic tape which was used often in the past has
now become obsolete. Magnetic Tape
• Floppy Disk
A floppy disk is a magnetic media device that can be used to store small files. It
contains a capacity of 1.44 MB. It is used to carry data because it is an external
storage device. But is becoming obsolete.
At present, there are disks which are produced by using the same technology used
to produce the floppy disks such as zip disks and jazz disks. The capacity of these
disks is greater than that of the floppy disks. But they are not used often.
floppy disk zip disk jazz disk

1.44 MB 250 MB 2 GB
2.3.2 Optical Media Devices

In optical media devices, data is read and written by laser beams. Optical disks are
of several types. They all are portable.
• CD - Compact Disks
There are two types of disks such as recordable (CD-R) and
rewritable (CD-RW). The capacity of these disks are 650MB
and 700MB.
Compact Disks
CD-R and CD-RW

² Digital Versatile Disks (DVD)
They are of two types; DVD-R (data can be written once)

and DVD - RWC (rewritable). The capacity of these disks
are 4.7 GB, 8.5 GB, 15 GB and 30 GB.
Digital Versatile Disks
DVD-R and DVD-RW
² Blue Ray Disks

In these disks, data can be stored on several levels as 25 GB on each
level.
blue ray disks
2.3.3 Solid State Media Devices

Solid state media devices are a type of device which write and read data electronically
at a high speed. As they do not have moving parts as in hard disks and compact
disks to write and read data, they are known as solid state media devices.
Solid state Drrive Pen Drive Memory Card

(SSD drive)
Figure 2.2 - Examples for Solid state divices media
Activity 2 : See Workbook 2.2

2.4 Let's Learn about File and Folder
There are a lot of
different types of files in
a computer, aren't there?
Yes, you can

group them and
store in folders.
What are
folders?
File Folder
myfiles
myself.doc
2.4.1 What is a File?

A file is anything that is saved in the computer such as a letter, a song or a photo.
A file has two parts.
File
File Name File Extension
File name : Used to identify the file.

File Extension : Used to indicate the application software of the file.
Wod( sportmeet.docx
File name File Extension
This is a file named 'sportmeet', created by a word processing software.

2.4.2 Let's learn about Folder
Folder
Files
chapter 1
Name of the Folder
The palce where files are stored is a folder. They are used to store files that are
related to each other. It helps to keep files in order and to retrieve them easily and
fast.
workbook chapter 1 chapter 2

Main Folder Sub -Folders
2.5 Let's create and edit a Folder
Creating a Folder
The methods used to create a folder can be different according to the operating
system. Figure 2.3 shows one such method.
Figure 2.3 - Steps of creating a folder

Saving Files in a Folder
Files created should be saved to reuse them later. To save a file, save or Save As
commands are used.
When saving a file for the first time, despite the window selected, Save As command
window will open.
X X
File Edit View Window Help File Edit View Window Help
New
New
Save changes to the document 'My Open
Open
Pet' before quitting? Close
Close Save
Save Save as
Yes No Cancel
Save as Print
Print
Start Start
Figure 2.4 - Saving a file

After selecting the folder in which the file is to be stored, by giving the save
command, the file is stored in the folder.
Opening a created Folder

The folder can be opened by taking the cursor on to the folder and double clicking
on it.
X
File Edit View Help
New
Open
Close
Save
Save as
Print
Start
Figure 2.5 - Opening a file
Coping and Moving a Folder

A folder can be copied or moved to another location. It can be internal location or
an external storage device.
First, take the cursor to the location of the folder and select it.

To Copy To Move
Step 1 Step 1
• Firs, select the Copy command in • First, select the Cut command in the
the tool bar or the Copy command tool bar or the Cut command shown
shown when the right button of the when the right button of the mouse
mouse is clicked. is clicked.
Step 2 Step 2
• Then, go to the location where it • Then, go to the relevant location and
should be pasted and select Paste select Paste command.
command.
Changing the Name of a Folder

Step 1
To change the name of a folder, take the
mouse pointer on to the folder, Then select
Rename command after clicking the right
button of the mouse.
Step 2
Type the required name.

Deleting a Folder
Delete temporarily
x Step 1
Delete
Select the folder that needs to be deleted.
Step 2
Press the Delete button on the keyboard.
Important
³ If you delete a folder that is in an internal location such as in a
hard disk, it is deleted temporarily. That means, it can be retrieved
when needed.
³ If you delete a folder that is in an external storage device such as a
pen drive, it is permanently deleted. It cannot be retrieved again.
Delete Permanently
Step 1
Delete File
To delete a file or a folder permanently, press
Are you sure you want to permanently delete this ?
Letter 01.txt
Shift and Delete keys together.
Step 2
Yes No Select Yes command in the dialog box.

2.6 Let's identify the Characteristics of a File and a Folder
There are characteristics in a file or a folder such as size, type and date modified.
When the mouse pointer is taken on to the relevant file or folder and when right
button is clicked a menu is displayed. Select the Properties command and you can
see these characteristics.
Doc3.docx Properties
General Security Details Previous Versions
File type
Doc3.docx
When naming a file the
method of showing the file
Type of file : Microsoft Word Document (.docx)
type File Extension
Opens with : Microsoft Word Change...
Location of the file
Location : C:\Users\22\Documents
Size of the file
Size: 35.4 KB (36,332 bytes)
Size on disk: 36.0 KB (36,864 bytes)
Created: Thursday, October 27, 2016, 5:32:34 PM file

Modified : Thursday, October 27, 2016, 5:32:34 PM • Date and Time created
Thursday, October 27, 2016, 5:32:34 PM • Date and Time modified

Accessed :
• Date and Time accessed

Attributes : Read-only Hidden Advanced...
Ok Cancel Apply
Figure 2.5 - Identifying the characteristics of a File

Summary
³ The operating system is the main software in a computer that enables
communication between man and the computer and that controls the computer
hardware and other software.
³ Operating systems like Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh, Linux are
used in computers and operating systems like Android, IOS, Blackberry OS,
Windows Mobile OS are used in mobile phones.
³ Data in various forms such as documents, photos, videos, animations, voice
and sounds as well as programmes that give instructions to the computer are
stored in computer storage devices.
³ Storage devices can be divided into three categories according to the
technology used. They are magnetic media devices such as hard disks optical
media devices such as compact disks and solid state media devices such as
pen drives.
³ Several managements activities such as creating files and folders, editing,
saving, copying and moving can be performed.

03 Security of the Computer
System
Children …
do you know how to protect our
computers?
By locking the
computer laboratory
By locking
the system unit
Well.., all your

answers are about the physical
security of computers.
As you know, a computer system
has both hardware and software components.
We should protect both of them.
3.1 Let’s protect Computer System

It is essential to have adopted various prior protective measures for the safety and
the durability of computers. The security of the computer system can be divided
into two parts.
Security of computer
system
Hardware Security Software security

3.2 Let’s protect Computer Hardware
Computer Hardware
Any physical component of a computer that you can touch and see is called hardware.
It has a definite shape. As there are hardware devices outside of a computer, there
are hardware devices inside the system unit too.
RAM hard disk

monitor
cooling fan
DVD drive
keyboard mouse
motherboard
Figure 3.1 - Some hardware devices that can
be seen externally
CPU power supply
Figure 3.2 - Some hardware devices inside the system unit
Exercise 1: See Workbook 3.1
3.2.1 Possible Hardware Security Issues

Some main factors that may cause physical damage to hardware devices;
Overheat inside
Sudden Dust gathering on
the system unit.
power failure computer hardware
accessories (devices) and
insects
Sudden flow of Main ways that
high voltage current cause damage to Issues related
hardware devices to theft
Figure 3.3 – Some ways that cause damage to hardware devices

3.2.2 Precautionary Methods to protect Physical Components
of a Computer
1
Steps that can be
taken to minimize Using UPS Using surge
Using Fuse
damages caused to protection
the computer by surge protection
electricity
(Uninterupted power supply - UPS) fuse
 During sudden power  Prevents damages caused to  Protects the

failure, UPS continues to computer due to sudden flow computer from high
supply power to computer of high voltage current voltage current and
without interruption for a lightning
 Itis widely used in power
while.
supply units and etc.
 Controls the flow of
 So, it enables to give However, at present Mini high voltage current
 Circuit Breakers-MCB are
sufficient time to save the to the devices and
current work and shut down used in place of fuse due to sends it to earth
the computer. easy use.
2
Steps that can be
taken to minimize
overheating inside Fixing cooling
the computer Installing air fans on devices
conditioners in the which get heated
computer laboratory highly inside the
to control the heat computer

3
Steps that can be It is essential to keep the computer laboratory
taken to protect clean and tidy in order to protect it from physical
the computer from harm such as dust gathering,high moisture and
physical harm insects’ menace. For that, some steps that we can
follow can be shown as follows.
NO FOOD OR
DRINK IN THIS
AREA
Let’s avoid taking food and
Let’s remove the shoes when drink inside the lab Let’s prevent insects and rats from
entering the computer lab entering the lab
Let’s protect the

computer from
physical harm
Let’s make use of air conditioners
whenever possible
Let’s keep the lab clean and tidy
Let’s keep the lab without moisture (wetness)
Figure 3.4 – Some steps that can be taken to protect the computer from physical harm
- By entering the lab without footwear, the computer lab can be kept free of sand
and dust.
- Dust gathering on computer circuits (devices) can be prevented by cleaning all
the computers in the lab at least once in every three months.
- Taking food in the lab can attract insects like ants to the food particles fallen on
the ground
- Moisture in the laboratory may cause short circuit.

4 Making doors and windows of the
laboratory in such a way as to be
Steps that can be
locked Property.
taken to protect
from theft
Protecting system unit by
locking it
Using CCTV camera
Exercise 2 : see Workbook 3.2
3.3 Let’s protect Computer Software Components
Computer Software
Data and information in the computer and programmes used for various tasks come
under the category of software.
Example:
Operating System
Word processing software
Files containing documents
Files containing pictures / images

3.3.1 Possible Software Security Issues
Some instances that may cause possible threat to software are mentioned below.
Unexpected
deletion of files or
overwriting
threat of malware
unauthorized access
complications in the
operating system
disasters, terrorist
Natural disa Some instances that
attacks, etc.. may cause possible
threat to software Sudden power failure
Figure 3.4 – Some instances that may cause possible threat to software
3.3.2 Precautionary methods to protect Software

Components of a Computer
Controlling
unauthorized access
Protection
of computer
providing software using locks and door
software
solutions bolts
components
(logical security) (physical security)
Protection against using anti-virus
malware software
Protection against power failure,

natural disasters, complications in
Keeping
the operating system, deletion of
backups
files or overwrite and etc.
Figure 3.5 – Some steps that can be taken to protect software components

1 Providing Protection against Malware
Malware is a main factor that can couse a threat against the security of computer
software.
What is malicious software (malware)?

Malicious software can be defined as any man-made software or part of a software
that functions against the requirements of the computer user and designed to
intentionally cause damage to
• software installed in the computer
• data, information stored in the computer
• computer networks
• and perhaps computer hardware devices as well.
There are several types of malware. Some of them are hybrid in

nature, that is, they take different forms. From time to time they
operate in different forms.
For example,
A malware that behaves as a computer virus at a time, behaves as
a Trojan horse at another time.
Types of
malware
Computer virus Spyware
Computer worms Trojan horse
Figure 3.6 – Some types of malware

1. Computer virus
A computer virus is a main malicious software that gains entry to computer
software and files and which is capable of replacating itself and designed to spread
from computer to computer through portable devices. It can delete or modify data /
information and it can corrupt software as well.
2. Computer worms
It causes damages similar to those of viruses. However, the main difference is that it
spreads across computer networks or internet without the support of a host program
or any human interaction.
3. Trojan horse
While it seems a useful software at first sight, it will cause damage to the user
secretly once he begins to use it.
4. Spyware
It is a malicious software that secretly collects data about a person’s computer
usage, internet usage and etc.., and sends them to the relevant party without his
knowledge. Data and information too can be provided to the other party secretly
through this software.
Deletion, hiding or modification of data /

Damages caused information.
by malicious Creation of new files and folders that
software do not belong to the user.
Deletion, mal-function or alteration of

the software behaviour.
Decrease efficiency of the computer.
Shutdown the computer or restart again and again.
Unusual behaviour in computer networks such as sudden

disconnection or malfunction of network and the inability to
work with the network as usual.
Unusual reduction in the capacity of storage devices

Possible solutions to
avoid or minimize Install an antivirus software and update
the harm caused by it regularly.
malware
Open an external storage device only after

scanning it for possible viruses.
Activate firewall and make right settings.
If using internet, always access secure websites only.
Do not open black listed websites shown by antivirus

software.
Do not click on pop-ups that suddenly appear on the screen.
Do not open suspicious emails or attachment.
For daily use, normally maintain a Limited User Account which

can allow only a limited number of tasks.
Update all software installed in the computer including the

operating system
Use only the original copy of licensed software. Use of pirated

software may lead to the spread of malicious software.

2 Keeping Backups
Keeping backups can be defined as a process of keeping copies of software

components.
Copies kept as backups can be used in case the original copy is misplaced or
damaged. Several storage techniques can be applied to keep backups.
eg:
Compact disks (CD)
Digital Video Disks (DVD)
external hard disks
Different location in the same computer (another folder or another
drive)
3 Access Control
Providing software solutions for access control

It means the methods and services provided by several software to control access to
computer and safeguard its resources.
• Using strong and difficult to guess password
• Creation of suitable user accounts
• Encryption
By following the above mentioned methods, not only access to computer can be
controlled but also data and information can be protected from sudden loss.
Encryption is another way of protecting data. Encrypted data

cannot be read and understood even if it falls into wrong hands.
This method is adopted especially when sensitive data is to be
communicated.

Use of physical locks for access control
The computer system, data and information stored in the computers and software
are protected by using devices and methods that are in the form of hardware in this
method.
For this, following methods are used.
1. Keeping the computer at a secure place.
It is advisable to keep the computer that contains sensitive and valuable data,
information at a secure place, so that it will be protected from thieves and unlawful
entry of people.
2. Use of CCTV cameras and alarms

Tasks such as monitoring movements when necessary, provision of automatic
urgent messages are done by this system.
3. Use biometric passwords

At present, finger prints and voice recognition methods are widely used to access
computer systems and to open doors of the computer laboratory.
Unlike a conventional password, using

biometric passwords is somewhat a
modern method. Permission to access the
system is granted only after recognizing
authorized person’s identity through
finger prints, voice, face or iris.
Figure 3.7 Use of biometric passwords in mobile phones

and laptop computers

Summary
³ When providing security to the computer system, both hardware and software
components should be given equal attention.
³ Some possible hardware security issues;
• sudden power failure
• flow of high voltage current
• overheating inside the computer system
• dust gathering on computer hardware and insects menace
• theft menace
³ For the protection of hardware, precautionary methods such as,
• minimizing harm caused to the computer by electricity
• minimizing overheating inside the computer
• protecting computer from physical damage
• protecting from thieves
can be used.
³ Some possible software security issues;
• attack of malware
• unauthorized access
• sudden power failures
• natural disaster, terrorism etc..,
• complications in the Operating System
• unexpected deletion of files, or overwrite
³ For the protection of software, precautionary methods such as,
• providing protection against malware
• keeping backups
• access control
can be used.

04 Word processing
I have to prepare a letter. Do

you know how to prepare a
letter using a computer?
Is there any word
processing software in
your computer?
Word processing software?

What’s that?
4.1 Let’s identify Word Processing
Composing, editing (manipulating) and/or storing a text based document in any

style is called word processing.
A word processor can be any tool from a simple pencil to a complicated computer
software.

History of Word Processing
Composing letters and documents started a long time ago. It started with writing
using objects such as leaves, stone chips and skin and developed so rapidly as to use
a computer software to prepare a document by now.
Writing using various objects that were
available in the environment.
(leaves, skin, stone chips etc..)
Invention of paper and composing

books by copy writing manually
Use of wood blocks and clay blocks for

printing
Invention of the printing machine
Invention of the manual typewriter
Invention of the electric/electronic typewriter
Use of computer for word processing
Special landmarks in the use of computer for word processing
Invention of the first computer for Creation of the first word

word processing (Decade 1960) processing programme (1979)
4.2 Let’s learn about Word Processing Software
Word processing software can be defined as a computer programme capable of
creating a document, editing its content, modifying (formatting) its colour or style
and sometimes printing it in different styles.
Examples for word processing software
Microsoft Office Open Office

Word Writer
Corel Word Perfect
iWork Pages
Libre Office Writer
Benefits of using a Word Processing Software
Benefits of a word
processing
software Creating a document Saving (storing) for
future retrieval
Printing a Search text in the
document document
Formatting
(editing) of
document
Word Count
Display spelling & grammar
Printing a several
errors and give a chance for
copies
correction

4.3 Let’s learn about the Keyboard
It is essential to know how to use a keyboard when preparing a document with a
word processing software. By practising to use the computer keyboard correctly,
computer typing can become very easy and more efficient.
Typical Keyboard
The keys in the keyboard can be divided into several groups based on the function.
Control keys Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12

Print
Screen Scroll
Sys Rq
Lock
Pause
Break
Function keys £ _
>
! " $ % & * ( ) + Back space Page Num
- Insert Home Up Lock
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 =
Character keys Q W E U O
{ } Page 7 8 9
Tab R T Y I P [ ] Enter
Delete End
Down Home Pg Up
: ~
Caps Lock A S D F G H J K L @ 4 5 6
Navigation keys < >
;
?
' #
1 2 3
shift
\ Z X C V B N M , . /
shift End Pg Dn
Numeric keypad Ctrl Alt Spacebar Alt Gr Ctrl

0
Ins
Del
Enter
Figure 4.1 Key arrangement on a typical keyboard
Control These keys are used alone or in combination with other

Keys) keys to perform certain actions. The most frequently used
control keys are Ctrl, Alt and Esc.
Character
Keys These keys are used to type in letters, numbers, punctuation
marks and symbols when preparing a document.
Function The function keys are used to perform a specific task. The
Keys functionality of these keys may differ from programme to
programme.
Navigation These keys are used for moving around on a webpage and
Keys for editing text. They include the arrow keys, Home, End,
Page Up, Page Down, Delete and Insert keys.

Numeric
Keypad The numeric keypad is used to enter numbers quickly.
How the keys are arranged in a typical keyboard is shown in Figure 4.1. It is also
known as QWERTY keyboard considering the design for alphabets. In some cases,
keyboards that are slightly different from this type of keyboard are also available.
Use of Caps Lock key

When the Caps Lock key
is pressed once capital
letter's are typed. When it
is necessary to type normal
Caps Lock
letters, press the caps lock key
key
again.
shift
shift
key shift
shift key
• Press Caps Lock key once space , C, D
• Press Caps Lock key again space a, c, d

Use of Shift Key
There are two shift keys on the right and left sides of the keyboard. When + A A
letter keys are pressed while keeping the shift key pressed, English capital
letters are typed. Similarly when other keys are pressed while keeping the shift ?
+ / ?
key pressed, the symbol on the top of the key is typed.

Space bar – It is used to create an empty space between two words. If pressed once, a single space is created and if
pressed twice, two spaces are created and so on.
eg:-
Pressing once
Thank you
Pressing twice
Thank you
Tab key – It creates a somewhat big space between two words. Pressing the tab key once creates a single space and
pressing it twice creates two spaces and so on.
eg:
Pressing once
Thank you
Pressing twice
Thank you
Enter key – Pressing the enter key once, moves the cursor down to the next line.
eg:
Pressing once Thank
you
Arrow keys – It moves the cursor up, down, left or right on the screen.
Backspace key – When pressed once, it deletes any character, space, number or any other object to the left of the cursor.
(cursor’s current position)
4.4 Let’s use the Keyboard correctly
Sitting with the correct posture

As you learned in Grade 6, computer typing can be more
successful, when you sit with the correct posture in front of the
computer. Improper sitting will cause pain in the hands, neck,
back and in other joints.
Placing the Keyboard in the right place

When sitting for typing, it is essential to keep the body right
in front of the space bar of the keyboard. So that, it will enable
the user to manipulate all the keys in the keyboard more
conveniently.
Refrain from keeping the wrist or palm on the table

It is to be noted that while typing on the keyboard, both hands should
be raised above the keys of the keyboard. (hands should not touch
the keyboard or the table). So that, it will prevent numbness and pain
in the fingers. Typing with the habit of resting the palm or wrist on
the table may cause prolonged pain or injury in the fingers in the
long run.
Pressing the keys softly
Normally it is sufficient to press a key softly to type any
character, number or symbol. Pressing a key with force is
an unwanted action. By doing so, fingers may experience
inconveniences and the keys in the keyboard may warn out
sooner as well.
Giving rest to both hands while not engaged in typing

While working on the computer, it is essential to give a rest
to both hands in circumstances where you are not engaged in
typing. In such occasions, both hands can be kept freely on the
table or the lap.
Exercise 4: see Workbook 4.4
4.5 Let’s create a Document using the Keyboard
Before creating a document,

it is necessary to know how
to use a computer keyboard
correctly How to find a letter that
we need out of many
letters on the keyboard?
Before creating a document, one should have a good understanding about how
hands should be kept on the keyboard and manipulate keys.

It is essential to follow the measures given below in order to gain correct computer
keyboard skills.
• While starting typing is started, keep the left hand fingers on keys A, S, D and F
and right hand fingers on keys J, K, L.
left hand right hand
_
>
~ ! @ # $ % & * ( ) +
- Delete s
` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 = A D F G H J K L
Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P { } l
[ ] \
A S D F G H J K L : "
Caps ; , Enter
Z X C V B N M < > ?
Shift , . /
Shift
Ctrl Alt Alt Ctrl
• Use fingers of both hands and always start typing having placed both hands on
the correct row of the keyboard.(as shown in the picture)
• Use appropriate keys for the appropriate fingers.

_
>
~ ! @ # $ % & ( )
+
* delete
` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - =
tab Q W E R T Y U I O P { [
} ]
I
\
:
caps lock A S D F G H J K L ; ",
enter
shift Z X C V B N M , .>
< ?
/ shift
ctrl opt ent

Touch typing
The act of typing quickly and accurately without looking at the keys is
called touch typing.
4.6 Use of typing Tutor Software
There are a lot of benefits in learning touch typing. For this, use of a typing tutor
software can be shown as the most suitable and the easiest way (method) to learn
touch typing.
So, you can search and find several software by browsing the internet.
edit
documents
easily accuracy –
speed – can
minimize
type very
errors in the
quickly
document
health – it
time –
prevents
time can be
prolonged
saved.
bone diseases
(illnesses)
decrease
job prospects Benefits fatigue – it
– typing speed of learning reduces both
is required touch typing mental and
for some accurately. physical fatigue
positions
Figure 4.2 Some benefits of learning touch typing accurately
Exercise 5: see Workbook 4.5

Meanwhile, some examples for typing tutor software that can be downloaded freely
from the internet and their web addresses (URLs) are shown below.
Software Downloadable web address
Rapid Typing Tutor

http://www.rapidtyping.com/downloads.html
TIPP10
https://www.tipp10.com/en/download/getfile/4/
Typefaster
http://www.typefastertypingtutor.com/
Basically the keyboard has been produced for English language. However,
various techniques have been introduced into this keyboard for different
nationals to type (in) their own language through this keyboard. In our
country, Sinhala and Tamil keyboards are widely used.

Using Sinhala and Tamil Keyboard
Using Sinhala keyboard

Sinhala keyboards can be seen in two types based on the manner of entering Sinhala
letters.
Sinhala keyboard
Standard Sinhala Phonetics Keyboard

Keyboa rd
Sinhala characters can be entered to the computer both by character keys located in
the keyboard and by phonetics keys too.
• Use of Standard Sinhala Keyboard
In this model, it is essential to remember the location of keys on the keyboard.
This Sinhala keyboard is used (operated) in present computers and other data
communication devices as well. This model is used in Unicode system too.
Bk Spc
>
! @ # $ % & * ( ) _ +
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - =
Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P { }
[ ] \
Lock A S D F G H J K L Enter
Shift Z X C V B N M < > ? Shift

/
Space
Figure 4.3 – Standard Sinhala Keyboard (Wijesekara Sinhala Keyboard)
• Phonetics Keyboard
This is somewhat an easy method and the keyboard can be used according to Sinhala
sounds (based on Sinhala sound). Therefore it is not necessary to know the location
of the appropriate letters. You can send SMS messages in mobile phone using this
method. Therefore, you are already familiar with this method.

Figure 4.4 - Sinhala Phonetics Keyboard
Use of Tamil Keyboard
Unicode keyboard is mostly used when typing in Tamil letters.
Figure 4.5 - Tamil Phonetics Keyboard
To read a letter prepared by using Unicode font, it is not necessary to have

installed Unicode font in the computer of the user. However, to read a
letter prepared by using a font other than Unicode font, the relevant font
should have been installed in the computer of the user (user’s computer).
The Unicode font is an open source software. So it can be downloaded
freely from the internet.
In addition to Unicode font, several other fonts such as FMBindumathi,
FMAbhaya etc.. can be used to type in Sinhala letters while several other
fonts such as Bamini, Kalaham etc.., can be used to type in Tamil letters.

Exercise 7 : See Workbook 4.7
Summary
³ Creation of letters and documents needed in day to day life easily is called
word processing.
³ Skill to use the keyboard correctly is essential in word processing through the
computer.
³ The keyboard that we use normally (day to day) is identified as QWERTY
keyboard.
³ The QWERTY keyboard can also be used for other languages such as Sinhala
and Tamil.
³ The Typing Tutor software can be used to practice the use of keyboard correctly.

05 Programme Development
5.1 Decomposing the Problems

A problem can be simple or complex according to its nature. It is rather difficult
to perceive and understand a complex problem when compared with a simple
problem. It is essential to understand a problem thoroughly before going to solve
it. So it will be easier to find a solution to a complex problem after decomposing it
into smaller sub-problems.
Decomposition according to shape
A complex object (figure) with Decomposition according to

several shapes and colours background colour
Figure 5.1 - Decomposition of a complex object
Likewise, a complex problem that seems difficult to solve at once can be broken
into several smaller sub-problems as much as possible. Then these sub-problems
can be solved easily one by one.
Advantages of decomposing a
sub-problem 1
problems
Complex • Easy to solve
problem sub-problem 2
• Easy to understant
• Easy to describe
• Easy to analyze
Decomposition sub-problem n
Figure 5.2 - Decomposition of a complex problem into sub-problems
eg:- In grade o6, you have learnt about the basic mathematical function which
include addition, substraction, multiplication and division of a whole number.
Additionally in the first term of graded 07, you have learnt about solving sums
when more than one mathematical functions are used with a whole number.
Consider the following sum (Refer Figure 5.3).
Since it is hard and
Multiplication complicated to solve this
sum 5 x 6 = 30 sum at once (in one step),
Addition it would be simple and
5x6+4
30 + 4 = 34 easy to find a solution after
2 decomposing the sum into
Division three sub-problems as
34 = 17 Solution
2 multiplication, addition
17 and division involved in
the sum. The final solution
can be reached easily by
logically integrating the
answers obtained in each
sub-problem.
Figure 5.3 - Breaking a mathematical sum into sub-problems
5.2 Use of Flow Chart to represent Algorithm

Symbols in flow chart to represent algorithm have been explained in grade six. An
algorithm may include one or more control structures out of three. Three types of
control structures are shown below.
sequence selection repetition
Figure 5.4 – Types of control structures shown in flow chart

5.2.1 Sequence
Execution of instructions in an algorithm sequentially

from top to the bottom is called sequence. Let’s see
how it is represented in a flow chart.
e.g. : Covering a textbook

Let's represent covering a textbook in a flow chart.
Start
Cut the paper required to cover the textbook

in a suitable size
Place the textbook on the paper
Fold the outer cover inward
Paste the inside close to the edge of the outer cover
Label your textbook in front for identification
Stop
Figure 5.5 - Flow chart: Covering a textbook

e.g. 2 :Finding the area and perimeter of a rectangle

Start
Width
Get the length and width

Length
Area = length x width
Perimeter = (length + width) x 2
Problem Analysis
Input : length and width
Display area and perimeter Process :
Perimeter = (length + width) x 2
Area = length x width
Stop Output : area, perimeter
Figure 5.6 – Flow chart: Finding area and perimeter of a rectangle
5.2.2 Selection
Here it is expected to make a making decision on which step

to follow depending on the condition given by the algorithm.
In a selection, the condition is checked first and the flow
direction is chosen based on whether the condition is true or
false.
For example, let's consider an instance where a ceiling fan is

operated. When the switch is on, the ceiling fan operates if
there is power. If there is no power, the ceiling fan does not operate.

Start
switch on
Is power No Fan is not

available functioning
Yes Accordingly, if power

is available, the fan will
Fan is functioning function. If power is not
available, the fan will not
function.
Stop
Figure 5.7 - Flow chart funtioning of a font
5.2.3 Repetition
Execution of an instruction or several instructions in

an algorithm repeatedly until a condition is satisfied
is called repetition. A repetition will take place
depending on whether a condition is satisfied or not
satisfied. For example, natural water cycle is a
process that takes place repeatedly.
As an example, do you know that since your
childhood, you used to save moneyby using a till to put money? The one who is used
to save money in a till, will always put money (again and again) repeatedly until the
till fills.So, here the process of putting money is repeated until the condition that is
‘till becomes full’ is satisfied.
Start
Take a till to put money
Put money
Is till
full?
No
Yes
Stop
Figure 5.8 - Flow chart: Putting money into a till
Checking of condition for repetition can take place in two ways.

1. Check the condition before repetion starts.
2. Check the condition after functioning once.
Checking whether ink check whether ink is
is available before act of writing until ink finished every time
writing finishes takes place again after writing
Start and again (repeated) Start
Take a pen Take a pen
Write
Is ink No
available? Finish
Is ink
Yes No finished ?
Write Yes
Stop
Figure 5.9 - Flow chart: Writing with a pen until ink finishes
5.3 Introduction to Scratch Programming and Programme
Development
Scratch which is a visual programme development software is an interactive,
attractive and a simple programme with command blocks. This is a Free and
Open Source Software (FOSS) and therefore it can be downloaded freely from the
following website. http://www.scratch.mit.edu
5.3.1 Scratch 2.0 introducing Interface with Visual

Development Environment
Menu Bar Stage Cursor Tools
Sprite List Block Palette Script Area
Cursor Tools
Duplicate Delete Grow Shrink

Sprite and blocks control tools
block block Sprite Sprite
Sprite and blocks control tools
Note: All these interfaces are in Scratch 2.0 (version 2).

The Stage
Stage where sprites move around and diagrams are drawn X, Y coordinates
plane of the stage
- 240"180 240"180
Stage Start / Stop

maximize Run
tool
Sprites X, Y
coordinates
- 240" -180 240" -180
Sprite List
Changing Sprite and backdrop
Thumbnail Sprite Sprite Sprite

view library tool Files tool camera tool
Backdrop library Backdrop Files Backdrop Sprite

tool tool camera tool camera tool
The view behind the stage is called backdrop.

Blocks palette
Block and the classified tab within it
Events Blocks Tabs

Looks Control
Sound The blocks categories are all colour
Sensing
coded and the relevant block is displayed
Pen Operators under the relevant tab.
Data
Blocks
A list of blocks that shows the action on

the stage is displayed.

Script Area
This is the area where you apply blocks and create (develop) programmes.
Motion Events
Looks Control
Sensing
Pen Operators
Data More Blocks
Creating a programme by dragging a block onto the ScriptsArea
Block classification Block Example
Includes command
blocks pertaining to
move the sprite on the
stage.
Sprite moves 100 steps
from the position 0, 0
Includes command
blocks pertaining to
communication among Sprite, after saying
the Sprites. “Hello!, Can you win”
thinks “No, I’m the
winner”

Includes musical
instruments and basic
notes to create sound and
When any key pressed
sound patterns
drum sound is played and
then “s” note is played
Includes colour and tools

needed to draw lines and
various shapes on the
stage.
draws a line 50 units
long in red colour
Includes command block

pertaining to make a
variable and assign value.
Count variable value is
changed by 1 and then
the value is shown
Give instructions
pertaining to the
execution (running) of all
other blocks When run tool (green
flag) clicked, the total
of variables a and b is
shown

Includes command
blocks with selection
and repetition to control
execution of other
blocks(scripts)
According to the input,

only one output out of
the two is displayed.
Receive input
size of the sprite changes
handles mathematical
operations
display the total of

numbers from 1 to 10

5.3.2 Programs Development of Programmes
Follow the instructions given bellow to create a programme using scratch
• Run scratch software

• Double click on scratch icon
• Select types of command blocks under Script Tab

• Click on script tab and select block types
• Drag the command block and drop on Script Area

• Drag the blocks to script area
• Develop the programme
• Save as a file
• Run the programme
Scripts Costurnes Sounds
Motion
Looks Control
Sensing
Pen Operators
Data More Blocks
The location where

the new block to be
joinedblinks (glitters) in
white coloror
Stage Sprite1
1 backdrop
New backdrop:

Managing Command Control Blocks
‫פֿךּ ٍ נּ ץ‬‎ copying

� ‫ ‏‬Ē ‫⅛ ן רּ דּ‬η‫ נּבּ‬Ī
Right
RightClick
ClickononBlock
Block Ćг ‫ צּ‬block
command
duplicate
delete deleting command
‫פֿךּ ٍ נּ ץ‬‎ � ‫ ‏‬Ē ‫ צּ רּ דּ‬،ć ‫צּ‬
add comment bock
help
5.3.3 Development of programme with a Sequence

1. Playing basic notes with piano
Connect the control blocks (scripts) shown below sequentially. Then change the
values of the control blocks as shown in the figure below. Run the programme and
check the voice.
Click on arrow
start
head on the right to
No.1 and select an
instrument select an instrument
(1) Piano
(2) Electric Piano play note 60
(3) Organ
(4) Guitar play note 62
(5) Electric Guitar
(6) Bass
play note 64
play note 65
play note 67
Click on arrow head on
the right to No.60 and play note 69
select a note
play note 71
play note 73
stop
Figure 5.10 – Flow chart: Playing note

2. Expressing days of the week in order by Sprite
Start
insert day Say Sunday

of the week
Say Monday
Say Tuesday
Say Wednesday
Say Thursday
Say Friday
Say Saturday
Stop
5.4 Use of a variable

In programming, variables are used to store a value in memory temporarily. Let’s
study the following activity to understand the nature of a variable.
Let’s consider a situation where two types of coloured liquid have been poured into
two separate glass vessels.
A vessel B vessel
Now let’s consider changing liquid in A vessel into B vessel and liquid in B vessel
into A vessel.
In this way, in order to change the liquid from one vessel to the other, it is necessary
to have an extra vessel.
Let’s name that vessel as C vessel.
C vessel
step 1 : Changing liquid in A vessel to C vessel
A vessel B vessel C vessel
step 2 : Changing liquid in B vessel to A vessel
step 3 : Changing liquid in C vessel to B vessel
As a vessel can store liquid, so a variable can store a value. The above vessels
named as A, B and C can be considered as variables and the liquid poured into them
can be considered as values of the variables.
Assign Values to Variables
When assigning values to variables, variable name is written on the left to the equal
sign and the value is written on the right to the equal sign.
Amara 12
e.g. name = Amara
age = 12 name age
Changing values of variables
e.g.
Let’s change the values of variables maths and science.
marks
maths = 68 68 79 marks = maths 79 68

science maths = science
science = 79 maths maths science
science = marks
Building variable in scratch
• Run Scratch Software

• Double click on scratch icon
• Select Data command block

• Select data block
• Select make a variable
• Type name the variable
• Click OK

Motion Events
Looks Control
Sound Sensing
Pen Operators
More Blocks
Make a Variable
variable variable name

New Variabl
1 Variable name: marks
For all sprites For this sprite only
OK Cancel
Make a List
assign value to a variable
67 (assign marks 67 to the variable marks)
change value of a variable
10 (change the value of the variable marks by 10)
5.4.1 Develop programme with variables
1. Multiplication of two numbers
Create two variables (n1, n2) to store values of two numbers and another variable
to store the multipication of the two numbers.Then join the control blocks shown
below one by one sequentially in the given order. Change the value of control
blocks as shown.

Variables start
create variables n1, n2 and mul
enter first value
assign first value to n1
enter second value
assign second value to n2

Enter First Value
multiply variables n1, n2 and

assign answer to mul
display value of variable mul
stop
Figure 6.12 – Flow chart: Multiplication of two numbers
2. Find Perimeter and Area of a Rectangle

The length and width of a rectangle is needed to find the perimeter and the area of
that rectangle. Accordingly, four variables should be used in order to develop this
programme. The length, width, perimeter and the area are shown as variables L, W,
perimeter and area respectively.

start
enter length of the rectangle
enter width of the rectangle
perimeter = length x 2 + width x 2
area = length x width
display perimeter
to change variable display area
stop
Figure 5.13 – Flow chart: Area and perimeter of a rectangle
3. Change the size of the Sprite from 10 to 100 at random
Develop the following programme to randomly change the normal size of the Sprite
that we see. A value randomly chosen from one to ten is stored in the variable X.
The size of the Sprite changes up to the value obtained by multiplying the value of
variable X by 10. In addition, the colour too changes in proportion to the value of
variable X.

Start
Set size of the sprite to 100%
Assign a value randomly from 1 to

10 to variable X
Display multiplication of variable

X by 10 as size of the Sprite
Change colour of the Sprite by

value X and display
Play sound
Stop
Figure 5.14 - Flowchart: Changing size of the Sprite
5.4.2 Bugs
Bugs may occur when developing a programme. Errors in a
programme are called bugs, while the elimination of such
bugs is called debug. In such a situation, unexpected problems
are to be faced when a program with bugs run. Programmes
with bugs may not run properly. Therefore before running a
programme, bugs that may occur in that program should be
eliminated.
Elimination of Bugs
Bugs may occur in such situations as change of order in the instructions (block),
omission of instructions (block) or non-mentioning of correct variables and
their values. Bugs in a programme can be eliminated by correcting bugs in the
instructions(block) or arranging the order of the instructions (block) sequentially.
Let’s compare the following programme with bugs and the programme without
bugs developed to draw a rectangle with length and width 200 and 100 respectively.

Programme with bugs
Programme without bugs
correct
an instruction omitted
order changed
incorrect
Incorrect output Correct output
The above programme on the left has been developed to draw a rectangle. However
the expected output cannot be achieved due to bugs in the programme. Therefore
there is a possibility to get an erroneous output. It is proved by the programme on
the right that a correct output can be achieved after eliminating those bugs.

A program with bugs may not run properly. After eliminating the bugs,
the programme can run properly.
Summary
³ Program development can be made easy by decomposing a complex problem
³ There are three control structures used to develop a programme. They are
sequence, selection and repetition.
³ Execution of instructions (sequentially) step by step in an algorithm is called
sequence.
³ Making decision as to which step to follow based on the condition given by
the algorithm is called selection.
³ Flow direction in a flow chart is determined based on the condition of the flow
chart.
³ Scratch open source programme can be used for visual programme development.
³ Command blocks are used in the development of Scratch program
³ Following command blocks can be used to display the decision
² The block to be used to show steps to follow only if the condition
becomes true
² The block to be used to show steps to follow if the condition becomes

true or not
³ In programming, variable is used to store value in memory.

³ Error in a programme is called bug.
³ Elimination of bug in a programme is called debug.

06 Presentation Software
Teacher asked me to find

information on kingdoms of Your presentation can
Sri Lanka and present to the be made fruitful and attactive
class. if a presentation software is
used.
6.1 Let's learn about Presentation

Presentation is a method used to communicate information and ideas to a certain
person or a group. There is more liveliness in this method than other methods
because a quick interaction between the specker and speetators takes place.
Electronic Presentation
Electronic presentation is a tool used to make a presentation attractive and fruitful.
Electronic Presentation like a book
An electronic presentation
like a book. But it is not Why do you say so?
totally similar.

• A book is composed of pages. • Presentation is composed of slides.

• Can move from slide to slide.
• Pages can be turned. • Words, pictures, etc. are included in
• Words, pictures are included in the slides.
book. • Videos, songs, links can be included
in a presentation. Liveliness of them
• Videos, songs, links cannot be
can be included.
included in books. Liveliness of
• Even after presenting several times,
them cannot be included in books.
content of a presentation can be
• After a book is printed, changing the changed again and again.
content is difficult.
Examples for Presention Software
Microsoft Corel Presentations

Apple Keynote OpenOffice
Powerpoint
Impress

There are many advantages in an electronic presentation
Teaching in normalway ▪ Should use so many words.

▪ More effort is needed to expain
facts.
▪ More chances to change
concentration.
▪ More effort should be made to
Teacher Students acquire information.
Blackboard/chalk
Teaching using a presentation ▪ No need of using so many

words.
▪ Less effort to explain facts.
▪ Less chance to chang the
concentration.
Teacher Students ▪ Less effort to acquire facts.
Presentation/ Projector
6.1.1 Let's design a Presentation

In order to design a new presentation, presentaion software in the computer should
be opened.
Design a presentation using a blank presentation

When you open the electronic presentation software in the school computer, you
will get a blank presentation as show in Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1- A blank presentation

When you click on that blank presentation, you will get blank slides which you
need to prepare the presentation.

A
B
Figure 6.2 - A Presentation window
The Slide in Figure 6.2 A indicates a slide related to the content which is open
on the slide pane (In Figure 6.2 B indicates a slide pane) is highlighted, Eg: The
content of the slide indicated by A in Figure 6.2 is displayed on slide pane.
Start designing presentations using presentation models provided by Presentation

Software
You will get blank slide when you open the presentation software, to be designed.
Or if you wish, you can select from pre-designed slide templates which have being
saved. They are designed with various shapes, colours, designs.
Figure 6.3 - Some presentation templates
If the slide matches your need, one of the slides can be selected.
After opening a presentation, it appeas as shown in Figure 6.4.

Title bar
Tool bar
Slides Slide pane
note pane
Figure 6.4 - Basic features of a Presentation window
Your presentaion can be prepared using tools in the tools bar. The prepared
pesentation can be saved in any place for reuse when needed.
6.1.2 Closing Presentations
X To close a presentation, the mark x which

appears on the right hand side should be clicked.
Start
If the pesentation was not saved, a dialoge box relevant to save it will open.

X
File Edit View Window Help
New
Open Save changes to the document 'My
Close Pet' before quitting?
Save
Yes No Cancel
Save as
Print
Start
Figure 6.5 - Close a Presentaion
If you want to save the presentation select Yes command. If not, select No
command.
Activity 3: See Workbook 6.3
6.1.3 Saving a Designed Presentation

After designing a presentation, it should be saved in the computer for late use.
Figure 6.6 - Save a Presentation
It is good to use a name of your own to save it rather than using a common
name given by the presentation software. It helps to find it easily among the
other files.

Activity 4: See 6.4 Workbook
6.1.4 Opening a Saved Presentation
There are several ways to follow in opening a presentation.
• Select the name of the presentation using presentation software.

• Click twice on the presentation file.
Figure 6.7 - Open an existing Presentation
Activity 5: See Workbook 6.5

6.2 Let's add New Slides to a Presentation
There are several slides which can be used in preparing a presentation.
Title
Title
Content
Title Slide Title and content slide
Title
Sub-title 1 2
Sub-title Slide Comparision or double content slide
Empty Slide
Picture Slide
Figure 6.8 - Examples for types of slide
In addition to these, different slides can be used using a blank slide according to
the need.

6.3 Designing a Slide
Understanding about how to insert texts and pictures to a slide, how to draw sketches
using shapes and add multimedia and tables to a slide is needed to design a slide.
6.3.1 Including Words and Word Art

There is a sepecific place in a slide to include words in a slide. It is shown as dotted
lined boxes on a slide.
Space provided to insert

text
Figure 6.9 - Space Provided to insert text

Following tools should be used to prepare letters as needed.
Change the font colour
Size of the font
Bold the font
Italicize the font
Underline

6.3.2 Inserting Pictures to a Slide
Presentation software facilitates inserting pictures to a slide.
Figure 6.10 - Insert pictures to a slide

There are two ways to insert pictures.
One way is to copy a saved picture and paste it on the slide. The other way is using
clip art provided by presentation software.
Clip Art is a type of pre-designed images
6.3.3 Inserting Shapes

We can insert shapes like circles, squares, as well as triangles lines, arrows, shapes
for flow charts and stars in to presentation slides.
Figure 6.11 - Inserting shapes to a slide
Activity 9 : See 6.9 in Workbook

6.3.4 Inserting Multimedia to a Slide
Video and audios can be inserted to a slide. It makes the presentation more interesting
rather than inserting pictures.
Inserting saved audios in the computer is allowed Some presentation software
allows to record audios at the time it is being designed. There are persentation
software which provide library facilites with pre-recorded sounds.
VIDEO
AUDIO
Figure 6.12 - Insert multimedia to a slide
6.3.5 Inserting Tables in to a Slide
Table designing tools are provided in presentation software.

Tables drawn in Ms words or Ms excel can be inserted in presentation slides.
Figure 6.13 - Inserting tables in a slide

Table can be drawn giving the number of rows and columns needed. Even after
designing changes can be done.
Insert table
Number of columns 3
Number of rows 5
OK
6.4 Using Slide Designs

Slide designs are given in order to design the background of slides colourful and
attractive. When slide designs are used, it is possible to change the size of the slide
to fit to the screen or to standard sizes to suit the screen size.
Figure 6.14 - Several Slide designs

Background and colour of letters should match. It is better if the font or the content
can be highlighted with a background. In slide designs font colour and backgrounds
are suitably designed. There fore, by using slide designs in a presentation no extra
time is wasted to match font colour and background.
6.5 Silde Transition
Slide transition can be used to move from slide to slide. The objective of this is to
make it attractive. But if it is desigad in a way which takes more time, it would be
tiresome for the audience.
There are methods to control speed, select slide transition type and making selected
sounds in transition in presentation software.

Slide 1
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Figure 6.15 - Slide transition
6.6 Deleting, Coping, Moving and Hiding of Slides
In order to delete, copy, move or hide, a slide the particular slide should be selected.
Using a suitable Slide view provided by the presention software to select slides is
easy. The slide view presents slides in an organized way.
Slide 1
Slide 2 Slide 1
Slide 3
Figure 6.16 - A Normal slide view

Slide 1 Slide 2 Slide 3 Slide 4
Slide 5
Figure 6.17 - Slide sorter view
Deleting Slides
Deleting slides can be done using the following methods.
• Using the delete key on the keyboard

• Using the back space key on the keyboard
For this, relevant slide should be selected using the mouse head.
Slide 1
Slide 2 Slide 2
Slide 3
figure 6.18 - Deleting Slides

In addition to this, you can use other methods provided by the software to delete
slides. (Your teacher will guide you).
You can delete multiple slides at once.
5 Activity 15 : See Workbook 6.15
Coping Slides
You may need to use a slide of a presentation more than once. Or else you may need
to design another slide using none slide. You will have to change a copy of a slide
in doing so.
If you want to copy the slide, you can copy and paste the slide by the facilitiy
provided by presentation software.
Slide 1
Slide 2 Slide 2
Slide 1
Figure 6.19 - Copying Slides
For this you have to take the mouse pointer to the relevant slides. There you have to
click paste command from the tools bar or the menu you get when you right click
the mouse.

Moving Slides
It is not necessary to prepare slides in the same order you want to present.
Presentation software allows to change the order after designing. For that, you have
to move slides.
To move a slide, selected slide should be dragged and dropped in the relevant place.
You can cut and paste the slide too. For this, you can use cut and paste command in
tools bar or in the menu you get when you right click the mouse.
Slide 1
Slide 2 Slide 1
Slide 1
Figure 6.20 - Moving Slides
Hiding Slides
You may not need to show all the prepared slides in a presentation. You can hide a
slide without deleting in such a situation. When a slide is hidden, it does not appear
but you when need you can prepare it in such way that it can be seen.
For this you have to select hide slide command in the menu bar of file menu or in
the menu you get when the mouse is right clicked.

Slide 1
Slide 2 Slide 2
Slide 3
Figure 6.21 - Hiding Slides

Summary
³ Presentation software is a software that can make presentations attractively by
using words, images, pictures and sounds.
³ Presentations can be made using blank slides or pre-designed presentation
slide templates. To open, save and close presentations, open save and close
buttons are provided respectively in the software.
³ When inserting slides to the presentation, special types of slides are provided.
Topic slide, topic and content, sub-heading slide, comparison or double content
slide, empty slide, image slide are examples for different types of slides.
³ When inserting text into a presentation, different tools are provided to change
the font colour, change the font size, to bold, to italic and to underline.
³ Images, shapes, video sound tracks and tables can be inserted to the slides. In
a presentation, to change from slide to slide. attractive slide change mehods
are provided by many presentation software.
³ When using presentation software, deleting, copying, moving and hiding of
slides can be done.

Using Internet for Information and
07 Communication
Nimal what is
called as internet? A computer
network that consists
of a large number of
inter-connected
computers.
7.1 Let's learn about the Internet

A network that consists of two or more computers can be considered as a computer
network. The internet is an extra-large network with a large number of such
computer networks. There are millions of computers on the internet.
Figure 7.1 - Computer Network Figure 7.2 - Internet
At present, students can expand their knowledge by using resources like information,
videos, images about any subject area by connecting to the internet.

Watch videos Listen to music Send emails Buy goods and services
through internet
Map observation
Computer games
Video conferencing
They are many service rendered by the internet apart from providing educational
knowledge. The ability to obtain information quickly on any incident in the world
is one such service.
7.2 World Wide Web and Uniform Resource Location
Have you
heard about the
World Wide Web?
What's that?
World Wide Web is a main

service provided by the
internet.

A website is formed with many web pages. The world wide web is
formed with many websites. There are millions of websites in the
world wide web. The world wide web is also known as www.
website website website

web web web web
pages pages pages pages
world wide
website web
Figure 7.3 - How a website is created
Figure 7.4 - How a world wide web is
formed
7.3 Let's learn abouts Uniform Resource Locator

There are millions
of websites in www. How can we
identify one from the rest of the
websites?
You can identify

it with uniform
resource locator.
The uniform resource locator is the address used to identify one resource among the
huge number of resources in the World Wide Web. The uniform resource locator is
also known by its short name URL.
e:g: https:www.moe.gov.lk
Given above is the uniform resource locator or the address of the website of the
ministry of Education.
With this website address, the Ministry of Education of Sri Lanka can be identified
among many websites in the www.

7.3.1 Let's identify Secured and Unsecured Websites
Hello, friend,
how can we find whether
a website is secured or
unsecured?
We can use
several methods
for that.
In order to identify secured and unseceered websites separately different methods

are used. The main two methods are given below.
The address of the website starts with https.
e:g: https://moe.gov.lk
After logging in to a website symbol is displayed on the address bar.

e:g: https://moe.gov.lk
7.3.2 Video Conferencing

Video conferencing is known as conducting
discussions using video technology on the
internet between two persons or a two groups
who are geographically located at a distance
from each other.
Advantages of conducting video conferencing

• The initaial cost of conducting conferences can be minimized.
• There is no need to travel to the location of the conference and therefore there is
no tranport cost or waste of time.
• It can be quickly arranged.
What are the software and • A computer
hardware required to conduct a • A web camera
video conference?
• Internet connection and a software
to conduct a video conference are
required.
Examples for software used for video

conferencing
³ Zoom ³ Skype
³ GoToMeeting ³ Webex
Activity 1 : See workbook 7.1
7.3.3 E-mail
Brother, I need to send this
letter to one of my friends.
Can you post it? It's easy if you send
an e-mail.
What is e-mail?
E-mail means an
easy way of sending a letter
on the internet.

E-mail is electronic letters which are electronically exchanged between two people
or among several people who have an e-mail address. Many things such as letters,
photos, videos and documents can be sent as messages through e-mail.
E-mail Account
First, a suitable service providing website should be selected to create an e-mail
account. In most cases such websites provided free e-mail accounts.
Examples for e-mail

account services
The characteristics of E-mail
The ability to send copies of one e-mail message

to several people at once.
When the letter couldn't be sent properly to the
relevant e-mail account, it is notified with a reply
The message.
characteristics
The ability to save e-mail addresses and retrieve
of Email them with the address book.
The time and date of the sent e-mail is automatically entered to the copy of the
e-mail.
The ability to forward an e-mail message to another person.
The ability to attach data or information file easily into the e-mail (a photo, a
document).

7.3.4 E-mail Window
Given below is a model of an e-mail window.
2
1
New Delete Send
3 E-mail address
8 Inbox To: [email protected]
4 Cc:
9 Sent Bcc:
5
Subject FW: Text Book
10 Junk
6
Attach Cover page.jpg
11 Trash
7
12 Contacts
[email protected]
username domainname
In the e-mail address [email protected], saman in the user name.
@ symbol is used to connect the username to the other part.
edupub.gov.lk after @ symbol is the domain name.
.lk means it is an e-mail address in Sri Lanka.
2 compose/new 3 To
A new e-mail Here,
window can be the e-mail
obtained by clicking on 5
address of the Bcc
Compose or New after receiver is (Blind Carbon Copy)
logging on to the e-mail mentioned The e-mail addresses
account in this section are not visible
to people whose e-mail
4
Cc addresses are in To and Cc.
(Carbon Copy) But all the addresses in To and
The e-mail addresses Cc are visible to pepole whose
of the people to which e-mail addresses
the copies of this letter are in Bcc.
should be sent, are
mentioned.

Examples
³ E-mail address of Amara - [email protected]
³ E-mail address Nayana - [email protected]
³ E-mail address Meena - [email protected]
Given below are e-mail addresses mentioned in To, Cc and Bcc of an e-mail message
created to send a greetings message.
To: [email protected] Cc: [email protected] Bcc: [email protected]
Here, Meena can see both e-mail addresses of Amara and Nayana. Nayana can only
see the e-mail address of Amara. Similarly, Amara can only see Nayana's is e-mail
address.
7
Attachment
6 If there are files that should
Subject be attached to this e-mail
Here, the topic related address, it can be done by
to the e-mail address is clicking on this tool.
mentaioned Eg: photos, videos, sound
Eg: Grade 7 student tracks
details)
8
Inbox 9
Sent 10
This contains the e-mail Junk/Spam
E-mails
messages sent by other people. sent by you are Unnecessary
Unopened e-mail messages are contained here. or spam e-mails are
shown in a dark colour. The contained here.
person who has sent the message
and to whom it has been sent can
be seen. 11 Trash 12
Contacts
Deleted e-mails are
temporarily stored here. If This contains the
needed, emails in the folder e-mail addresses and
can be deleted. contact information.

7.4 Let's develop Webpages using HTML
Sister, our teacher

told that she would
teach us how to
create web pages in the
next lesson.
For that,
first you must
know what html is.
What's
html ?
Html is the
language used to
create web pages.
7.4.1 HTML Codes
HTML (hyper text markup language) is the language used to create web pages. It
has its own codes and a webpage is created by using these codes. Given below are
several basic codes used in html.

<html> - Beginning of a web page
<head> - The first part of the web page
<title> - The topic of a web page
<body> - The part in which the items that should appear on a web page are
shown
<br> - Go to the next line (break line)
<h1> - Get larger font for the heading (heading 1)
<h6> - Get smaller font for the heading (heading 6)
<center> - Centering the letters on the page
<p> - Start a paragraph
<bgcolor > - Use a background colour in the web page
<background> - Use a background images in the web page
<img src> - Use an image in the web page
<A href> - Link another file to the web page
<font face> - Change the font style
<b> - Bold the font
<i> - Italicize the font
<u> - Underline text
7.4.2 Let's create a Simple Web Page

A simple text editing software could be used to enter html codes to create web
pages.
E:g:. notepad
There are occsions where complex software is used to create web

pages. Here, we will not focus on that.

<title>
Start
Topic name of
the web page
Content
}
end
Here, among the <title> codes, a suitable name for the web page should be used.
It appears on the title bar of the web page. Here what is mentioned in <body> _
<body> section is visible in the web page.
All codes should be written between '<' and '>' symbols. In most html codes, there
is a beginning and an end. To indicate an ending code '/' symbol should be used.
e:g: <title> beginning end - <title>
The following table contains examples of how html codes are used to create a web
page. The first column indicates the use of html codes and the second command
indicates how it is visible in the web page.
Usage of html codes How it appears on the web page

center a line (center)
<center>
change size of text

<h1> <h2> ......<h6>

add underline, italic and bold
<u>,<i>,<b>
change font colour and font style

<Font color> yd <Font style>
ms<s.ksuq
add background colour

<bgcolor> Welcome to Sri Lanka
insert a paragraph
<p>
insert a background image

<background>

insert a picture
<img src>
change the height and width of a image

<center><h1> Baby Girl </h1>
<img src="baby.jpg" width="300"
bheight="200">
insert a numbered list

<ol>
Subject
1. ICT
2. Mathematics
3. Science
4. Arts
Subject
1. ICT
a. Word
b. Excel
c. Power Point
2. Mathematics
3. Science
4. Arts

insert a bulleted list
<ul> Subject
<ul>
<li>lCT ICT
<ul>
<li> word Word
<li> Excel Excel
<li> Power Point Power Point
< /ul>
<li>Mathematics Mathematics
<li> Science Science
<li>Arts
< /ul> Arts
link an external web page, website or Office package
a file MS-Word
MS- Excel
MS- Power Point
For mare information Click here
click on the 'click here' to open the <body>

internet. html web site. office p ackage <br><br>
MS-Word <br>
<a href> MS-Excel <br>
MS-Power Point
<br><br> For mare information

<a href="internet.html">Click here</a>
</body>

7.5 Let's use the Internet Safely and ethically
7.5.1 Let's use the Internet safely
We obtain different
advantages by using the
internet. However, we must
use the internet safely and Can you explain
carefully. that to me,
brother?
Let's protect ourselves from hacking
Hacking is accessing data and information in a computer or in a computer

network without permission.
Safeguarding the accounts on the internet by

using usernames and passwords.
at can be
Actions th Protect the computer or the mobile phone used
rotect from
taken to p to enter the internet by using a username and a
hacking passwords.
Protect the files, folders and programmes by using
passwords.
Encrypt the hard disk of the computer.
Service used to access internet should be protected by using a username and

a password.
Keep back ups of data and information in the computer.
Update the facilities such as antivirus software used for safety.

Protection from Virus Attacks
A virus is a type of malware software. (Revise the facts you learnt about malware
software in lesson three).
You look unwell,
why is that?
A virus has gotten
into me. I work with
difficulty.
Computer viruses distupt the activities in a computer. When a virus enters a

computer, it duplicates the virus inside the computer. It reduces the efficiency
of the computer. It also corrupts data and sometimes deletes them.
Install antivirus software and update it regularly.

at can
Actionst th
protect If the internet is used, use safe websites.
be taken to acks
s att
from viru
Refrain from using black listed websites shown by
antivirus software.
Refrain from clicking on pop-up windows.
Refrain from opening suspected emails and attachments.

Protection from Software Piracy
Amal what is
software piracy
That is obtaining pirate

copies of software
which do not have the
right to be copied by
the user.
Software Piracy
Software piracy is copying or keeping duplicate copies or selling them without

legal permission.
(Here, we have paid our attention to several measures that can be taken when using
software)
Study the licence agreement before installing a

that software.
Measures
en
can be tak When buying a software, purchase them from a
from trusted company.
to protect
iracy
software p If you download a software, use the website of the
production.
Obtain the help and advice of a knowledgable
person when purchasing, downloading or installing
a software.

7.5.2 Let's use the Internet ethically
Cyber bullying
Cyber bullying is releasing false information which can make a person or an
institution uncomfortable and that which can cause harassment and insult.
On websites such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat

Ways in which cyber and Twitter.
bullying can be By short messages sent via SMS.
caused
Through instant messages : Applications and social
media websites that provide instant message services.
By e-mails
Cyber bullying caused by posting insulting photos, making comments

on them, uploading videos are categorized under unlawful crimes.
Stealing data which shows the identity of a person

When using the computer we may have to face hazards such as stealing data
that indicate the personal identify of a person. If you use the internet, that risk
is high.
Examples for data that indicate the identity of a person.
Name Address
Telephone Brithday
When the internet is used most of these stealings are done by accessing the computer
or the tasks done by the user without his or her permission.
Examples for the misuse of data related to personal identity.
Obtain the information related to the computer and the user without
permission and use them for frauds.
Misuse the infromation provided when entering websites.

e:g: Use for business aims without permission.

7.5.3 Precaution on Online Security
Precaution is important when working online using the internet. Several measures
that can be taken are given below and they are already discussed under different
topics.
Update the antivirus software installed in the computer.
Install the latest edition of the web browsers and update them regularly.
Set the settings as to turn on automatic updates so that new updates of

malware software and operating systems (windows 8 and 10) are enabled in
the computer.
Use a strong password: A password with at least eight letters should be used.
Here it's better to contain simple letters, capital letters, numbers and special
characters, ($, *, # ,@) eg: kanDY#4599
Protect the wifi router with a password to provide security to the internet
connection.
Be careful about phishing attacks.
Phishing attacks are obtaining information on bank account details

and e-mail account details by appearing to be trustworthy and
cheating the users. To protect from those, we should refrain from
clicking on suspected e-mail messages, pop-up messages and
hyperlinks.

Summary
³ The internet is a collection of networks formed by a large number of computer
networks. By connecting to the internet, we can expand our knowledge by
obtaining information on any subject area, and resources such as photos and
videos.
³ Among the services provided by the internet, e-mails, video conferencing,
world wide web, file sharing, search engine facilities and downloading videos,
songs and photos are the most common.
³ The main service provided by the internet is world wide web.
³ The uniform resource locator is the method used to identify different resources
in each web site separately.
³ A web browser is an application software used to make a web site visible on
the computer screen.
³ Electronic mail or e-mail is a type of letters sent to a person or several people
by a person who has an e-mail address by using the internet.
³ Software with which free e-mails can be created - Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Outlook
Mail.
³ An email address is mainly divided into two parts; username and domian name.
³ E-mails can be divided into inbox, sent, draft, trash and spam.
³ HTML (hyper text markup language) is a basic language used to create web
pages.
³ To change the font colour and style,< font colour>, and <font face> codes are
used. To use a background colour <by colour> code and to insert a picture
< img scc> code are mainly used.

³ Hacking is stealing information and data in a computer without permission.
³ Viruses duplicate in a computer. The memory time which is used to perform

other activities is used for this and therefore the computer becomes slow.
³ Mainly viruses enter a computer through the internet, computer, networks,
compact disks and USB drives.
³ Software piracy is obtaining unlawful copies of software which do not have
the right to be copied by a user.
³ Cyber bullying is releasing negative and fales information which can cause
uncomfort, harassment and insult to a person through social media, forums,
computer games using digital tools.
³ Phishing attacks are obtaining information on bank account details and e-mail
account details by appearing to be trustworthy and cheating the users.

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Sri Lanka Matha

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Message from the Hon. Minister of Education

Akila Viraj Kariyawasam

1 Central Processing Unit 1

3 Security of Computer System 21

Have you seen the

What is the Central

For free distribution 1

Figure 1.1 - Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit

Figure 1.2 - Location of the Central Processing Unit

2 For free distribution

ALU Arithmetic & Logical Unit

Figure 1.3 - Main components of the Central Processing Unit

1.2.1 Arithmetic and Logical Unit

Mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction,

Logical operations such as comparison of two numbers.

1.2.2 Control Unit

For free distribution 3

Activity 1 - see Workbook 1.1

1.3 Let’s learn about the evolution of Central Processing Unit

Electronic technology used: Vacuum tube

4 For free distribution

Electronic Technology used: Integrated circuit

Electronic Technology used: Microprocessor

For free distribution 5

micro second 1 = 0.000001 second

nano second 1 = 0.000000001 second

pico second 1 = 0.000000000001 second

Speed of the Central Processing Unit

Kilo hertz 1 Kz = 1000 Hz

Mega hertz 1 Mz = 1000 000 Hz

Giga hertz 1 Gz = 1000 000 000 Hz

Activity 2 - see Workbook 1.2

6 For free distribution

For free distribution 7

How do you work

Ah... That's why an

2.1 Let's learn about the Operating System

Performs the tasks related to processing files and folders

Manages the hardware.

8 For free distribution

Apple Macintosh or Mac OS

Operating systems produced using Linux

Some examples for operating systems used in mobile phones.

For free distribution 9

2.3 Computer Storage Devices

All these can be

voice & sounds